History of Western Civilizations - Midterm study set His100

The followers of Zoroastrianism believed in:

Ahura-Mazda (truth/light) struggling with Ahriman (evil/darkness)

Giotto

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

Tarquin the Proud

An etruscan who became king of Rome. He was eventually kicked out the city because of the people's hatred for him.

Egalitarianism

An ideology that represents equality for all people, regardless of race and gender, which is very apparent among Hunter Gatherers?

Aryans

An indo-european speaking nomadic people who moved south across the Hindu Kush mountain range. led to interactions between the them and Dravidians (descendants of Indus Valley People). Resulted in new and unique culture. A rigid caste system became a chief feature of the new indian civilization.

The Royal Road

Crucial to sustaining Persian Empire, facilitated rapid transit of military and government personnel, Sardis to Susa. Horse and King's messengers.

Province of Judea

Crushed by Romans in 70 and 135 AD, however with the stability of the Roman empire, Christianity still spread

First written language - from the Sumerians

Cuneiform

Persian king, crushed Assyrians, freed Hebrews

Cyrus

Ovid

Famous and skilled Orator, becomes the foremost poet in Rome following the death of vergil and Horace, the art of love is an interesting work, it reflects the Augustan policies on sexuality and marriage at the time of its composition

Amenhotep IV

Introduced worship of Aten god of sun disk as chief god, changed name to Akhenaten, strove to reduce priests influence and failed

Mycenaean

Mainland Greeks part of the Indo-European family who considered themselves a warrior people

St. Benedictine

Major monk, founder of Benedictine order, established monasteries, wrote set of rules for monastic life

The Neo-Assyrian Army

Name the army that: 1. Has 100,000 soldiers 2. Known for yearly humiliation of their conquered subjects and cities 3. Mass mutilation, rape and deportation

The Stele of Naram-sin

Name the artifact that depicts Naram-sin, the first emperor of his time to claim himself as a god, as victorious and representational to Sumerians

Sargon II (722-706 BCE)

Name the emperor who: 1. Claimed himself as the descendent of Sargon the Akkad, the founder of Akkadian Civilization 2. Built the capital city of Khorsabad, particularly the imperial palace, in 720-705 BCE

Neolithic Age

New Stone Age, after the last ice age, agricultural revolution (food gathering to food production), 8000-7000 B.C., permanent settlements, trade began, refined stone tools

Paleolithic Age

Old Stone Age, hunting & gathering of food, lived in small bands of 20-30, nomadic, spear, bow & arrow, fish hooks

Civil War in Corinth

Oligarchs vs. Democrats. Spartans come to aid of oligarchs and are defeated by democrats led by Athenian Iphicrates.

All of the male rulers of Macedonian Egypt took the name:

Ptolemy

Name adopted by all Egyptian Hellenistic rulers

Ptolemy

Hebrews

Semitic-speaking people with tradition concerning origins; OT descendants of Abraham and had migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan, wandered for many years and then entered Canaan and organized twelve tribes

Hyksos

Semitic-speaking people, dominated much of Egypt bringing Middle Kingdom to an end, taught Egyptians bronze, war aspects

Battle of Cnidus

Spartans vs. Persians. Peisander against Conon/Persians. Spartan navy is destroyed and hopes of an empire die.

Divided Kingdoms

Tension between northern and southern tribes resulted in two kingdoms, Israel and Judah.

Masada

The Jewsih hilltop fortess that held out agianst Rome for 2 years. When the Romans finally reached the fortress all of the people had killed thmeselves rather than face the Romans.

cities, writing

The Mesopotamians developed __________ and invented ________

How did Hellenistic culture influence Jewish religion?

The Old Testament was translated into Greek.

Regnal Dating

The dating system that determine the specific historical event based on the period of a particular ruler.

Relative Dating

The dating system that determine the specific time period based on correlations between artifacts and historical events.

Absolute Dating

The dating system that uses chronological orders and calendar.

Origins of "Arabic numerals"

The decimal Hindu-Arabic numeral system was developed in India by AD 700.

Aristotle

Tutor to Alexander the Great, studied at the Academy, analyzing and classifying based on research, studied for best governments

Government set up by an "outsider" in a Greek polis

Tyranny

Darius

Under his reign Persian Empire was the largest yet, organized satraps, Royal Road

The Thirty

Wealthy aristocratic men chosen by Lysander to take over in Athens in place of democracy. behaved like tyrants and led Athens to being unstable.

Organized government, Labor specification, development of cities and related technologies

What are the positive aspects of civilization?

The domestication of animals Irrigation Metallurgy Weeding Pottery (the way of storing agricultural surplus)

What are the technological advancements in Cities?

Big Men.

What does the word "lugal" mean?

god baal

The word baal means "lord"; the plural is baalim. In general, Baal was a fertility god who was believed to enable the earth to produce crops and people to produce children.

Polytheistic

The worship of beliefs in multiple deities

Events of anytime before 3000 BCE, when Sumerians invented writing.

What is the definition of Prehistory?

By the 14th century B.C.E, international relations were marked by

diplomatic standards, polite forms of address, gifts and alliances

After a plebian rebellion in the early 5th century B.C.E :

the patricians accepted the elected tribunes and written laws

Roman Golden Age

the period of rule after Augustus until mid200's CE, when Rome flourished, cultures mixed well, and almost everyone was a citizen

Stoicism

the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno -- emphasized reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress

Relations after 1500 B.C.E are more appropriately referred to as "transnational" because:

the political and economic networks transcended national boundaries and identities

Leo I

the pope who extended the authority of the papacy to the west and persuaded Attila not to attack Rome (440-461)

taxation

the practice of requiring people to pay taxes to support a government

Alexander's imperial ambitions were:

the product of his courage, leadership, and strategy

____ explains the Roman opposition to monarchy and preference for republican government

the rape of Lucretia

Meaning of Renaissance

the rebirth

Originally the Osiris cult was reserved for

the wealthy who could afford preservation of the body

cuneiform

the written script of Sumer

The Phoenicians' greatest contribution to civilization was

their alphabet

medieval china

where civil service exams developed to provide upward mobility and a stable government bureaucracy

Monestaries

where monks lived; played a major role in early medieval society and government; educated monks and laypeople and preserved learning and knowledge through book copying

ancient Greece

where small independent city-states ruled by a community of male citizens creates a civilization that was the source of Western culture

Ancient China

where three major schools of though-confucianism, legalism, and daoism-developed in order to help create a stable society between 500 BC and 200BC.

Hunter Gatherers

A term that describes nomadic Humans who obtain their food sources through hunting of wild animals and gathering wild, eatable planets.

Peltasts

A type of light infantry in Ancient Greece. Iphicrates' reforms.

The Punic Wars

A conflict between Rome and Carthage in a fight for dominant power.

Auxiliaries

A foreigner who fights in the army for citizenship

Greek Historian - wrote about Persian Wars

Herodotus

Our best historical sources for the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars are:

Herodotus and Thucydides

Aristocracy

In Athens, they held important offices

The Senate's Decree on Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso

Official senate account of the trial of Piso, this is occurring because Piso is accused of poisoning Germanicus when they are sent to the east, this probably occurs because Tiberius wants his own son Drusus to be emperor, Tacitus is extremely accurate concerning the proceedings of this trial,

Paleolithic

Old Stone Age

The Persian Hellenistic kingdom

Seleucid

Twelve Tables

A set of rules to refer to in court that specified all of the Roman laws.

Republic

"Thing of the People" A government system completely run by the people where they always have the last say.

The edict of mulan

-Constantine document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity

Mesopotamia

'land between the Rivers' created by Sumerians, with independent cities, plenty of mud

Cuneiform

'wedge shaped', oldest Mesopotamian texts written by Sumerians using this system, clay tablets

Saladin

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

100 year war

(1337-1453) Large war between France and England that was fueled by territorial disagreements and started when Edward III declared himself king of France. In the end, it weakened both countries for some time

When augustus died who chose his successo

-Augustus himself

The second Punic war saw Carthage

-Carried land war to Rome by Crossing the Alps

Hadrians wall was built to protect

-Roman Britain

The immediate cause of the first Punic war was

-Rome sending in or me to Sicily

Constantine's most enduring reform came in creation

-The "new Rome"

The head of Roman religious observances was

-The Pontifex Maximus

The 12 tables was

-The first formal codification of Roman law and customs

The paterfamilias in Roman society was

-The male head of the household

The goal of Roman religion was to maintain trust and harmony with the spirits a condition known as

-The peace of God's

Treaty of Verdun

843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

The absolute monarchical powers of augustus as principles lead to

-The usual victory of his candidates, the client of popular participation in elections, his great popularity as he followed proper legal forms for his power

Council of Nicaea in 325

-defined Christ as being of the same substance as God

Which is not true of the coliseum

-destroyed by Caligula

Sulla's legacy And importance was that he

-employed his personal army in political disputes paving the way toward Roman Civil War

Tetrarchy Was Diocletian plan to

-establish an orderly secession to emperorship

What was the significance of Scipio Africanus in the second Punic war

-he expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive battle of Zema

The college of augurs existed to

-interpret signs sent to humans by the gods

Julius Caesar

-led military commands in Spain and especially gaul that enhanced his popularity

Which of the following statements was true of Augustan society

-legislation passed concerning the corruption of morals

Solomon

970 B.C. came to throne in Israel, created flourishing state through trade and foreign alliances, famed for skill as a judge, wisdom from God

By the later Republic Roman slaves

-often worked on the Roman latifundia

The Romans praetorian guards were

-oh wait troops given the task of protecting the Emperor

Frankish marriage customs

-placed strong sanctions sometimes death on adulterous women

Tiberius gracchus ran for Tribune in 133 B.C.E. on a program of

-providing farm to Landless farmers

The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius gracchus

-resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups

The colonies of veterans established by augustus throughout the empire proved especially valuable in

-romanizing the provinces

establishing his empire alexander the great ?

-saw his self as descendant of greek gods and a hero -combined greek and Persian practices to allow its administration -allowed intermarriage between soldiers and native Persian women

Trade and commerce in the early empire

-stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, was secondary in importance to agriculture

At the battle of Cannae the Romans

-suffered a devastating defeat by Hannibal

Which statement best describes the Julio-Claudian emperors

-varied in ability and effectiveness

Petrine Doctrine

-was belief that Bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in church

Justinian's military conquest under the general Belisarius

-were short-lived

Legacies of the ancient Hebrews in Western civilization

1) Monothiesm (influences christianity and islam) 2) The Ten Comandments 3) Ideology "Chosen people of God"

Five Pillars of Islam

1) The Testimony of Faith 2) Prayer 3) Giving Zakat (Support of the Needy) 4) Fasting the Month of Ramadan 5) The Pilgrimage to Makkah

The four Christian Gospels

1) The gospel of Mark 2)The gospel of Matthew 3)The gospel of Luke 4)The gospel of John

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Zoroastrianism

1. A reformative religion that excludes animal sacrifice, magic, polytheism 2. A religion that attempted to bring people together through a set of universal concepts, rather than dividing people. 3. It has the concept of the light vs the dark, similar to Ostris vs Seth, and the battle between these two will continue for many years to come.

