History of Rock Pop and Soul Test 2
James Brown
"Say It Loud, I'm Black and I'm Proud" (1968) (the main funk person - know this guy)
I Cant Get no Satisfaction by Rolling Stones
(1965) (breakthrough in America) o Classic - breakthrough in America • rejection/frustration with materialism - a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values. • classic breakthrough in America • famous guitar riff ● fuzzy tone
Dr. Timothy Leary
(Harvard professor, was fired bc of LSD abuse, thought that LSD can improve our world - "Turn on, Turn in, Drop out" - his saying) o Expanded consciousness (the Harvard Professor said that LSD can expland consciousness - experimented with it - kicked out)
• The Grateful Dead
(also prominent of acid rock - not as commercially successful as the jerfferson planes) o Not commercial (free concerts) o Community (worked to develop relationship between them and the audience - audience was also creating the music - not competitive) o Live shows (toured 8 months of the year) o Anthem of the Sun (1968), Aoxomoxoa (1969) (improvisation is important) o Example: "Dark Star" (1970 - Live Dead album)
• Drugs
(avant garde - music already had this style sound, then it comes to rock)
James Brown More Info
(black owning who he is, decline of soul and more of this funk sounds - might be the first rap (rhythmic speech)) o Career began in the 1940s (success based on life perfomances - played shows all the time) (great skill with his voice - also band leader) (band - well known for improvisation) o Bandleader o Collective improvisation o Archetypal funk singer (aggressive, close to rap ish sometimes - important precursor to rap) o Influential (his repetitive use of noises - important to hip hop, and he also has shreaking noises) o Example: "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" (1965) (about the rhythm, guitar is scatchy - bringing AA music to its extreme) (Bruno mars is copying james brown style) o Example: "Cold Sweat" (1967)
• The Byrds
(combine beatles harmonies with bob Dylan songs) o Other key folk rock artist o Example: "Mr. Tambourine Man" (1965, written by bob Dylan, used with 12 string guitar, have a great vocal sound (mirrors jingle jangle style)
• Assembly line
(each person does a segment of the car, someone did something diff and was an efficient process) o Songwriters (some people wrote songs, other sang it, others produced - each person did a diff thing, was efficient) o Songwriters: Robinson, Norman Whitfield, Nick Ashford, Valerie Simpson o Holland-Dozier-Holland: (song writing team, was major writing force) (could quickly get stuff done by doing the assembly line) o Repetitious songs o Band mixed hot (made loud noises so people would pay attention to that song more) - prominent booms or something so when people flick through the radio, it would stand out) o Example: Martha and the Vandellas "Heat Wave"
• Drugs and music
- Sound: if you are high, can get 'inside' the sounds, new interest in sound o Example: Karlheinz Stockhausen "Kurzwellen" (orchestra and electronics - sounds really weird) o Example: Jefferson Airplane "White Rabbit" (totally not hiding the fact that its about drugs) 8 miles high by byrds and lucy in the sky with diamonds - also about drugs •"One pill makes you larger and one pill makes you small" •"Remember what the dormouse said, feed your head, feed your head" - about Alice in Wonderland
Some More Roling Stones Albums:
- Their Satanic Majesties Request (Dec. 1967) - not so well received, compared to what they did before o Hard-edged psychedelia - 1968 (return to their roots - straight ahead rock) o Example: "Jumpin' Jack Flash" o Beggar's Banquet (1968- one of the best albums) o Example "Sympathy for the Devil"
• The Temptations
- had great choreography, were very popular - many hits (38 top hits) - Example: My girl (Topped R&B charts)
boy bands were:
- producer driven -have to look young - made to be marketed
• Folk revival
-1960, college students (increase in college students, trying to find alternatives in pop music, music starts to become popular again) o Kingston Trio (3 college kids, were very popular - caused other students to try to do the same, start playing music) (authenticity was very important in the folk music) o Coffeehouses (where the folks were playing, they played the music in coffee houses (concerts), and many concerts poping up in college campuses)
• Marvin Gaye
-1962 hit: "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" (had 38 top hits) - Other early hits: "Pride and Joy" (1963, example), "How Sweet It Is to Be Loved By You" (1965), "Ain't That Peculiar (1965) - Writing and producing for other artists by the end of the 60s (began ton work with other artists on his own stuff and originals) - Social/political themes become important in Motown (Gaye/Wonder) (before they avoided them in the early 60s - didn't want to be controversial, to be commercially successful. But in the 70s they started to work on these topics)
Mersey Beat: British Beat
-Guitar is heavy for the first time o Beatles created opportunity for other British artists o Bands included: Gerry and the Pacemakers, Herman's Hermits, The Dave Clark Five, and others (copied the beatles, but more bland, located in London mostly) o Example: Gerry and the Pacemakers "I'm Into Something Good" (1964) (missing the thing that makes the beatles so compelling) Developed in the Early 1960s
-Janis Joplin
-great blues singer (also had a rise and fall, died suddenly (maybe bc of drugs)) - performance at the June 1967 Monetery Pop Festical was her break through - Example: "Ball and Chain"
• Major labels (Soul Music)
Atlantic and Stax (Memphis) (initially they collaborated)
Tom Donahue
FM radio (at this time, most pop music was played on the AM radio, so other players started to play in FM because there was more room there - whole albums on FM - inversion of what we have now (now FM is where top music is)
• The Supremes (from Detroit)
o Biggest act of the mid-60s o Slow start, 1960-63 o 1964 (biggest act in mowtown) o Example: "Where Did Our Love Go?" (1964) (#1 in pop and R&B charts) o Many other hits: "Come See About Me," "Stop! In the Name of Love," "Baby Love," "I Hear a Symphony," etc.