Marduk

1. Once the little Patron God of Babylon 2. The ruler-god of Mesopotamia when Hammurabi took over. 3. The first deity whose name was used by Hammurabi to launch "the holy war".

Tacitus

A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories.

Ur-Nammu

1. The new king of Akkad 2. Responsible for the Construction of the Ziggurat of Ur 3. Has a son named Shulgi, who first championed laws for relative equality and justice.

The Great Fire, 64 CE

10 of 14 regions of Rome are greatly affected, this places a heavy burden on the taxation system of Rome, people believe that it is in fact Nero who started the fire to advance his own political goals

lay investiture

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials; the buying and selling of churches

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

The Year of the Four Emperors, 69 CE

18 months of civil war that culminates in the year of the four emperors, this happens because Emperors found it increasingly difficult to administer both in Rome and Abroad, he suicide of emperor Nero, in 68, was followed by a brief period of civil war, the first Roman civil war since Mark Antony's death in 30 BC. Between June of 68 and December of 69, Rome witnessed the successive rise and fall of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius until the final accession of Vespasian, first of the Imperial Flavian dynasty, in July 69. The social, military and political upheavals of the period had Empire-wide repercussions, which included the outbreak of the Batavian rebellion.

scipio aemilianus was born

185/4

Consul

2 Elected for one year Only patricians ----> patricians/plebeians prepared/proposed laws ran army

What were the key offices and branches of government in the Roman republic?

2 consuls 2-10 tribunes 300 senate century assembly plebeian assembly

Tribunes

2-10 plebeians proposed laws in charge of plebeians protected lives and property

length run in a foot race-

200 yds

Code of Hammurabi

282 laws, for centuries they regulated relationships in Mesopotamia, reveals society with strict system of justic, focused much on marriage and family

Ancient Egyptian history is divided into?

3 major periods

Senate

300 elected served for life public finances foreign affairs assigned military commands passed/debated decrees

Corinthian War

395-386 B.C. persians offer financial support to athens and thebes to rebel. war ends with kings peace, dictated by the great king of persia.

"Trial of Socrates"

399, accusations: corrupting young & not believing in God - Defense: "The unexamined life is not worth living" he was against democracy,

Attila the Hun

405-453, was the Emperor of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the River Danube to the Baltic Sea

The Peloponnesian War was fought from:

431-404 B.C.

Battle of Thermopylae

480 B.C.E. Xerxes against the Greeks, 300 Spartans held back the Persians for days, Persians won;, 300 Spartans under King Leonidas held off Persian army so Greeks could prepare, Spartans were betrayed, all 300 died

"The Last Supper"

A fresco painted by Leonardo da Vinci depicting Jesus and his disciples at the moment Jesus announces that one of them has betrayed him. Restoration of the fresco has caused great controversy. Some art critics claim that the colors are now "too bright" and that Leonardo's original work ahs been mutilated. the restoration has been open to the public on a limited basis since 1999.

Satrap/Satrapy

A governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, each administered by a satrap, "protector of the kingdom"

Lorenzo de Medici

A leader of Florence, he used his power and wealth to become a great patron of the arts (helping to grow the Renaissance).

"Mona Lisa"

A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world.

Paul

A.D. 11-67 Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world

The tradition of the Hebrew states that they were descendants of the patriarch who had migrated from Mesopotamia to the land of Palestine

Abraham

Res Gestae Divi Augusti

Achievements of the Divine Augustus, this document allows the emperor to shape perception of his rule even after his death, three extant copies found in near asia, one in greek, one in latin, and another in both. this document is clearly attempting to keep the focus solely on Augustus and how much the empire benefitted under his rule, he uses this document to demonstrate the fact that his rule brought about both change and continuity, Augustus is the culmination of a long line of great Romans,

Vasco deGama

Actually made it to the West Coast of India; first Portuguese explorer to open a direct trading route with India

Tiberius

Adopted son of Octavian; Continues many of Octavian's policies; Married Octavian's daughter; Suspicious of aristocrats in the Senate; Many people were executed on rumors

Why did the gap between rich and poor grow so rapidly?

After the Punic Wars the rich land owners built large estates on the land of soldiers who were at war. They hired slaves to work on these estates. Farmers found it difficult to compete with them and were forced to sell their farms to them. They became much more poor and the gap between them increased.

the Odyssey

An ancient Greek epic by Homer that recounts the adventures of Odysseus during his return from the war in Troy to his home in the Greek island of Ithaca.

by first descent B.C.E which was largest city in Mediterranean?

Alexandria

The greatest library of the Hellenistic era could be found in the city of

Alexandria.

The work of Aristotle:

All of the above

Why did the Roman's believe that their republic balanced the interests of both the rich and poor?

Although the patricians held the power, they said they never used their money to take advantage of the plebeians. Roman laws protected all, no Roman could be executed without a trial, and if condemned to death, you could always go into exile. Eventually, both plebeians and patricians could hold public office, plebeian assembly became law, and marriages between classes could take place.

Frederick Barbarossa

Among the most vigorous of the medieval emperors. Clashed with the pope over the appointment of the clergy. Known as "the red beard" (r. 1152-1190). He attempted to conquer Lombardy (n. Italy) and unite the German princes, but the popes did not approve of this and forced him to surrender Lombardy.

Magna Carta 1215

An English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

Polis

An ancient Greek city-state encompassing both an urban area and its surrounding countryside a small but autonomous political unit where all major political and social activities were carried out in a central location

Commodus

Ancient Roman Emperor who succeeded his father, Marcus Aurelius, and began the decline of the Roman Empire.

Prefect of the City

Another of Augustus' innovations, this was a senator who resembled a position like a mayor of the city of Rome, he maintains imperium within the urban stretches of the city, he was appointed directly by the emperor, additionally, his term lasts longer than a year so he is capable of actually making long-lasting change

The Macedonian Hellenistic kingdom

Antigonids

NOT conquered by Alexander

Arabia

Who argued first in favor of a heliocentric (sun-centered) solar system?

Aristarchus.

Literally "rule by the best" - the ruling Greek elite

Aristocracy

Populares

Aristocratic leaders who were opposed to the optimates

Greek tutor & traveling companion of Alexander

Aristotle

Why was the Peloponnesian War deadlocked for an extended period of time?

Athens could not defeat Sparta on land, and Sparta could not defeat Athens at sea

NOT an Assyrian kind

Ashur

Sicilian Expedition

Athenian expedition from 415 BC to 413 BC. Alcibiades pushed for this campaign while Nicias opposed it. Both were appointed to be lead it as generals along with Lamachus. However, Alcibiades was recalled to Athens to face charges for mutilating the Herms, eventually defecting to Sparta. Ultimately Athens sorely underestimated the scale of this undertaking and as a result suffered substantial losses,including death of Nicias and Demosthenes. Athens defeat in this campaign is the turning point in the Pelopennesian War as it no longer had the power to simultaneously fight the Pelopennesian League and maintain its Empire.

The decisive Greek military victory over the Persians at Salamis was won by the:

Athenian fleet

Battle of Arginusae

Athenian generals win but fall to recover the bodies of the dead, many put to death. The last Athenian victory of the Peloponnesian War.

Battle of marathon was a victory for

Athenian hoplites

Livia

Augustus' third and most important wife, their marriage lasts for 50 years, she produces no children with Augustus yet he continues to love her and their partnership continues to be extremely important, yet, she has sons through her previous marriage (Drusus and Tiberius), she outlives Augustus and lives 15 years into the reign of Tiberius

Battle of Delium

Battle north of Athens that was fought in 424 BCE as part of the Peloponnesian War, Athens lost to the Thebans.

Key victory that crushed Octavian's opposition

Battle of Actium

How Islam's advance into Europe was stopped

Battle of tours

Hebrew Law

Became important because of the covenant. Set forth specific requirements sacrifices, ethical concerns stood at center of law.

William the Conqueror

Became the duke of normandy by age 8. Eventually became king of England.

John Huss

Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation.

Caligula, emperor 37-41 CE

Born in 12 CE, Most disgraceful of all emperors, rose to power with the help of the praetorian guard, he maintains the support of the army, avid builder of infrastructure, he grows increasingly erratic, begins to execute everything in sight, he is obsessed with his sisters, pursues incestuous relationships, he desires universal honors and wants to be declared a god, grants himself these powers, thus, he has cultivated a uniformly negative view of his rule, thus, he is eventually stabbed to death by his own praetorian guard in 41 CE

Tacitus

Born in 53 AD in Gaul, one of the the many great latin history writers that originate in the provinces, Maintains political career, very experienced, he also maintains a very dark view of the emperor, he views the character of past emperors through his own experience with the emperor, he has two major works, the histories that begin with the year of the 4 emperors, and the Annals that concern themselves with the period following Augustus up until Nero, he maintains an interest in the psychology of those who he is writing upon, extremely skilled at describing character, he is a manipulative writer

First Punic War

Both Carthage and Rome wanted to controlthe Island of Sicily. In 264 B.C. the dispute brought both of them to blows. The war that begin in 264 B.C. is called the First Punic War. Punicus is the Latinwork for "Phoenician". The War started when Rome sent an aqrmy to Sicily to prevent Carthage from taking over Sicily. The Catheaginians who already had colonies on the Islandof Sicily were determined to stop; the invasion. Up until that time, Rome has fought their wars on land. Howver, they soon realized tht could not defeat a sea power like Carthage without a navy. Rome built a large fleet of ships and cconfronted their enemy at sea. The war dragged on for 20 years. Finally in 241 B.C. Rome chrushed Carthage's navy off the coast of Sicily. Carthage waqs forced to leave Sicily and pay a huge fine to the Romans. The island then came under Roman rule.

Richard I the Lionheart

Brother was King John. Launched the 3rd crusade to retake Jerusalem after Saladin captured it. He took Aere, but could not take Jerusalem.

Duomo of Florence

Brunelleschi defeated Ghiberti in a competition to build: doors for the baptistery of Rome, residence of pope, dome of the cathedral of Florence, the Medici palace.

1st Crusade

Called by Pope Urban II in 1096. One group that fought was skilled knights and the other group that fought was unskilled peasants. The goal was to drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem. The knights won the battle but the peasants lost to Sejuk Turks when they took over Jerusalem after.

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Rome's first major military campaign beyond the Italian peninsula was directed against

Carthage

Perhaps the oldest city, located in Turkey

Catalhoyuk

Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Church built at the site where Jesus was crucified and buried. The Church was constructed by Constantine

Farmer, dictator, ideal of Roman male virtue

Cincinnatus

economic, social, cultural, and religious development

Cities created became the center for what four types of development?

poetry, art, drama

Classical Greek __________, ____________ and _____________ were a source of western culture.