- The Who
o Blues origin o Pete Townsend: guitarist, songwriter (power chords - and large arm gestures while laying guitar and ruining his guitar on the stage) o Keith Moon: drums (amaaaazziiinggg - huge energy) o John Entwistle: bass (melodic kind of playing) o Roger Daltry: vocals (intense vocals, known for screaming and swinging around the microphone) o Volume, intensity (great life shows, violence (smashing guitars and drums), played with greater volume) o Video example: "I Can't Explain" (1965) - Example: "My Generation" (1965) o Teen defiance (again) (about that) o Other early hits: "I Can See For Miles," "Magic Bus," and others
• Beat and Beatniks
o Jack Kerouac (On the Road), Neal Cassady, Allen Ginsberg ("Howl"), etc. (Beat Poetry) (all migrated to CA, poetry was banned bc "obscene") o Beat: countercultural philosophy (beat - buddism, or beat like in jazz) (died down and then reappeared for the hippie movement) - Beatnicks are the guys who did the beating - Haight Ashbury - a place where they got high, where they had their trips festivals
• Acid rock continued
o Light shows (light was very important, wanted to show was being under LSD was like) o Venues: Fillmore, Avalon Ballroom (location - they booked acid rock bands) o Poster art, underground comics (very colorful, visually engaging)
- Stevie Wonder (in 1970s)
o Many hits with Motown in the 60s (wrote in jazz, regie, rock, many diff genres: lots of work in studio, known for social activism. Won the grammys several times) o Example: "Fingertips, pt. 2" (1963) (he was born in 1950, so was very young when he sang this) (started performing in age of 10, by 1966-7 he was singing again (he stopped when he was maturing cuz of voice change, etc) o Example: "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" (1966) o Funky vs. sentimental (two types of songs from Wonder, either one or the other)
• Black Power
o Martin Luther King preached integration, reflected in Power legislation (little actual change) o Malcolm X (AA should take care of themselves, AA and white people should remain distinct) - was shot, so people began to be aggressive and violent again o Riots: 1965, 1967, 1992 ( o "Black Power" - Stokely Carmichael o Black Panther Party (community centers, were proud of AA) read more about this, years and all
Dylan summary
o Mostly influential 1960s American pop musician o Multi-stylistic o Prolific songwriter/poet o Pushes rock beyond romance
2 strains of music:
o Motown (the supremes, temptations, comes out of Detroit, name comes out of the "motor city" nickname for Detroit bc they made cars there - well crafted, African amercan pop) o Soul (comes later, like james brown, in south, Alabama, less slick, less polished) - both reach peak around the civil rights movement o Two geographic areas: Detroit and the south (Memphis and Muscle Shoals)
• Girl Groups (diff sound that the girl groups from NY) - The Motown Ones
o Motown participated in the fad o Example: The Marvelettes "Please Mr. Postman" o 1961, Motown's first #1 pop hit (diff sound than the girl groups from NY) o Example: Mary Wells "My Guy" o 1964 (top on the charts - my guy) o Written by Robinson (wrote my guy) (vivid language, very catchy) o Hook (my guy - has a short repeated melodic thing that stick to your ear. Its repeated a lot. Has this, so that's why its so catchy)
• Summary of Motown
o Motown's polish followed by soul's raw sound (polished pop - mowtown) Motown Influenced soul and funk - (soul: more raw, emotional - gospel influence) o Funk: new emphasis on rhythm (more aggressive) o Legacy of funk (and Motown and soul) seen in contemporary R&B, rap and hip hop
• The Doors
o Pop mixed with acid rock (most fit into the commercial nature of radio - catchy, 3 min long - based in CA) o Jim Morrison - lead singer, young and attractive - good with teen audience (the lyrcis were very important. Fast rise and fall - bc Morrson got overweight, was arrested multiple times, drugs and alcohol, died) o Ray Manzarek (organ), Robby Krieger (guitar - inflected by Spanish music), John Densmore (drums - more jazzyish) o Blues, drug influence (influenced by both) (no bass player, although they used one in one of the albums) o Example: "Light My Fire"
• Rolling Stones: summary
o Rebellious rock o Compared with the Beatles (both british, diff images, appealed to teens, both in the same timeframe. Rolling Stones - completely rock, Beatles - trying out new stuff, crossing their boundries. Beatles - played a lot less concerts.
• Smokey Robinson (helped form the Motown as well)
o Songwriter, producer, and singer
• Other British blues bands
o Spencer Davis Group (Stevie Winwood) o The Yardbirds (some famous guitarists) o Famous guitarists: Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page o Example: "The Shapes of Things"
• The Times They Are A-Changin' (1964)
o Third album o Example: title song (some of the issues that he's singing about: supporting forward progress, racial injustice) -walked with Martin Luther in one of the protests
More Bob Dylan Albums...
• Blonde on Blonde (1966) (recorded in Nashville) o Many great songs: "Rainy Day Women #12 and 35," "I Want You," "Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again," "Just Like a Woman" o Hit #9 in US, #3 in UK o Example: "Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again" - Almost killed in a motorcycle acid - turned to country, will cover later on in class
Franklin Albums
• I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You (1967) (classic album) • Producer: Jerry Wexler (he let her loose, let her return to her gospel roots - why she became so good) • Example: title track • Example: "Respect" (song is about respect for woman from the man in a relationship - could also be more of a social thing, about AA gaining respect from America - huge crossover hit, she became as sort of a spokesperson for AA in this time because of this) • Example: "Do Right Woman - Do Right Man" (more obvious gospel, and also has the secondary harmony - she says something and the people in the background repeat after her - was sun this way many times throughout this section - in many soul songs)
More of The Who's Important Albums
• Other important albums o The Who Sell Out (1967) (banned from holiday inns, drove car into a pool) o Concept album (simulated radio broadcast) o Tommy (1969) o Rock opera (they are pushing the limits in music a little bit) - most important album after SGT Peppers o Example: "Pinball Wizard" ○ The Who Sell Out ( 1967) ■ concept album, supposed to be a simulated radio broadcast ○ Tommy ( 1969) • most important album after Sgt. Pepper's • about the deaf, dumb, blind kid that becomes the Pinball Wizard
Soul and Funk
• Soul (gospel music, or trace to there, emotional intensity, made by AA typically, authentic, artistic intent -applied to jazz at first, AA pride - its also an attitude, AA take pride in their culture - as they see their potential of power and growth) - many singers start singing in church (gospel singers) before entering this o Other major strain of 60s African American popular music o Soul music is traceable to (black) church music o "Secular gospel" (R and B + gospel) - not religious though o A racial label (r and b and race music and soul music - typical AA music) - shows roots of AA singing in gospel
Frank Zappa
(late 60s in CA, but is not exactly acid rock) o Not a hippie, didn't use drugs (smocked cigs and coffee, but was pretty good otherwise) - with 'freaks', similar to hippes. Grew up in Baltimore, moved to CA, LA based for most of his life o Difficult to categorize (many genres, orchestra, Jazz, Doo Wop, R&B, etc) (complex rock) (over 60 albums released) o Influences (was influenced by many people - why wrote so many genres) o R&B (Howlin' Wolf, Guitar Slim) o Avant-garde composers (Edgard Varese, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Igor Stravinsky, etc.) o Freak Out! (1966) (first album) o Example: "Go Cry on Somebody Else's Shoulder" (over the top ballad, doo wop, rhythm is more complex for doo wop though) o Example: "Who are the Brain Police" (more experimental) • Zappa continued o Parody/humor (sometimes sexist, G-spot "tornado") o Active from the mid-1960s to early 1990s (became iconic) o Released more than 60 albums • Iconic figure (PMRC)- didn't get the "Offensive" stickers, but ppl figured out that hes offensive anyway to they started to listen to him • o Intricate live shows, virtuoso band (had to audition) Zappa (lots of people trying out for the band, some improve) o Active in the studio o Example: Lumpy Gravy (1968) (very fun, very long intro) o Example: "Son of Mr. Green Genes" (from Hot Rats, 1969) (fewer singing in this album) - VERY OFFENSIVE
Prefabricated American Beatles
(made to capitalize the popularity of the beatles in the US, and they interviewed a lot of people to be in this band - the members were chosen from the auditions): saw that beatles were doing a good job, so they tried to pick out guys that resembled them/do what the beatles did
Aftermath (1966) Rolling Stones Album
(mostly original songs - 2nd to the beatles) o First album of all original material ■ established them as second only to Beatles - Same year as the Pet Sounds by Beach Boys and R evolver by the Beatles ■ first album of all original material o Popular early songs include (not all on Aftermath) •Mother's Little Helper •Paint it Black •Under My Thumb •Ruby Tuesday
o Bill Graham
(organized the trip festivals, helped the whole movement)
Don Kirshner
(producer - created the music for the Monkees) o Sold well - "I'm a Believer" sold 10 million copies o 1966-67, four #1 albums (competing with beatles, beach boys, etc) o Television debut 9/12/66
- Social protest songs