Battle of Amphipolis

Cleon lead Athenians North to _________ where Spartans were taking down Athenian allies. Spartans were hiding, Athenians went looking. Athens lost 600, Sparta 7. Cleon dead, Brasidas dead.

Egyptian princess, supported by Caesar

Cleopatra VII

Vergil

Comes from an equestrian family, he most famously wrote the Eclogues, Georgics, and the Aeniad, each of these works symbolized a different period in the reign of Augustus, first, pastoral poetry, then, the restoration of rural rome, finally, he returns to the mythological founding of Rome in the Aeniad

Civilization

Complex culture which large numbers of humans share a number of common elements

Bronze Age

Copper and tin combined makes bronze, more durable than copper, 3000-1200 B.C., Bronze then iron

Corcyrean Affair

Corcyra, a colony of Corinth, has a colony called Epidamnos. Corcya and Athens fight against Corinth and Epidamnos. Corinth/Epidamnos flee before Athens. Corinth is upset that Athens interfered with their colonies.

serfs

Could not be bought or sold but their labor belonged to the lord.

Papal captivity

Counsellor movement began in Rome where Church cardinals tried to take power from Pope through creation of a college of cardinals; caused public dissidence, so Church couldn't centralize power

Damnatio Memoriae

Damnatio memoriae is the Latin phrase literally meaning "condemnation of memory", meaning that a person must not be remembered. It was a form of dishonor that could be passed by the Roman Senate on traitors or others who brought discredit to the Roman State. The intent was to erase the malefactor from history, a task somewhat easier in ancient times, when documentation was limited.

The founder of the kingdom of Isriel was the military hero

David

Paleolithic = Old Stone Age Neolithic = New Stone Age

Define Paleolithic and Neolithic.

Anti-Persian alliance of Greek poleis

Delian League

Coup in Athens

Democracy in Athens was replaced with a short-lived oligarchy called "The 400".

Athens

Democracy...

Consequences of the Peloponnesian War

Depleted manpower in Greece. The land was ravaged, depopulated, and there were large numbers of mercenaries and pirates.

Hoplite phalanx relied for its success on

Dicipline and teamwork

Greek columns

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

Pyramids

During Old Kingdom, dedicated to dead for king, small pyramids for family, mastabas for nobles, Largest built under King Khufu at Gaza 2540 B.C.

Egypt: Old Kingdom

During time of third to sixth dynasties of Egyptian kings, kingship, vizier in charge of bureaucracy and other departments, agriculture was backbone of prosperity, taxes

Uruk Period (4300-2900 BCE)

During what period was the priestly rule and religious domination first emphasized, alongside with the creation of the White temple and the Ziggurat of Uruk?

Amorites/Old Babylonian Empire (2100-1600 BCE)

During which period comes the Ziggurat of Ur and the monarchy of Hammurabi?

Domitian, emperor 81-96 CE

Domitian's youth and early career were largely spent in the shadow of his brother Titus, who gained military renown during the First Jewish-Roman War. This situation continued under the rule of his father Vespasian, who became emperor in 69 following the civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. While Titus held a great many offices under the rule of his father, Domitian was left with honours but no responsibilities. Vespasian died in 79 and was succeeded by Titus, whose own reign came to an unexpected end when he was struck by a fatal illness in 81. The following day Domitian was declared Emperor by the Praetorian Guard, commencing a reign that lasted fifteen years - longer than any man who had ruled since Tiberius.[3] As Emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the Empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome. Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Caledonia (Scotland), and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against king Decebalus. Domitian's government exhibited totalitarian characteristics; he saw himself as the new Augustus, an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new era of brilliance. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality, and by nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate. Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. The same day he was succeeded by his advisor Nerva. After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant. Modern revisionists have instead characterized Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat whose cultural, economic and political program provided the foundation of the peaceful 2nd century.

Mummification

Egyptian's way of preserving dead body through a 10-week Embalming process, in which the dead will have his/her organs removed for preservation.

Thrasyboulos

Emerges as the new Athenian leader after the death of Critias. He had the support of Thebes and Megara since they no longer trusted Sparta.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Early values of Christianity as exemplified in Jesus's sermon on the mount

Emphasized devotion to values of humility, charity and true brotherly love

Hittites

Empire in W. Asian, threatened Egyptian power, iron weapons, Great King with vassals in local areas, ability to assimilate other cultures to their own

the Iliad

Epic poem based on the Trojan War by Homer

The ____ taught that the only reason one should be good is to increase one's own happiness.

Epicureans

Pre-Latin rulers of Italian peninsula

Etruscans

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

Temple of Apollo on the Palantine (28 BCE)

Example of Augustus the builder, he builds his house right next to the huts of romulus upon the palantine, thus, we can see that he is obviously attempting to connect the divine, the traditional, and Augustus, this is built in the same year as his victory at actium, it is built with white marble and monumentalizes his victories over Antony and Sextus Pompey, it attempts to look towards the future of Rome as opposed to the past, it has two libraries in it, both greek and latin

Assyrian Empire

First empire to emerge in ancient Near East, exploited use of iron, empire was overextended, nobles gained control of vast territories and waged their own private military campaigns, well organized, develop system of communication, effective military

Egypt and Mesopotamian

First people groups

Nero, emperor 54-68 CE

Following the death of Claudius, Nero ascends to the throne, he comes to the throne in the best possible succession there is, very smooth and expedient, he appeals to both the praetorian guard and the senate, he promises a second golden age in Rome, and in fact, the first five years of Nero's reign are considered amongst the best in Rome's history, he pursues private interests and leaves administration to Agrippina, Burrus, and Seneca, Burrus is the prefect of the praetorian guard, these administrators stock the bureaucracy with their supporters, the gradual declin of his reign begins in 58 CE when the senate rejects a tax reform of Nero (this never happens), he then murders his mother Agrippina the next year, he does this because he wants to marry Poppae Sabina, Then in 62, Burrus dies, once the checks fall away, Nero's true nature begins to show itself. Growing tensions with the aristocracy, we see the conspiracy of Calpurnius Piso, this leads to a lot of suicides, then there are a series of rash killings, this leads to the revolt of the provinces, the army, and finally the praetorian guard, Nero is then declared a public enemy, he then commits suicide, final words "qualis artifax peneo"

Claudius, emperor 41-54 CE

Following their execution of Claligula, they search the royal palace, they find Claudius, at the time of his succession to power, the senate is essentially obsolete, they are discussing a naive restoration of the republic, Claudius is the son of Drusus and the brother of Germanicus, he survives caligula's reign and his political purges because he seemed completely harmless, he has no political or military experience, instead, he immerses himself in complete scholarship, he is influenced greatly by Messalina, his 4th century wife, she has a great amount of power because she is the mother of a male heir, yet, Agrippina the younger, daughter of Germanicus, his second wife, promotes her son, Nero as the next male heir -Claudius is actually an effective emperor, he initiates the invasion of Britain, gains the armies support and is allowed to celebrate a triumph, here he gains some military experience, he often works tirelessly at the port city of ostia to ensure the continuing flow of the grain supply, he makes many religious reforms, very Augustan in this sense, he is extremely generous with citizenship, granting power to a variety of members, he is a quality administrator, avid judge, develops imperial chancellery(elite freedman, passionately serve the emperor)

Agricultural Revolution

Food production in 8000-7000 B.C., favorable environment was fertile crescent

St. Patrick

Founded church in Ireland, was kidnapped when young and taken to Ireland by pirates. Became a priest then a bishop and returned to Ireland- Converted Ireland to christianity

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king, she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake

Odoacer

Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493)

Franks

Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.

Germanicus (d. 19 CE)

Germanicus (24 May 15 BC - 10 October AD 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the early Roman Empire. He was born in Rome, Italia, to Nero Claudius Drusus and his wife Antonia Minor. Germanicus' own campaigns in Germania made him famous after avenging the defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and retrieving two of the three legionary eagles that had been lost during the battle. Beloved by the people, he was widely considered to be the perfect Roman long after his death.[1] The Roman people for centuries would consider him as Rome's Alexander the Great due to the nature of his death at a young age, his virtuous character, his dashing physique and his military renown.[2]

Theocracy

Government by divine authority, Sumerians believed gods ruled the cities

Greek geography

Greece had short rivers that were not used for travel and trade. It had a penninsula that was bordered by the Aegean and Ionian Seas. Mountain ranges seperated city-states but let in invaders

Nation-states

Group of people united under one independent government. These formed out of nationalism.

Roles played by women in ancient Sparta

Had a big influence in government but had no vote. Women could own property. Spartan girls competed in athletics at the same time as the boys

Hadrian's Wall

Hadrian's Wall was the north-west frontier of the Roman empire for nearly 300 years.

Elephant-riding, invading general of Carthage

Hannibal

one of the few female pharos

Hatshepsut

Constantine's decision to move the Roman empire's capital from Rome to Byzantium

He believed that the Roman empire was to big and disorganized to be one empire. New capital was Constantinople

Seneca

He comes from a great writing family from spain, he is a tutor of Nero, a great stoic philosopher,

St. Dominic

He established an order which combined the rule of poverty and the practice of mendicancy with careful study and informed preaching

Which statement below best characterizes the attitude of Seleucid king Antiochus III toward the Jews living in his kingdom around 200 b.c.?

He granted the Jews freedom of worship, self-government, and tax exemptions.

Agesilaus II of Sparta

He had ambitions to replace the Athenian Empire. He was a puppet of Lysander.

Vespasian, emperor 69-79 CE

He is from the east, commander of the Army that is putting down the revolt in Judea, he travels to alexandria and sends his army on ahead to conquer Rome, he does not get his hands dirty in the civil war

Petronius

He is promoted to be the Arbiter elegantiera under Nero, in fact, he had pretended to party while secretly being an incredible administrator, he is a great example of equal parts politics and pleasure,

Euclid

He is the father of geometry and wrote a book explaining geometry that was used as a text book till the 1900

Nero's Cultural Program

He promotes a philhellenic and spectacle approach to culture, Nero loves to blur boundaries and transgress them too (food, sex, violence, and extravagance), he loves violence, theater, greek athletics, chariot races, he attempts to be a second flamininus by liberating Greece again, The Roman Elite begin to hate Nero, but the people love his ridiculous actions,

Pepin the Short

He was Charles Martel's son. He was king and the Pope asked him for help against the Lombards who were invading. Pepin helps him and defeats them and in turn, the Pope names him king of the Franks. Then Pepin gives the Pope land called the Papal States.

Trial of Socrates

He was charged with corrupting youth, introducing new gods, and disrespecting old gods. "Clouds" was cited for charges. He was actually just a scapegoat.