(sang about the problems faced in those days, the social problems) o Roots in labor movements of the late 19th- and early 20th- centuries (basic way to advocate the workers, the problems they were facing) o Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger (sang about social issues: sing about the ppl who do the little works, and their hopes and dreams) o Example: "This Land Is Your Land" (socially disruptive bc of: wealthy own lots of things, but country belongs to everyone, not just the wealthy. Also its your land and my land, but not the land of the immigrants)
• Bringing It All Back Home (1965) Bob Dylan
(see the difference that the death caused) o Electric rock (more energy, took energy and loudness of rock and roll and combined to folk music so more people would listen to it, bc the more simpler ones were not listened to as much bc the instruments were too simple - hoped more people would listen to his music now) o Example: "Subterranean Ho, sick Blues" (very diff, has more instruments) Likewise, on the acoustic second side of the album, he distanced himself from the protest songs with which he had become closely identified (such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall"), as his lyrics continued their trend towards the abstract and personal.
• Funk
(two strands: soul and funk) (also AA music in this time period) (late 60s)
• Sly and the Family Stone
(used funk and psychedelic rock) o Integrated disparate musical styles (original sound, also included some soul) o Slap bass, fuzz guitar (some rock influence coming in to their songs) o Commercially successful o Mixed-race and gender group ( o Lyrics - tolerance and inclusion (that we should intergrate the races - MLKs message) o Example: "Everyday People" (1969) (about race) o Example: "Hot Fun In the Summertime" (1969) (begins as cheesy like song, but then leads to more intricate funk sound)
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
(very important, by accident found in Sweden, 1966 became illegal in US) (Tried to use LSD as a weapon, but didn't work bc its unpredictable)
Hippie Culture
(young, middle class, 68% had college degrees, chose to earn little or nothing, parents of this generation were more materialistic (bc of depression), so the kids did the opposite) (the pill came out (safe sex), so sex was now more, with more people) (longer hair, shared housing, shared food, etc) (coming in balance with nature) •Young, middle class, educated, voluntarily poor •Rejected middle class values such as materialism and sexual taboos •Communal living
Stax: Booker T and the MGs
- (Memphis Group) (Stax house band) o Stax house band (racially intergrated group) o Racially integrated (the band was white and black, the singers themselves were black though - Motown completely by AA - the difference between the two) o Example: "Green Onions" (1962) o Example: Wilson Pickett "Midnight Hour" (1960) (protypical soul, rougher grider, more laid back than mowtown kind of noise (which was more slick)
• Wonder continued
- (parallels with Gay - in 70s take control over what they are doing) o Where I'm Coming From (1971) (cover of Beatles song on this album - but not as popular as some of his other albums) o Music of My Mind (1972) o Talking Book (1972) o Inner Visions (1973) o Fulfillingness' First Finale (1974) o Songs in the Key of Life (1976) •Example: "Too High" (1973) (used a lot of various instruments) •Example: "Living For the City" (bring aspect of social awareness) - 7 min long, so pushing the radio 3 min long time slots (he was also blind)
More weird Gaye Albums:
- Let' s Get It On (1973) o Shift to sex (still complicated music, but now its about sex) o Example: "Let's Get It On"
• Gaye continued:
- Maturation (leaves behind the typical pop topics to more political topics) - Singer (had a huge range in his voice, liked to have a harmony in the background, was shot by his father and died)
• The Monkees
First (?) boy band (possibly the first - like NSYNC, Backstreet boys) (Boy Band - collection of singers, young - producer driven - a lot of production involved, for teens, so beach boys - too old, and much too much creativity for a boy band, and they played instruments (unlike a lot of boy bands)) - the family based (beach boys) were formed by themselves, but the beach boys were formed by other people
psychedelic blues
Late 1960s blues revival, less laid back version of psychedelic music
1960s music: The Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, and Peace and Revolution
The 1960s was a fertile era for the genre, especially with the rise of the Civil Rights movement, the ascendency of counterculture groups such as "hippies" and the New Left, and the escalation of the War in Vietnam. The protest songs of the period differed from those of earlier leftist movements; which had been more oriented towards labor activism; adopting instead a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism, which incorporated notions of equal rights and of promoting the concept of "peace". The music often included relatively simple instrumental accompaniment, including acoustic guitar and harmonica. Many Americans still remember Odetta's performance at the 1963 civil rights movement's March on Washington where she sang Oh Freedom. [21] One of the key figures of the 1960s protest movement was Bob Dylan, who produced a number of landmark protest songs, such as "Blowin' in the Wind" (1962), "Masters of War" (1963), "Talking World War III Blues" (1963), and "The Times They Are A-Changin'" (1964). While Dylan is often thought of as a 'protest singer', most of his protest songs spring from a relatively short time-period in his career;
THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The Civil Rights movement wasn't just about grandiose speeches and performances in front of thousands of people at the nation's capital and elsewhere. It was also about Baez, Pete Seeger, the Freedom Singers, Harry Belafonte, Guy Carawan, Paul Robeson, and others standing on truck beds and in churches across the South, singing together with strangers and neighbors about our collective right to freedom and equality. It was built on conversations and sing-alongs, people being able to look around them to see their friends and neighbors joining in, singing, "We shall overcome. We shall overcome. We shall overcome some day." The fact so many folksingers joined Dr. King and various groups that were instrumental at the movement, in their effort to spread the word about civil rights, was hugely relevant, not only because it brought added media attention to the effort, but also because it showed there was a faction of the white community who were willing to stand up for the rights of African-American people. The presence of folks like Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Peter Paul & Mary, Odetta, Harry Belafonte, and Pete Seeger alongside Dr. King and his allies served as a message to people of all colors, shapes, and sizes that we are all in this together.Unity is an important message at any time, but during the height of the civil rights movement, it was a vital component. The folksingers who joined in spreading Dr. King's message of vital change through nonviolence not only helped change the course of events in the South, but also helped encourage people to add their voice to the chorus. This helped validate the movement and gave people comfort and the knowledge that there was hope in their community. There can be no fear when you know you're not alone. Listening together to artists they respected, and singing together in times of struggle, helped activists and regular citizens (often one and the same) to persevere in the face of great fear. In the end, many people suffered great losses - from facing the risk of imprisonment to being threatened, beaten, and in some cases killed. Like any time of great change in history, the period in the middle of the 20th Century when people across the country stood up for civil rights was full of both heartbreak and victory. No matter the context of the movement, Dr. King, thousands of activists, and dozens of American folk singers stood up for what was right and managed to actually change the world.
Example of Gaye More Serious Album:
What's Going On (1971) (sorrowful portrait of America - got into the top 6) - Example: "What's Going On" (song was about what was going in Vietnam, Jamenson bass, jazz harmonics) - Example: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" (song deals with civil rights) - Example: "Mercy Mercy Me" (talking about environmental issues)
• Civil Rights continued
o 1964-65: legislation (around the time when bob Dylan left) o Civil Rights Act (forbade discrimination in public places) o Voting Rights Act (AA can vote now!) o Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (fight the war on poverty)
• Urban unrest 1967-68
o 1967: "The Long Hot Summer" (rioting and looting of AA, in Detoit and elsewhere, officals came and tried to deal with them - many people died) o 4/4/68: Martin Luther King assassinated (even more violence)
• Bob Dylan
o Arrived at the right time (Robert Alan Zimmerman, took name from Dylan Tomas) (listened to Elvis and Little Richard, turned to folk, traveled to NY, sang about the poor (in coffeehouses)) o Major influence: Guthrie
• Aretha Franklin
• 1960 signed with Columbia (producer - john hammond, did not go well) • 1966 signed with Atlantic (when she blossoms musically)
pickups
little magneticcoils (basically microphones) put under strings to help with amplification
Simon and Garfunkel continued
o "Mrs. Robinson" (1968, example) (played in "The Graduate" movie, written for the movie, hit number one, record of the year) o Bookends (1968), "The Boxer" (1969) o Bridge Over Troubled Water (1970) (commercial peak, the duo splits up, on the charts for 1 ½ years, extremely successful, but the two part ways) o Concert in Central Park 1981 (the 2 come back for this concert, but they didn't come back together, just for this event. Simon makes more songs, Garfunkel became an actor in movies)
• Disenchantment in Bob Dylan and Others
o 11/22/63: JFK assassinated o Dylan moves away from overt political activism (didn't want to be a spokesperson anymore, wanted to look for other avenues of expression) Many folk singers, social activists, and college students looked up to movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and new President John F. Kennedy as beacons of hope and inspiration. When died, all of that died as well.