Albrecht

He was famous for producing woodcuts and engravings. Many of his works portrayed religious subjects, classical myths or religious landscapes.

Romulus Augustus

He was the last emperor of western Rome who transported his insignia and office to the east upon his defeat by the Ostrogoths

Ptolemaic

Hellenistic dynasty that lasted longest

Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C., the Near East was influenced by Greek culture in a process we call:

Hellenization

The conquered slave laborers for Sparta

Helots

Archaic author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Homer

Homers Iliad points out the

Honor and courage of Greek aristocrat heros in battle

Horace

Horace loses his families property and stake in life because of his allegiance to Brutus against Caesar, his patron is Maecenas, his most famous work are the odes, they are really spring poetry

civilization, river valleys

Human ____________ first emerged in the _______________ of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China

How the Romans had central heating in their homes

Hypocaust- system of underfloor heating

Donatello

Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David.

1. Multiplication Cable 2. The Decimal and Hexadecimal system 3. Map making 4. Lunar calendar 5. The Seed Drill 6. Writing (Cuneiform)

Identify major technological and academic advancements of the Ancient Sumerians

Nile River

Important development of Egyptians civilizations, longest river in the world, thousands of miles, black/red land, Miracle-flooding

Ideal Roman woman, violated by Etruscan king

Lucretia

Ahura-mazda and Ahriman

In Zoroastrianism, name the "Wise Lord" and the "Evil Lord"

Roman slavery

In more recent Rome, conquered lands were made into slaves and were given harsh punishments but also a chance to buy freedom.

Enkidu

In the Epics of Gilgamesh, name the man of wilderness who shared glorious adventures with Gilgamesh and was killed by Ishtar, the god of love.

Persian Empire

Indo-European speaking, joined Medes and Babylonians in attacking Assyrians. Cyrus the Great extended territory, with Darius they had the largest empire yet

Thucydides argued that the outbreak of war between Sparta and Athens was due to:

Spartan fears of Athenian power

The King's Peace

Ionia and Cyprus were ceded to Persia. Sparta was left to enforce the peace as Persia's puppet. "Koine eirene"--both sides were exhausted and wanted common peace.

Probably the most popular mystery cult in the Hellenistic Near East was that of:

Isis.

Abraham's importance to the world's three major monotheistic religions

Islam, Christianity and Judaism. He helped created the religions

Seige of Tyre

Island half a mile from land surrounded by walls. AtG builds a land bridge to Tyre

Kingdom of the 10 northern Hebrew tribes

Israel

The Prophets

Israelites believed that certain religious leaders or holy men were sent by God to serve as his voice to his people. New concepts enriched Jewish tradition and Western Civilization.

What were the effects of Rome's victory over Carthage?

It gave them control of busy routes and incredible riches flooded in. It increased their wealth but the gap between the rich and poor increased. Corruption, greed, and self-intrest increased. There was much tension between the classes.

Alexander's expedition eastward halted at the Hyphasis River because the:

Macedonian army mutinied.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).

Brunelleschi

Italian architect celebrated for his work during the Florentine Renaissance. His greatest achievement is the octagonal ribbed dome of the Florence cathedral.

Francis of Assisi

Italian monk who founded the Franciscan order; he devoted his life to serving the poor and sick.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Zealots

Jews that rose up in armed rebellion against Rome in 66ce; unsuccessful, and Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed

Kingdom of the 2 southern Hebrew tribes

Judah

Christianity and Islam

Judaism later influenced these two religions.

King John

King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.

Romance languages

Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed.

China

Last civilization of the ones learned to emerge

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Large farms owned by aristocrats

Latifundia

Roman civil agreements with conquered Italians

Latin Right

Romans

Latin speaking people built a small community on the Tiber River in Italy. Eventually expanded to control most of italy. Developed into a republic that was ruled by a aristocratic oligarchy. Became master of mediterranean sea.

Cyrus the Great

Leader of Persia, captured Babylon, wise and compassionate

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Social Stratification, Competition for Power and Domination between different Culture, Easier Spread of Disease.

List negative aspects of Civilization

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Ziggurat

Massive stepped tower where temples were built atop

Byzantine Empire falls

May 28, 1453- Pope Callistus III (1455-58) calls a crusade—it is useless; Russia becomes center of Eastern Orthodoxy;Many Easterners will flee to west

Megarian Decree

Megara- member of Peloponesian league Offened Athens so Athens punished them w/ economic sanctions saying they weren't allowed to trade with anyone in Delian League, crippling their economy.

Land between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Mesopotamia

Sparta

Military state, rigid and organized, Men joined military at age twenty

Examples of Leonardo da Vinci's major artworks

Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Loyal to one God without denying others exist

Monolatry

Code of Roman tradition and morality

Mos Maiorum

Geography of Greece

Mountains, River valleys, volcanoes. Citizenship eventually expanded throughout Mediterranean. Lack of abundant fertile land.

Medieval Architecture

Movement in Church design towards theme of "Christ, the Light of the World", Gothic structure (reflected God's transcendence, power, and beauty). Built higher, allowed large stain glass windows. Served as visual catechism for those living during the middle ages.

The Achaemenid Dynasty (538-332 BCE)

Name the Time Period that: 1. Is also known as the Persian Empire 2. Cyrus the Great and Darius I became Emperors 3. Persepolis was created

Allah

Muslim name for the one and only God

Trojan War

Mycenaeans (Greeks) vs. Troy. Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen, wife of the Mycenaen's king. Greeks won when they tricked the Trojans with the Trojan Horse. The Iliad gives information about the Trojan War.

Theocracy

Name of the governmental system in which priests rule in the name of god.

Naram-Sin

Name the Akkadian Ruler who: 1. Was the grandson of Sargon the Akkad 2. First proclaimed himself as a god 3. Strengthened trade and brought people together 4. Led a series of military conquest that saw him controlled Southern and central Mesopotamia

Anubis

Name the Egyptian God of Afterlife

Osiris, Isis, Horus

Name the Egyptian God of the underworld, his sister/wife, and his son.

The Hittites

Name the ethnic group in the Bronze Age that: 1. Has intense militaristic culture 2. First used Iron Weapon in combat 3. Use Red Sea as a mean of transportation 4. Adapted and Modified the chariot from the Mitanni 5. Arrived in Babylon in 1595 BCE and "Sacked the City"

The Kassites

Name the ethnic group in the Bronze Age that: 1. Ruled Babylon for over 500 years 2. Were peaceful and prosperous, but were pushed away by Mitanni

Mitanni

Name the ethnic group in the Bronze Age that: 1. Utilized Cavalry tactics to attack the foot soldiers 2. Created the first known Chariots before the Hittites adapted it

Hyksos

Name the ethnicity who: 1. Means "Rulers of foreign lands" 2. Because the first ethnicity to attack Egypt since its unification 3. Ruled the majority of Lower Egypt 3. Helped Egypt enter its second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BCE)

Nubians

Name the ethnicity who: 1. created a kingdom that threatened the Hyksos who were ruling the Lower Egypt. 2. It's pharaoh, Ahmose, driven out the Hyksos and created the 18th Dynasty.

Jericho, Between Israel and Jordan

Name the first ever settlement that produced pottery, defended itself through towers and city walls, and initiated a program to store their leftover food (in 6800 BCE) through making of Pottery.

Neolithic

New Stone Age

Vigiles

Night Watchmen and firefighters truly, they are under the jurisdiction of the prefect of the city, they are mostly freedmen, they are an example of Augustus finding a place within the city for every individual, extremely competent fire-fighting force

Site of the Assyrian library

Nineveh

Prehistory

No written records, depend on archaeology and biological information

Capetians

Noble ruling family in France from the late 10th through early 14th centuries following the principle of hereditary kingship. Dynasty ended with the onset of the 100-Years War.

Mauryan Empire

Northern India, 324bc-183bc. was at its height during the reign of Asoka-used buddhist ideas to rule. considered great ruler in india's history

Barbarians/visogoths

Northern Tribes who invaded and sacked Rome, Generic term for foreign invaders of a different religion.

When Julius Caesar adopted Octavian as his heir:

Octavian had to fight his rivals and kill his republican opponents

Plato

One of Socrates disciples, greatest philosopher of Western Civilization, Wrote a lot, question of reality, The Republic (ideas of gov), established school of Athens: Academy

Critas

One of the 30 Tyrants appointed in Athens who had a reign of terror.

Main cause for the fall of the Roman Republic

One of the biggest contributing factors to the collapse of the Roman Republic was corruption in the government

Jericho

One of the oldest known agricultural villages, located in Palestine?

Dictator

One with all the power Julius caesar was a king or dictator

Caligula

Only ruled for four years, mentally unstable. He had an affair with his sister and named them both as Gods. He also named his horse a consul.

Carthage

Original allies of Rome that fought against Rome in the punic wars for dominant power.

Why did Rome and Carthage go to war?

Originally Rome and Carthage were allies. Rome was a land power while Carthage was a sea power. As they expanded their areas of interest, competition, and suspicion drove them against each other to stop the other from becoming the dominant power.

Old Stone Age; 2 million B.C.E - 11,000 B.C.E

Paleolithic

Egyptian parchment made from reeds

Papyrus

Octavian

Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana.

Abraham

Patriarch to many descendants who migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan and were known as 'The Children of Israel'

Upper class Roman aristocrat

Patrician

rise of towns

People felt safe after the crusades, began to move to cities for economical gain. cities became overcrowded, and the cities were not self-sufficient

Mesopotamia and Egypt

People of where built the first civilizations. Developed cities and struggled with problems of organized states. created writing with led to literature and records. Built monuments. death with three fundamental problems of life.

Anti-Spartan Athenian Leader, helped the thetes

Pericles

What were the chief characteristics of the Greek Dark Age?

Period of migration and declining food production

Babylonian Captivity

Persians destroyed the Chaldean Kingdom (Babylon) and allowed people of Judah to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their city.

Hoplite battle formation- fostered cooperative ideal

Phalanx

"Great Household"

Pharaoh

Sea Peoples descendants, hassled Hebrews

Philistines

Macedonian who first subdued parts of Greece

Phillip II

Who wrote treatise "on chastity"

Phintys

Which description of Athenian liters is incorrect

Pisistratus remodeled entire Athenian Constitution while utterly neglecting his merchant supporters

Rome was established in the first millennium BCE on the

Plain of Latium

Socrates' most important pupil was:

Plato

Conflict of the Orders

Plebeian soldiers marched outside of Roman gates and protested. They would not fight until their wants and needs were met and they were granted equal rights.

Lower class Roman citizen

Plebians

The first triumvirate was a political alliance between Crassus, Julius Caesar and

Pompey

Gregory VII

Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture.