• Civil Rights
o Civil rights and folk revival (they coincide) o Civil rights in the early 1960s: sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc. (disregadation of beaches and such, traveled to south to protest) (read more about this) - Sit ins: On February 1, 1960, a new tactic was added to the peaceful activists' strategy. Four African American college students walked up to a whites-only lunch counter at the local WOOLWORTH'S store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and asked for coffee. When service was refused, the students sat patiently. Despite threats and intimidation, the students sat quietly and waited to be served. No one participated in a sit-in of this sort without seriousness of purpose. The instructions were simple: sit quietly and wait to be served. Often the participants would be jeered and threatened by local customers. - o 8/28/63: MLK "I Have a Dream" (1960 - age of idealism)
• Grateful Dead continued
o Country music o Deadheads (it's a super fan, lots of fans that will go to the fans in diff locations) o Ritual (ritual without dogma) o Phil Lesh - bass (melodic, matched well with Garcia's guitar playing, Garcia died and then the band went away) o Example: "Friend of the Devil" o Video example: "Casey Jones"
- Early Rolling Stones
o Covers (songs from other singers) (1960) -Jagger and Richards - glimmer twins. But then they changed to: o 1963: Mick Jagger (vocals), Keith Richards (guitar), Bill Wyman (bass), Charlie Watts (drums), Brian Jones (guitar), and Ian Stewart (piano) o 1964: The Rolling Stones (number 1 in enlgand) - pushed them to write their own songs
• Motown
o Detroit (had many manufacturing jobs, so migration came here, was a good place for them to come) o Berry Gordy Jr. (founder of mowtown, born in 1929, was a boxer and jazz record store, became a songwriter) o 1959: Hitsville USA (Gordy found this place and there he started writing his songs) o Example: Barrett Strong "Money"
• The Rolling Stones (built on blues)
o Distinctive take on Chicago blues (more so: rock and roll) o Many classic hits - still touring o Guitar riffs - It's a brief, recognizable section of a song that's usually repeated on guitar. (came from keith Richards (Keith Richards is an English musician, singer and songwriter, and one of the original members of the English rock band the Rolling Stones) type of playing - prominent playing in the guitar - a short bit played on the guitar, melodic, repeated in the song) - became important in pop music (nowadays, like metal) o Calculated image is different than the Beatles' (image - opposite of beatles - they were rough, crude, and offensive. They wanted to seem bad - "would you like your daughter to go out with one of the rolling stones?" completely the opposite from beatles. Their manager Andrew Olden made them this way. - weird, bc the beatles were poor but dressed like rich, and the rolling stones were middle class but acted/adopted a lower class look
• Ray Charles (and Sam Cook)
o Early innovator (first to sing in the gospel like way) o Multifaceted talent (pianist, singer, ranger, has many talents) o Example: "I've Got a Woman" (1955) (first national hit, has unique raspy vocals, shouts and moans, so he combined church and sex sounds - why it was band in some places bc of that, considered to be offensive) o Active in multiple genres (centered in r and b and soul, btu he covered country songs as well) o Example: "Georgia On My Mind" (1960) (tan pan alley standard) (heavily produced song, sang as a personal blues) - Georgia took this song as its official state song o Example: "I Can't Stop Loving You" (1962)
Motown - AA singers
o Efficient process o Acts developed for long-term success (they were set up for a long time success bc of the learnings/preparations, unlike the girl groups and doo wops)
• British Blues
o Electric blues (American) was popular in England (during british invasion, blues were popular - electric version of the blues, a lot of youth in England became interested listening to this, in singers like Muddy Watters) - British blues is a form of music derived from American blues that originated in the late 1950s and which reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s, when it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin. A number of these moved into mainstream rock music and as a result British blues helped to form many of the subgenres of rock.