Avignon

Popes of this place were French, and abused their power in such a way that they had great financial success, but lost political power. Because they were solely French, they had less influence outside of France. Germany and Italy openly defied this papacy. The Popes turned inwards, and managed to secure all the legal and financial success of the church for the Pope himself. They made money from sales of indulgences and church offices.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Trojan War

Precipitated by Paris, a war lasting yen years due to the kidnapping of Queen Helen of Sparta, Greeks had victory

Term used to describe the rule of Augustus

Principate

Mummification

Properly preserve body, slowly drying a body to prevent it from decomposing

Mythical founders of Rome

Remus and Romulus

Egypt: Middle Kingdom

Reorganized Nome structure, clear boundaries, taxes, laborers recruited, pharaoh's concern for people

Conon of Athens

Returns to Athens after the Battle of Cnidus. Rebuilds long walls with Persian funds.

Pontius Pilate

Roman Governer who sentenced Jesus to death

Diocletian

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians

Livy

Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)

civil, german and Persian

Rome declined as a result of __________ wars and _________________ invasions

How did Rome react to Hebrew opposition?

Rome destroyed the Jewish temple, and eventually expelled them from the empire.

Rome Expands

Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empire and took control of the entire Mediterranean Region. While Rome developed its gtovernment, it also facedchallenges abroad. They faced a powerful rival in the Mediterranean area. This enemy was the State of Carthage on the coast of North Africa. It had been founded around 800 B.C. by the Phoenicians. Carthage ruled a great trading empire that included parts of northern Africa and southern Europe. By controlling the movement of goods in this region, Carthage made itself the largest andrighest city in the western Mediterranean.

Phoenicians

Semitic-speaking independent people, resided along Mediterranean coast, rebuilt three major cities after destruction by Sea Peoples. Expanded trade, produced a number of goods. improved ships, charted new routes, established colonies, best known as transmitters,

How did the geography of Rome affect its political and economical development?

Rome was situated on a the Tiber River and was near the ocean so trade could still be done. The river also supplied the people with transportation and fresh water. Also, the land of Rome was very arable and crops could be grown. These aspects progressed its economical development. Because the Italian peninsula is very flat there were no barriers in between cities. This allowed the peninsula to unite as one. This furthered their political development.

The earlier Assyrian empire had been devastated by the ____, but in the 9th century B.C.E, foundations for a neo-Assyrian empire were laid by Assurnasirpal II.

Sea Peoples

Julia

She is the only child of Augustus by Scribonia, she has a rigid upbringing, she is a victim of the royal power-grabbing that occurs when searching for an heir to Augustus, She is constantly being re-married to the heir apparent, She is eventually married to Agrippa and produces five children, following his death, she is then married to Tiberius who had to divorce another daughter of Agrippa

The English archaeologist __ uncovered the Bronze Age Minoan civilization on Crete

Sir Arther Evans

Octavia

Sister of Augustus, she has three children by Claudius Marcella, she is then married off to Antony, she cares for both her own children and the children of Antony by other women, she never marries following Antony's death, she becomes a symbol of Roman womanly virtue, it is extremely fitting that she is the sister of the emperor

Michelangelo & examples of his major artworks

Sistine Chapel and David

The three major philosophers of ancient Greece

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Athenian Archon - laid groundwork for democracy

Solon

western wall

Sometimes called the Wailing Wall, this Sacred Jewish site is what remains of the former Israelite temple prior to the 1st century CE war with Rome and subsequent Jewish diaspora.

Hellenica Oxyrhynchia

Source for the Peloponnesian War by Theopompous

_____ depended on the enslaved labor of helots

Sparta

one chief, cause of Peloponnesian war

Sparta's fear of the power of Athens maritime empire

Brasidas

Spartan commander who had considerable success against Athens; he died in Battle of Amphipolis

Metallurgy

Started in 2300 BCE, it is a science known to manipulate and formation of metal objects.

the inquisition

Started in spawn, was a process of capturing, torturing, and killing non-catholics to root out heresy.

Tiberius (14-37 CE)

Step-Son of Augustus, son of Livia, successful political and military career, cements the path to the throne by 4 CE, marked for power for the last 10 years of the reign of Augustus, our sources are remarkably diverse concerning the overall opinion of Tiberius, Tacitus states that his first move at Emperor is to eliminate Agrippa Postumus, Tiberius also then secures the loyalty of the legions on the Rhine and the Danube, this is very important for emperors to do because the legions swear loyalty to specific emperors, germanicus pacifies these troops

The ____ believed that the cosmos is an ordered while in which all contradictions are resolved for the ultimate good.

Stoics

Tutankhamen (1333-1324 BCE)

The Egyptian Pharaoh who: 1. Was one of Akhenaten's younger sons who ascended to the throne of pharaoh as his father was deposed due to the religious revolution. 2. Became the famous boy king as his elaborate tomb was discovered by archaeologists in 1922.

Who were the Gracchi? What reforms did they attempt to make to Roman government? Why were the Gracchi killed?

The Gracchi were brothers who wanted to help the poor. They gave land to poor people and wanted to use government money to buy food for them also. Eventually the jealous senators killed them because they believed they were a threat to their power.

How did the Roman army contribute to Rome's rise?

The Roman army fought and defended their city which protected it from harm. They also built roads that created a network for the different cities to communicate with each other and trade. With this, many jobs were created which helped the economics of the city. Lastly, when they conquered lands they created more allies or got more slaves.

What other key function did the Roman army play besides fighting?

The Roman army not only fought for their city but also built and constructed many aspects of Rome.

Why did the Roman's overthrow the Etruscan king Tarquin the Proud and create a republic?

The Roman people hated King Tarquin the Proud. When the Etruscans came to Rome, he became king. He treated the people very badly and they eventually revolted and threw him out. After this experience, they decided they would never again have a king and if someone tried to become one, he would be killed. This hatred for a monarchy drove the Romans to create a republic. This ensured that the people would hold the power and no one individual would become the sole ruler.

How did the Roman values lead to Rome's rise?

The Roman's were very hard workers. This is evident in their army. Not only did they fight to defend their country they also were the main construction workers. They worked their hardest to set up a network of roads to connect the cities. There value of discipline and order kept the army obedient and focused and the other citizens as well. The twelve tables deterred the people from committing crimes. Lastly, their loyalty to the city kept them focused and dedicated. All of these things contributed to Rome's rise.

11,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE

The Time of Neolithic Age

2.3 million BCE - 11,000 BCE

The Time of Paleolithic Age

Periodization

The academic method that divide past histories into different periods, based on historical perspectives.

Roman Army

The army made up of patricians and plebeians that fought for the city. They also constructed roads and buildings.

Scientific Dating

The dating system that date the time of an artifact through its half-life carbon cycle.

Monotheism

The belief of doctrine that there is only one god

Polytheistic

The belief of many gods, Mesopotamian religion

The Gracchi

The brothers who wanted to help the poor but were eventually killed by jealous senators.

Acropolis

The center of religious focus in Greece

How did clever politicians manipulate the poor people of Rome?

The clever politicians offered the poor land if they fought for them.They became loyal to the politicians and these aristocrats used them to take power by force in order to gain more authority.

What did the consuls do and how long did they hold office for?

The consuls ran the army and prepared/proposed laws. They held office for 1 year after elected. Only patricians ----> plebeians/patricians

How did discipline, punishment, and demanding training create such a strong army?

The discipline, punishment, and demanding training kept order within the military. The extremely harsh punishments deterred the troops from breaking the rules and acting scared. Their complete loyalty to the city drove them to fight until their last breath. All of this order within the army kept them focused on their job and made them work much harder.

Purpose of the olympic games

The early Olympic games were held as a way to honor the Olympian gods.

Vigiles

The fire fighters and police men of Rome.

Augustus Caesar

The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace

Satrap

The governor of the provinces of the Median and Achaemenid (Persian) Empire.

Moors

The group of Muslims from North Africa who conquered Spain in the eighth century

Why couldn't the Greek city-states unite during the 4th century B.C.E?

The independent temper of Greek political life made unity impossible

Archidamian War

The invasions of Attica from Sparta every year from 431-421 BC. This is important because it required Athenians to withdraw behind their fortifications. During this time a plague broke out in Athens and killed about 1/3rd of the Athenian population

Amerigo Vespucci

The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him

Culture

The manipulation of nature for humanity purpose.

Developing the Limes

The military campaigns undertaken during Domitian's reign were usually defensive in nature, as the Emperor rejected the idea of expansionist warfare.[72] His most significant military contribution was the development of the Limes Germanicus, which encompassed a vast network of roads, forts and watchtowers constructed along the Rhine river to defend the Empire. Encouraged Romanization of the area just beyond the limes.

Hannibal

The military leader of carthage in the second punic war that led elephant over the mountains to get to Rome.

Prehistory (2.3 million BCE to 3000 BCE) Ancient History (3000 BCE to 500 AD) Middle Ages/Medieval (500 AD - 1500 AD) Modern Ages (1500 AD - Present)

The order of four major Periods of western History

Who were the patricians?

The patricians (aristocrats) were: -wealthy land owners -well educated -descended from wealthy families -"Fathers" of Rome -could join senate

Zarathustra

The person who founded the monolithic religion of Zoroastrianism

Who were the plebeians?

The plebeians (commoners) were: -uneducated -included shopkeepers, farmers, poor -could not run for office

Why were the Twelve Tables created?

The plebeians wanted the laws and rules to be interpreted consistently and fair. Because all of the judges were originally patricians they could make up and change laws to help out their fellow patricians. With the laws written, or set in stone, they could not be altered.

How were the plebeians able to gain political rights in the Roman republic?

The plebeians were able to gain political rights in the Conflict of the Orders. During a war between Rome and its neighbor the plebeians were fed up with their lack of rights so they protested. They walked to the outside of Rome, just outside the gates and refused to fight until they were given more political rights. Eventually the patricians surrendered and the plebeians were given more rights.

Plebeians and patricians

The plebeians were the lower class. They included everyone who was not a patrician. They were sometimes just called plebs. The patricians were the upper class. They were the wealthy land owners.

imperium was

The power to command Roman citizens

Masaccio

The ranaissance artist who led the way in establishing a new style of employing deep space, modeling , and anatomical correctness.

Petrine Doctrine

The statement used by popes, bishops of Rome, based on Jesus' words, to substantiate their claim of being the successors of Saint Peter and heirs to his authority as chief of the apostles

ribbed groin vault

The style of vault that was used during the Gothic period that was more delicate compared to the barrel vaults of the Romanesque period.

What did the tribunes do and who was allowed to hold this position?

The tribunes proposed laws, watched plebeians, and protected lives and property. They were only plebeians.

Epicureanism (roman corruption)

The way to be happy was to seek out pleasure; people got fat

David

There was conflict with Philistines but he reunited the Israelite and defeated them

Roman Civil Wars

There were many civil wars within Rome. When Caesar first became ruler many civil wars were created due to his methods for taking over (power by force.)

Narrow passage where 900 Greek hoplites held a Persian army of over 1500 men for three days

Thermopylae

Forum of Augustus & Temple of Mars Ultor (2 BCE)

These structures offer us a view of Augustus' hope for legacy and self-preservation, it displays the recovered Roman standards from the parthians abroad, it is located right next to the forum of Caesar, meant to symbolize the passing of power from father to son, indicates that all pre-augustan history is culminating in his reign, it displays Augustus' favorite gods (venus, mars, fortune), it is built with native italian marble demonstrating that rome has come to dominate the entirity of the Med., we can see both Aeneas and Romulus to the left and right, these are meant to be viewed as the divine ancestors to Augustus, above all this forum is meant to represent the might of Rome abroad, military might, masculinity, it exists as a physical incarnation of imperium

Praetorian Guard

This Elite Cadre of Soldiers was formed by Augustus, the entire force consisted of 9 cohorts of 500 men each, these were Elite troops who were charged with protecting the emperor and the royal family, they are given a barracks at the edge of the city, they are commanded by an equestrian prefect, extremely independent position, as their influence continuously grows, if one hopes to become emperor, they must curry the favor of the praetorian guard

a Renaissance man

This is a modern-day expression, but comes from the idea of the Renaissance that an accomplished man is someone who is skilled in the arts, literature, language, etc....

Michelangelo

This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism

Three schools of thought that emerged in china

Mesopotamia is located in the valley of the

Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Josephus, 37-100 CE

Titus Flavius Josephus (/dʒoʊˈsiːfəs/;[1] 37 - c. 100),[2] born Joseph ben Matityahu (Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu),[3] was a first-century Romano-Jewish scholar, historian and hagiographer, who was born in Jerusalem—then part of Roman Judea—to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry. He initially fought against the Romans during the First Jewish-Roman War as head of Jewish forces in Galilee, until surrendering in 67 CE to Roman forces led by Vespasian after the six-week siege of Jotapata. Josephus claimed the Jewish Messianic prophecies that initiated the First Roman-Jewish War made reference to Vespasian becoming Emperor of Rome. In response Vespasian decided to keep Josephus as a slave and interpreter. After Vespasian became Emperor in 69 CE, he granted Josephus his freedom, at which time Josephus assumed the emperor's family name of Flavius.[4] Flavius Josephus fully defected to the Roman side and was granted Roman citizenship. He became an advisor and friend of Vespasian's son Titus, serving as his translator when Titus led the Siege of Jerusalem, which resulted—when the Jewish revolt did not surrender—in the city's destruction and the looting and destruction of Herod's Temple (Second Temple).

Second :Punic War

To make up for its loss of Sicily, Carthage expanded its empire into southern Spain. Roman leaders were not happy about Carthage gaining land on the European mainland west of Rome. The Romans helped the people living in Spain rebel against Carthage. The Carthaginians were angry. To punish Rome, Carthage sent its greatest general, Hannibal, to attack Rome in 218 B.C. This started the Second Punic War. Hannibal's strategy was to take the fighting to Ital. To do this,Hannibal gathered an army of about 46,000 men, many horses, and 37 elephants. He landedthe forces in Spain and then marched east to attack Italy. Even before reaching Italy, Hannibal's forces suffered severe losses crossing the steep,snowy Alps into Italy. The brutal cold, gnawing hunger, and attacks by mountain tribes killed almost half of the soldiers andmost ofthe elephants. Nonethelses, the Romans suffered a severe loss in 216 B.C. at the Battle of Cannae in southern Italy. The Romans, however, raised another army. In 202 B.C. a Roman Force ledby a general named Scipio invaded Carthage. Hannibal, who was waging a war in Italy had no choice but to return home and defend its people. At he Battle of Zama,Scipio's troops defeated the Carthaginians. Carthage gave up Spain to Rome. It also had togiveup its navy and pay a large fine. Rome now ruled the western Mediterranean.

Ceremonial parade granted by the Senate

Triumph

Ancient city of Sumerians

Uruk

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

The first of the Flavian emperors was

Vespasian

Mycenaean kings used titels

Wanax

Huns

Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome

Catalhoyuk in Southern Turkey

What is the first city we encountered during the Neolithic era and which country is it located now? (Hint - It was the first city to have roughly 8,000 inhabitants and 2,000 housings, was originated in 9,000 BCE and it had insane population density)

Henotheism

What is the ideology that makes one god superior over the other, particular through military conquest, while recognize their existence?

Monolatry

What is the ideology that praises one god, but acknowledge other gods' existence?

Monotheism

What is the ideology that praises one god, but completely shunned other gods' existence, and discourage people from worship them?

Hymn to the Nile

Which Poem did this text belong to? 1 Hail to thee O Nile! 2 Thou showest thyself in this land, 3 Coming in peace, giving life to Egypt: 4 O Ammon, (thou) leadest night into day, 5 A leading that rejoices the heart! 6 Overflowing the gardens created by Ra. 7 Giving life to all animals; 8 Watering the land without ceasing: 9 The way of heaven descending: 10 Lover of food, bestower of corn,[1] 11 Giving light to every home, O Ptah!

The White Temple of Uruk

Which Temple, under the Uruk Period, served as: 1. The house of gods 2. Business center 3. Place of Material Redistribution PS - It was built from 3500 BCE to 3300 BCE and it is 40 foot tall.

The Rosetta Stone

Which artifact helped historians and linguists to decipher the Hieroglyphics?

Manetho

Who devised the Archaic Period, the device we use to describe and organize history today?

It could essentially be attacked by all sides, as there are no natural barriers.

Why was Mesopotamia, as a region, so often conquered?

Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

moses united the Israelites after the Egyptian bondage by putting them under the protection of a new national god named ?

Yahweh

Covenant

Yahweh spoken to Israelites through Moses. Israelites promised to obey Yahweh and follow his law and in return Yahweh promised special care of his chosen people.

Founder of Zoroastrianism

Zarathustra

Siege of Potidaea

____ was a colony of Corinth and ally of Athens. Athens demanded they cut ties with Corinth and laid siege to them when they refused. Corinth interferes which violates the peace.

The brilliant age of Pericles rested on:

a sudden flowering of artistic and literary genius

three field system

a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.

Alexander the Great, Hellenistic

________________ Conquers the Persian and established the ____________ era in Greece.

The ancient city of catal huyuk

a Neolithic walled community sustained by food surpluses.

Battle of Milvian Bridge

a battle that took place between Constantine I and Maxentius, This battle was the starting point for a campaing that eventually allowed Constantine to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire.

Muslim

a believer or follower of Islam

Julian Calendar

a calendar introduced by the authority of Julius Caesar in 46 BC, in which the year consisted of 365 days, every fourth year having 366 days. It was superseded by the Gregorian calendar though it is still used by some Orthodox Churches. Dates in the Julian calendar are sometimes designated "Old Style."

rose window

a circular window with stained glass and stone tracery used on the facades and the ends of the transepts in Gothic cathedrals

Chivalry

a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle

The Greek polis was:

a collective group or community organized around a city

Alexander's campaign into Asia Minor was:

a military campaign and an expedition of discovery.

knight

a mounted warrior who had great prestige in the Middle Ages; they dominated warfare in Europe

Sphacteria

a narrow island. The Athenians achieved a great coup by marooning hundreds of Spartan soldiers on the island of ___________. Athenians strand Spartan hoplites. Cleon uges to attack the Spartans, Spartans surrender and end up as hostages. This stops the yearly attacks on Attica b/c otherwise the Athenians would kill the hostages. Sparta sues for peace, but Cleon refuses.

Great Schism

a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

Zhou dynasty

adopted Mandate of Heaven. this empire lasted almost 800 years.

new armies

after 1500 the kingdoms of Spain, France, England become more independent of the Church and powerful monarchs begin to consolidate their kingdoms into centralized, bureaucratic states, the nobility becomes subordinate to the monarch and the kings and queens of Europe are able to raise permanent standing armies, Europe beginning to move beyond age of feudal political structure

Gupta Empire

after mauryan empire

loss of literacy

after the germanic invasions people stopped writing and/or reading; monks were the only literate people left

History

after written records

the economy of ancient Egypt relied most heavily on

agriculture

In the large kingdoms that followed the break-up of Alexander's empire:

all of the above

The Gracchus wanted to limit the amount of and owned by a single citizen for the purpose of

alleviating social and economic stress and to provide a larger potential pool of soldiers for the army

Lombard League

alliance of the Italian merchants and pope against Frederick I; foot soldiers faced Frederick's mounted knights; foot soldiers with crossbows defeated knights

Unlike other rulers, Cyrus of Persia (559-529 B.C.E)

allowed self-rule and religious freedom to conquered peoples

Latin

any dialect of the language of ancient Rome

Buddhism

appeared in northern india in sixth century BC . Product of Siddhartha Guatana. Achieving wisdom

Pericles paid for his extensive building program through:

appropriating Delian League funds.

Philosophy as new way of thinking:

argued that only the gods can alter the universe

The division between Roman patricians and plebians was:

between the wealthiest (2%) and the rest (98%) of the people

scipio laid siege on what carthage city in spring

byrsa

Battle of Aegospotami

c. 405 The Athenian fleet was destroyed and their food supply was cut off. A year later they surrendered to Sparta, ending the Peloponnesian war.

The Sumerian Government

came to view kings as agents of their Gods

To the peoples of the ancient world, the characteristic benefits of civilization - government, literature, science, and art - were necessarily products of:

city life

The polis was the Greek name for

city-state

The Stoics:

claimed that the world was governed by a single divine plan

for administrative purposes in the old kingdom, Egypt was...

divided into provinces called nomes and governed by monarchs

Development of the polis had a negative impact on Greek society by

dividing Greece into fiercely competitive states.

Many Scholars today

doubt that the early books of the Hebrew bible reflects the true history of the Israelites.

Hominids

earliest human-like creatures in Africa 3-4 million years ago

The ideal state described by Aristotle's Politics depended on:

educated and tolerant citizens and leaders.

Ghiberti's doors

extremely intricate doors made out of gold that depicted Jesus's life (narrative), competition to see who could get the job

Tyche meant:

fate.