• More soul examples:
o Example: Sam and Dave "Hold On, I'm Coming" (1966) (Stax) o Example: Percy Sledge "When A Man Loves A Woman" (1966) (Atlanic, southern, not far from Memphis) • Otis Redding (Stax) o Example: "(Sitting On) The Dock of the Bay" (1968) (his only number 1 hit) o Example: "I've Been Loving You Too Long" (1965)
• Motown songwriting continued
o Formulaic (created a formula for the songwriting, and the diff singers were competitive, have vibrancy) o Top-40 radio (this music made for top 40 radio - play the top 40 songs over and over again) - the shorter the song, the more likely it would be played o The Four Tops (the singers - they were called the 4 tops) (baby I need ur loving, reach out, and shadows of love) o Example: "Reach Out I'll Be There" (1966) o Example: "Standing in the Shadows of Love" (1966)
• Byrds continued
o Important sound (vocal harmony, work in the studio, and some of the people in that group later on payed in other famous groups) •3-part harmonies (vocal harmony) •Guitar sound (12 string guitar, paired up into groups) •Studio experimentation (worked a lot in the studio and experimented with stuff) •Members (David Crosby, Gram Parsons, others) o Example: "Eight Miles High" (1966) o Atmospheric (the type of sound- swirling quality) o Influence: John Coltrane (plays saxophone, jazz player, experimental player) o Drug reference (?) (said it was about an airplane trip, but it could be about drugs actually - being "high")
• Civil rights and Motown
o Integrated market (white and black ppl liked it) (embodied civil rights), o Black owned/operated business (served as an example as how business could be run, but stayed out of politics)
• Further down the assembly line
o International Talent Management Incorporated (ITMI) o Finishing School (Maxine Powell) (how to speak, makeup, how to look in interviews and on stage) o Choreography (Cholly Atkins) (how to make gracefully etc) o In-house band: The Funk Brothers (the best R&B of the 60s) (James Jamerson - bass player - was rlly good) (singers were the soul, but rlly everything was collaborative)
supergroup
when top players from other bands come together to create an amazing group
• The Kinks
o Unique, influential sound (very influencial) - fairly successful, but not as much as beatles and rolling stones. America (musician union) did not let them play in Amierca (from 1966-69) - prob why they did not become so popular. Mid 70s - "classic status" o Power chord (a concentrated note - the chords are held down, so the note is more pronounced) - use ampliphiers and fuzzer/ music distortion to get the best affect) - originated with the Kinks o Guitarist Ray Davies (he was a so-so player who experimented a lot - a very influential sound) o Example: "You Really Got Me" (1964) (most influential of their songs - their most popular song as well) o Other popular songs include "All Day and All of the Night," "Lola," "Tired of Waiting For You," and "Sunny Afternoon" ○ unique, influential sound
• Black music in the 1960s
o Very lively, triumphant period (lots of diversity in music, popular) (previously it was called race music, but now its widely accepted music that is well commercially)
• George Clinton
o Very odd (rock and funk mixed together, unique) o Sci-fi costumes, cosmic mythology (when dresses normally, looks like hes wearing a constume, very cardio oriented. Dressed really weirdly, had interesting perfomances - great live shows) o Example: "Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof Off the Sucker)" (bass player - famous - covered him earlier in the semester (bootsie Collins). Songs too long and guitar for black people, but too black to be in white radio - so therefore not really famous at that time).
- Highway 61 Revisited (1965)
o Video example: "Like a Rolling Stone" (6 min long, refused to cut it down, took down one of the barriers found in pop music: the time range) (talk about a woman's disgrace) - Newport Folk Festival: July - New electric sound: booed (not liked by the audience, bc was diff from the typical folk music found in the folk festival) - Codified folk rock (the addition of the new instruments inspired this movement) •Attracted a wider audience •Codified "Folk Rock"
• Simon and Garfunkel (start in 1957, Met in NY)
o Wednesday Morning 3 A.M. (1964) (the first record) (sold poorly, so they split it for a bit, but then got back together) o "Sounds of Silence" (1966, example) (played it now with Folk sound in the song as well (got influenced by bob dylan and byrds), and now it became super popular) o Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme (1966) (recorded on 8 tracks (diff bc 8 diff components, so has less distortion when they are combined into one track - more advancement in production (went from 4 tracks in the beatles to 8 here - shows advancement) (the songs go from sad to jumpy, they have critical and commercial success, and teens and older people liked the music (both of the albums))
• Pete Seeger
o formed The Weavers (1949) − Εxample: "I don't want your millions, man." o Example: "If I Had a Hammer" (Seeger) o Impact of McCarthy (he was a senator, was trying to get rid of communism, was kind of crazy about it) (somehow I don't want ur millions influenced this anti-communism movement) - McCarthy was going crazy, calling everyone a communist, and Pete was against the way McCarthy was going about it
power trio
rock band with guitarist, bassist, drummer (and one of them sings), generally more virtuosic players ● Green Day is not an example because they are more pop/punk, more simple music ● an example would be the band Rush, members all very talented ○ Loud, riffbased
Ken Kesey
was experimented on from the government
Bob Dylan Second Album
• The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963) (second album, political, self titled, made folk music political again) o Second album, political o Example: "Blowin' in the Wind" (lyrics - complicated, music - simpler than in the Beatles or Beach boys) (opposite from Beach boys) (3 questions: 1) how far to they have to go to succeed 2) when will we have peace 3) when will the war end 4) ends with a thoughtful sentence, thought provoking - talking about things that re-occur in our society, not just about the 1960s - Freewheelin' continued: o Other socially oriented songs: "Oxford Town" (about james meridith, first AA to enter college in Oxford) and "Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall" o "There's other things in this world besides love and sex that're important, too. People shouldn't turn their backs on them just because they ain't pretty to look at. How is the world ever going to get better if we're afraid to look at these things?" - quote from Dylan. - Not music for teens, for more mature generations
Acid Rock
•Example: Jefferson Airplane "The Ballad of You and Me and Pooniel" (very long instrumental, with extremely strange alien sounding guitar sound in the beginning - the intro is not related melodically to the rest of the song - music being made with no commercial worry) (wasn't made for necessary commercial success) (in California, San Fran) (but was still most commercially successful when compared to the other acid rock bands) o Mid-1960s San Francisco: new music (white middle class youth) o Hippies (tried to find society with sex, rock, and drugs) o Psychedelic or acid rock (acid - LSD)
Rolling Stones Performance and Accident Street Card
•Let's Spend the Night Together (played in Ed Sullivan in 1967, and made them change song to "lets spend some time together") - but it turned out bad, backfired on those people ○ performances on Ed Sullivan • January 1967 requested them to change it "Let's Spend Some Time Together" from "Let's Spend the Night Together" so he just mumbled • a different time/song they bleeped a word and made it seem like a cuss word ● ACCIDENTAL STREET CRED o January 1967 on Ed Sullivan o 1967: Arrested on drug charges (first time rockstars were arrested for this)
o Early events of Acid Rock:
•Trips Festivals (first one 12/4/65) (By author Ken Kasey (the one who flew over the cookoos next) - made the first trip festival, gave off LSD, some groups sang) •Acid Tests - when they took acid - general term for events that had music, visual elements, and acid •Human Be-In (1/14/67) (in golden gate park, singers came) o Documented in Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968) o Migration (people came to California - mannny people) (get more information)
More of The Kinks...