Spartans made the army center of their society

feared an uprising by the helots

First modern Homo sapiens

first appeared in Africa between 200,00 and 150,000 years ago

scipio won a major decoration corona muralis

first man to scale enemy wall in battle

Paleolithic People

first people who created tools, used fire, adapted and changed the physical environment, were nomads, hunted animals and gathered plants. Culture included cave paintings.

pikes

foot soldiers' weapons consisting of long wooden shafts with steel points

gospels

four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings

The culmination of pre-Socratic thought was the theory that:

four substances air, fire, earth, water make up the universe.

free peasants

free men who weren't tied to the land

Primogeniture

he right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son.

hasdrubal

head cut off in 207 when supplies got in by sea - distributed them to his soldiers exclusively

Cosimo

head of the Medici family

Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the

hegira

Athens was ultimately defeated in the Peloponnesian War because:

her navy was defeated and she was unable to import food

The role of women in Hellenistic society:

improved for upper-class and royal women.

carthage founded in

in 13th/12th century- no evidence before the 8th century

Tyrant

in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it

Abbot Suger

in the 12th century, he built the Church of Saint Denis, the premier model of Gothic architecture

At Pergamum in Anatolia, Greeks and Easterners probably mixed most:

in the agora.

lord

in the middle ages, a noble who owned and controlled all activities on his manor

church becoming a kingdom

in the middle ages, when the pope became acting like a king, ordering kings like they were thier lords and nobles

numantia

remove from roman camp crowd of useless person 2000 prostitutes removed

clerestory windows

highest part of the nave walls that are pierced by windows

The Roman man's primary duty was to:

honor his ancestors

Alexander the greats troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture what place?

india

The most important factor in the success of Philip II of Macedon in Greece was:

inter-polis warfare among the Greeks

Phillip II

invaded Greece and ended freedom

Book of Kells

is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables.

The Augustan system of government:

is known as the early empire or Principate because Octavian ruled as first citizen

Anglo-Saxons

is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD

Solomon dies, tension between northern and southern tribes led to establishment of 2 kingdoms, and they were?

isriel and Judah

Edict of Milan

issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

carthage was headed by suffettes

judges

Delian league was organized in 478-477 BC to

keep Sparta isolated in Peloponnese

which phrase best describes the social situation of most greek women

kept under strict control, cut off from education and were always assigned a male guardian

manors

large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land; self sufficient

common law

laws that were common to the whole kingdom --- this began to replace law codes that varied from place to place

German kings

least successful kings in the holy roman empire

Moses

led people of Israel out of bondage of Egypt into the promised land

In comparison with Socrates, Plato was;

less willing to believe that people could consult their consciences to discover what is right

"Indo-European," as used in historical tests, refers to

linguistic and cultural patterns found in India, the Near East, Europe, and perhaps Far East

Aetolian and Achanean leagues were

located in central Greece and the Peloponnesus

nationalism

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

antigod kingdom based in what place?

macedonia

Cleisthenes

made athenian assembly-law making body, granted some citizenship to some imms. and former slaves. set-up council of 500, introduced Ostracism

Euclid is most famous for his work in:

mathematics

scipio tried to fight at

megara

Democracy originated in Greece from the idea of the demos, which literally means:

neighborhood

nile river

never rises or falls but flows steady year round

Since the Romans employed slaves for all forms of manual labor:

no industrial revolution took place, and urban underemployment was common

Before 11,00 B.C.E, virtually all human societies were

nomadic, moving incessantly in search of limited food

The comedies of Aristophanes:

often revealed his anti-war sentiments

Hinduism

outgrowth of believes of aryan people who settled in india. believed in reincarnation

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, at the commission of Pope Julius II, is one of the most renowned artworks of the High Renaissance.

tithe

pay a tenth of one's income, especially to the church

friars

people who belonged to religous orders but lived and worked among the general public;, wandering preachers

Israelites

people who created empire but left a spiritual legacy of monotheism and who created Judaism

Carolingian renaissance

period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.

Hammurabi's empire was founded on

political strategy and diplomacy

Plebeian

poor uneducated commoner

lucius mummius

praetor and proconsul

Pre-Roman inhabitants did not

repress women to a slave-like status

Rivalry among Rome's generals had what effect?

soldiers because loyal to generals, increasing the danger of civil warfare

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

Since every polis needed Hoplites:

the men who took part began to demand a role in politics

myth: romans said no one is going to live on carthage land again

spread salt on land 100 yrs later rome took carthage as another rome settlement by a coast

Unlike women of most other Greek cities spartan women were expected to

stay physically fit to bear healthy the children

Flying Buttresses

stone support on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher walls and leave space for large stained-glass windows

Socrates

stonemason, true love was philosophy, critic of Sophists, Socratic method (question and answer), convicted of corrupting youth of Athens by his teaching, sentenced to death

transept

structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church

War of Roses

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

Philip IV

taxed clergy to pay for a war; after much conflict with the Pope, he called the Estates General to request support

During the Hellenistic Period Greeks and Macedonians exported all of the following to the East except:

tea.

Dark Ages

term for the roughly 200-year period in Greek history that followed the final collapse of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC.

Kings Crusade

the 3rd crusade in which King Richard 1 or England fought to take control of Jerusalem

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

The Hebrew Bible is an unparalleled historical source that describes the cultural practices and theological development of the Hebrew people. However, most historians believe that

the Bible's composite nature means that each biblical book should be analyzed within its particular context

canon law

the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals

The group of people who ruled on the Italian Peninsula before the Romans were

the Etruscans

The Persian Wars might be said to be ideologically based as they were waged between:

the Greeks who believed they should rule themselves and the Persian empire

an ethical religion centered around the law of God

the Hebrews religion

Herodotus's central subject was:

the Persian Wars.

nave

the central area of a church

The myth of the rape of Lucretia appealed to Roman patriotism by emphasizing:

the corruption of Etruscan morals and government

heresy

the crime of holding a belief that goes against the church

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

The Hellenistic period provided the basis for all of the following except

the destruction of the civilizations of the Near East.

Hellenism

the diffusion of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquest of Alexander the Great.

Islam

the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life

sargon

the ruler of Akkad who established the first empire in sumer ca 2340 B.C.

Koran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

"David"

the sculpture of David by Michelangelo

The expansion of commerce in the Hellenistic world was a product of all of the following except:

the spread of Greek methods of doing business throughout the Near East.

archeology

the study of artifacts and other evidence of past cultures

Amenhotep IV is best known for ?

the temporary installation of the god of the sun disk in Egyptian culture.

problem of succession

the transfer of authority after the death of an emperor

Was not true regarding women in Egyptian society during the Pharaonic period

they could practice sexual freedom

duties of serfs

they couldnt leave the land they were born on they were at the mercy of whoever owned the land they had to do what ever their master ordered tithe to the church

Praetorian Guard

they evolved from the bodyguards that protected a general. Augustus established several units from his own troops and they became the later emperors' personal elite force.

duties pf lords

they had to provide protection for thier serfs and vassals tithe to the church

duties of vassals

they lived on land owned by a higher lord or kings, and owed this higher power loyatly and protection tithe to the church

Knights Templar

they were a religious order of knights, defend Jerusalem, very wealthy and powerful, labled and heretics- restored temples- protected the pilgrims on there way to the jerusalem

duties of the clergy

they were expected to pray for the people and teach lords and kings who wanted to be educated

Assyrian Empire

this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE. built upon strong military force

Good Emperors

this group of emperors included Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

The status of women in Mesopotamian society

to be in the home and subservient to her husband

Persian Empire

tolerant but efficient. Conquered people could keep religion, customs, and methods of business.

plow

tool that loosens soil for planting

which class of women achieved most notable gains during Hellenistic period?

upper class

Homoerectus

upright human beings, 1.5 million years ago, move from Africa to Europe and Asia

Six characteristics of civilization

urban focus, religious structure, new political and military structure, new social structure based on economic power, development of writing, new forms of artistic and intellectual activity

In the Hellenistic world, slavery was:

vitally important to the economy.

Leif Ericsson

was Eric the Red's son. He was probably the first European to set foot on North America. He founded a Viking colony called Vinland (newfoundland) in North America.

The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production:

was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible

The struggle of the orders

was a peaceful struggle which resulted in political compromise

Niccolo Machiavelli

was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer. Often been called the founder of modern political science Wrote "The Prince"

The Hellenistic city:

was completely subordinate to its king.

Socratic Method

way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves

Patrician

wealthy land owning aristocrat noble educated

the Hebrew prophets

were considered by the Hebrews to be the voice of Yahweh

The Romans were a military society almost fro the moment they settled in because they:

were continually forced to defend their own conquests against invaders

During the Archaic Age, respectable aristocratic women:

were excluded from politics

punishments for crimes under the code of Hammurabi

were more severe for the lower classes

The Epicureans advocated:

withdrawal from the pain and disappointment of the world

All of the following were aspects of the increased power and rights of women in Hellenistic societies except:

women's widespread achievement of full citizenship.

Among most ill treated of Hellenistic slaves

worked in Egyptian gold mines

secular

worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Spartan fort at Decelea

(413) establishment of Spartan base in attica. Allowed Spartans to plunder Athens year round rather than a short time.

Nicias

(470 - 413 BCE): Athenian general who brokered a temporary peace between Athens and Sparta and subsequently helped lead the Sicilian expedition, a disastrous attempt by Athens to invade Sicily.

King Charlemagne

(747-813) Extended borders of Ancient Roman Empire; Forcibly baptized people; Established foothold in Spain; At death, ruled most of France, Belgium, Holland, Germany and Austria, and much of Italy.

Thomas Aquinas

(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

cardinal

(Roman Catholic Church) one of a group of more than 100 prominent bishops in the Sacred College who advise the Pope and elect new Popes

John Wycliffe

(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.

vandals

(one of the northern barbarian tribes - walked into carthage and took becsue the pop of carthage were watching chariot races)

Optimates

(senatorial) A political party Patrician ruling class

25 stad

(stad is a length of a stadium)

Most important figure in early Christianity after Jesus

-Paul of tarsus

5 pillars

5 main rules that a Muslim must follow and live by

how long did carthage flourish

700 years

Julius Caesar

A leader who some consider to be a power hungry greedy dictator, and others believe to be a generous caring leader. He took power by force to fix the roman republic. He offered the poor aid and help. When the republic was renewed he would not give up his power. He appointed someone to take his position when he died and was stabbed to death.

Titus, emperor 79-81 CE

A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death, thus becoming the first Roman Emperor to come to the throne after his own biological father. Prior to becoming Emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander, serving under his father in Judea during the First Jewish-Roman War. The campaign came to a brief halt with the death of emperor Nero in 68, launching Vespasian's bid for the imperial power during the Year of the Four Emperors. When Vespasian was declared Emperor on 1 July 69, Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion. In 70, he besieged and captured Jerusalem, and destroyed the city and the Second Temple. For this achievement Titus was awarded a triumph: the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory to this day. Under the rule of his father, Titus gained notoriety in Rome serving as prefect of the Praetorian Guard, and for carrying on a controversial relationship with the Jewish queen Berenice. Despite concerns over his character, Titus ruled to great acclaim following the death of Vespasian in 79, and was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians. As emperor, he is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a fire in Rome in 80. After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on 13 September 81. He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian.

"Pieta"

A painting, drawing, or sculpture of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, holding the dead body of Jesus. The word means "pity" in Italian.