■ covered by bands in the 80s ○ Guitarist R ay Davies ■ soso player that used distortion to cover up his lack of skills ● certain coordination of amplifiers to achieve this (smaller one with split cone, larger one turned down low) ■ power chord: on guitar, root doubled and 5th is there (no 3rd) ● electric guitar with distortion helps fill in gaps of the power chords ● can play riff of these ○ "Y ou Really Got Me" ( 1964) ■ most influential of their songs ■ covered by Van Halen in the 80s
● Electric guitar
■ originally used in big bands so they could be heard over other instruments ○ Need for amplification (see above statement) ● Distortion ○ makes guitar stronger sounding than it did before ○ Basic facet of rock ■ present early in rock ○ vocal noise ○ overdriven amplifiers ■ first way guitars were distorted ○ damaged amplifiers ■ sounds like saxophone ○ Fuzz box, ca. 1962 - Maestro Fuzz Tone brought to attention through "Satisfaction" by the Rolling Stones - verse often acoustic sound, distortion brought in during choruses
Guitar History
○ 1931 Rickenbacker electric open body guitar was issued ○ some people added pickups to own acoustic guitars to mimic this advancement ○ Leo Fender and Les Paul: solid body guitar ○ Standard instruments: Les Paul and Stratocaster
Cream Albums:
○ First LP: F resh Cream ( 1966) ○ Second: D israeli Gears ( 1967) ○ Example: "Sunshine of Y our Love" (1967) ■ guitar riffs, drum breaks
● Cream's influence
○ First power trio ■ wahwah pedal ○ Extended improvisations ■ blues style really shows through ○ Technical proficiency ■ elevated standard for bass and drums
Examples of Psyc Blues:
○ United States: Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Canned Heat, Johnny Winter ○ England: Jeff Beck Group, Ten Years After ○ Most important: Cream, Jimi Hendrix
● Late 1960s social issues
○ Urban unrest ○ Vietnam -1961 America enters, the war starts - fear of communism increases ○ Protest - no everyone approving of the war - widespread - INTENSE - increased after U.S.A. bombing mission in Vietnam ○ College campuses ■ many of the protests happened on these campuses ○ Democratic National Convention, Chicago 8/68 ■ ended in riot between "yippies" and police ○ Darker time, reflected in music
● Cream continued
○ WheelsofFire( 1968) ■ studio album + live album ● live album contained weird formatted songs such as 16 min drum solo, 17 min song with full band as well) ○ Wahwah pedal ▪ affects guitar sound ▪ guitar pedals: change guitar signal (by pushing with foot) and thereby affects the sound (type of distortion) ○ Example: " White Room" ▪ song from the listening list ▪ on W heels of Fire a lbum
● Jimi Hendrix
○ guitar god <3 <3 ■ guitar more important than his singing voice ▪ played lefty ▪ plays behind back, with teeth at times ○ emigrated from London in 1966 and started the Jimi Hendrix Experience ▪ first song "Hey Joe" ▪ power trio ● really talented backup people ● they all experimented with drugs (noooo really :p) ○ Are You Experienced ( 1967) ○ Breakthrough in the United States: 1967 Monterey Pop Festival (video example: "Wild Thing") ■ set guitar on fire and then broke it because yes
● Cream
○ painted instruments ○ psychedelic iconography ○ "Supergroup:" Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, E ric Clapton ( goes onto solo career later, very famous guitar player and singer)