The Babylonian Captivity

A period of Jewish History in which Jews from the Judah Kingdom were Captives to the kingdom of Babylonia

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Phalanx

A rectangular formation of tightly massed infantry soldiers

Zoroastrianism

A religion founded by the Oersian Zoroaster in the seventh century B.C. characterized by worship of a supreme god ahuramazda who represents the good against the evil spirit, identified as Ahriman

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

Ka-Ba-Akh

A series of aspects that associated with a dead Egyptian's spiritual Double, dead body, and thought.

Jesus

A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God and the Christ.

Peace of Nicias

A treaty between Athens and Sparta that was supposed to last for 50 years, but didn't.(Pelopennesian War) Sparta gave up Amphipolis and Athens returned POWs/abandoned Pylos. Corinth, Thebes, and Megara didn't sign.

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Solon

Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt

The Archaic Age of Greece begins with the emergence of the polis and the return of writing, but most of what we know of the period comes from the particular perspective of the:

Athenians

The Delian League helped to transform which city-state into an empire?

Athens

Yahweh

Chief God of Israel: Among Babylonian exiles He became the only God.

New Kingdom (c. 1550-1070 BCE)

During which Period did: 1. Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun became Pharaohs? 2. The Book of the dead, Valley of the Kings, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Hymn to Aten, were established and created?

Akkadian Period (2350-2160 BCE)

During which period did Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin became kings and the Stela of Naram-Sin was created?

WHich of the following was NOT a characteristic of the typical Greek Polis

Each polis had population between 90000 and 10000 citizens

The bureaucracies of the Hellenistic kingdoms usually were recruited from:

Greece.

The Hellenistic monarchies depended for their militaries on:

Greek and Macedonian mercenaries.

How did the geography of Greece differ from the geography of the Italian Peninsula?

Greek city states were all separated by hilly countrysides. All were also by water. Rome was farther from the water and the cities were not separated by hills and walls. Greece did not have much arable land due to the rocky soil. Rome had much land for farming and growing crops. Much of Greece was by the sea so communication was done by water. Rome was all land, so roads were built and communication was done on land. The Italian Peninsula was protected by a wall of mountains and the land was mostly flat so travel and communication was easier.

According to the text, one reason for the limited mixing of Greek religious practices with those of the Near East was:

Greek colonists' attachment to the cults of their homeland as a way of maintaining a Greek identity.

The Hellenistic world transformed the rest of the ancient world. This was due, in no small measure, to the:

Greek diaspora, which aided in spreading Greek culture

Monarchy

Greek government ruled by kingship

Archimedes

Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC)

Classical Greek tragedians derived most of their plots from:

Greek mythology

Aristotle

Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

Aristarchus

Greek scientist who first stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun, and rotated on its axis. People didn't believe him until after his death

The Third Punic War

In 146 B.C., Rome finally destroyed its great rival in the Third Punic War. Roman soldiers burned Carthage, enslaved 50,000 men, women, and children. Legend says that Rome even spread slat onthe earth so no crops would grow. Cargthage becamea Roman province, or regional district. Fofllowing the Punic Wars and the other conquests in the Mediterranean, to incluse Greece, Rome called the Mediterranean,"Mare Nostrum" - Our Sea!

Alexander the Great's decision not to invade India

In BC 327 Alexander came to India, and tried to cross the Jhelum river for the invasion, but was then confronted by King Purushottama

Triumph

Meant to convey the greatness of the Roman Empire, blurring the lines between the periphery and the center, serves as a warning to other hostiles to not engage Rome, its bringing home the war to the people, Triumph also serves as a moment of reflection for the Roman Victors, a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, originally and traditionally, one who had successfully completed a foreign war. On the day of his triumph, the general wore a crown of laurel and the all-purple, gold-embroidered triumphal toga picta ("painted" toga), regalia that identified him as near-divine or near-kingly. He rode in a four-horse chariot through the streets of Rome in unarmed procession with his army, captives, and the spoils of his war. At Jupiter's temple on the Capitoline Hill, he offered sacrifice and the tokens of his victory to the god. Republican morality required that, despite these extraordinary honours, the general conduct himself with dignified humility, as a mortal citizen who triumphed on behalf of Rome's Senate, people, and gods. Inevitably, the triumph offered extraordinary opportunities for self-publicity, besides its religious and military dimensions. Most Roman festivals were calendar fixtures, while the tradition and law which reserved a triumph to extraordinary victory ensured that its celebration, procession, attendant feasting, and public games promoted the general's status and achievement. By the Late Republican era, triumphs were drawn out and extravagant, motivated by increasing competition among the military-political adventurers who ran Rome's nascent empire, in some cases prolonged by several days of public games and entertainments. From the Principate onwards, the triumph reflected the Imperial order and the pre-eminence of the Imperial family.

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

Name the Early human species who: 1. Were Hunters and Gatherers 2. Had No division of Labor 3. Had No significant material possessions, prevented the possibility of wealth disparity. 4. Had Increased Motor Capacity and Brain Size. 5. Were undeveloped in terms of labor division.

Seth

Name the Egyptian God who killed and dismantled Ostris and who turned himself into a hippopotamus.

Thebes

Name the Egyptian city that both served as the capital of 18th dynasty and the religious center that serves the god Amon, the god of creation.

Hieroglyphics

Name the Egyptian writing system that was initially started out as pictograms, invented roughly at the same time as Cuneiform and eventually devised into three different sub-systems for different purposes.

Phoenicians

Name the Ethnicity who: 1. Is famous for its alphabet simplification, from 30 characters of Ugarit to 22 characters. 2. Was named as "Purple People" by the Greeks 3. Also known as Canaanites, they speak a semitic language that closely resembles Hebrew, Amorite and Ugaritic. 4. Its people were involved in trading, metalwork, ivory carving, shipbuilding, and textiles. 5. govern themselves as a group of independent city states.

Philistines

Name the Ethnicity who: 1. Were descendents of the Sea People 2. Dominated the surrounding areas by agriculture and trade

Assurnasirpal II (883-860 BCE)

Name the Neo-Assyrian monarch who: 1. Represent the God Ashur 2. First Neo-Assyrian monarch to achieve great success 3. Established the empire through relentless and savage military conquest 4. Were featured in the painting

Neo-Assyrian Period

Name the Period in which: 1. Assurnasirpal II, Sargon II, Assurbanipal became Kings 2. Relief of Assurbanipal Feasting w/his Wife , Lamassu of Palace of Sargon II and Ninevah were Created 3. Lasted from 9th century - 7th century BCE

Chaldean/Neo-Babylonian Period (c. 612-539 BCE)

Name the Period in which: 1. Nebuchadnezzar became emperor 2. The hanging gardens of Babylon and the Ishtar Gate was created 3. The Babylonian Captivity happened under Nebuchadnezzar II.

Darius I (521-486 B.C.E.)

Name the Persian Emperor who: 1. Created the first postal system of the ancient world 2. Built the 1,600 miles Royal Road 3. made a canal from Red Sea to Nile, to facilitate trade with the Egyptian 4. Went to war with the Greeks (who were in Asia at that time) and was forced to retreat 5. Created the system of Satraps - a group of provinces governed by a set of governors who sworn allegiance to the Persian King

Thutmose I (c. 1504-1492 BCE)

Name the Pharaoh who: 1. Casted out the Hyksos to the south 2. The son of an unknown warrior who married Amhose's daughter

1. It is a temple for worship, instead of Burial. 2. It is a holy temple that imitates the natural world. 3. It can also be used to store foods.

Name the Purpose of a Ziggurat

Sargon the Akkad.

Name the Sumerian King who forged the Akkadian Empire through military conquest, and by annexing religion in order to decrease religious rivalry between the Sumerians and the Akkadians. (Hint - Naram-Sin was his grandson) By the way, this man shares mythical birth with Moses because just like Moses, he was also found in a river basket and got taken in.

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Name the Temple that: 1. Was built for Hatshepsut's and her father's burial in 1460 BCE 2. Utilized a new style of burial and building structure, to further prevent tomb raiders. 3. Became part of the Valley of the Kings.

Calendar

Name the absolute, numerical dating system, invented by humans, to keep numerical track on history.

The Book of the Dead

Name the book that: 1. Is also known as "The Coffin Text" 2. Is a set of instructions regarding the spiritual journey of dead Egyptians. 3. Helped the ka to travel through the underworld to prepare for its final test.

Imhotep

Name the designer of the Step Pyramid (which devised from the building style of Mastaba), who also served as an adviser for King Djoser

Hebrews

Name the group of people who: 1. Suffered the Babylonian Captivity 2. Promoted religious Monotheism, particularly for those who preached Yahweh's cult. 3. They were Semitic people

The Code of Hammurabi (or Hammurabi's code of 282 Laws)

Name the law that first implemented the concept of "an eye for an eye".

Assurbanipal (669-627 BCE)

Name the monarch who: 1. Is widely known as the greatest Neo-Assyrian monarch of all time 3. Ruled the entire Delta region of northern Egypt 4. Built the grand library of Nineveh to preserve the Mesopotamian heritage

The Plant of Immortality (Ur-Shanabi)

Name the object gained by Gilgamesh from the deep fountain of youth, initially used to prolong his life and to revive his friend Enkidu, but eventually stolen by a serpent and left him in deep grief.

The Valley of the King

Name the place of Burial for New Kingdom Pharaohs, beginning with Hatshepsut

Khufu, Khafre (the one with the Sphinx), Menkaure

Name the pyramids of Giza, based on how big they are.

The Akkadian

Name the racial group that: 1. its cultures were heavily influenced by Sumerians. 2. its nation was formed by Sargon 3. It speaks Semitic Languages 4. Their Capital was in Mesopotamia 5. They were uncivilized compared to the Sumerians

Stele of Hammurabi

Name the stele in which the code of Hammurabi was carved upon.

Cuneiform

Name the type of writing system that was: 1. First invented by the Sumerians, but later adapted by Akkadians and Babylonians 2. Has pictographs and wedge shaped writings 3. Most words were monosyllabic (one-syllable) 4. Revolutionary on human's literary revolution from images to alphabetical writing.

Neanderthals

Name this Hominid Species who: 1. Flourished 200,000 years ago and went extinct in 40,000 years ago. 2. Were first known the respectable burial of their dead (seperate them from animals), wall-paintings and use primitive tools to make Jewelry. 3. Were also known as Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis. 4. Inhabit from Europe to Central Asia. 5. Were the first to master the use of fire and other sophisticated tools.

Palace of Sargon II

Name this palace with following aspects: 1. It was built by Sargon II from 720 BCE - 705 BCE, and it is located in Khorsabad, Iraq. 2. It was heavily fortified with strong city walls, and it contained a courtroom, palace and a great ziggurat.

Lamassu

Name this statue with following aspects: 1. It was made up with the head of a human, body of a horse, and wings. It also has 5 legs, depending on your perception. 2. It was made as a protective deity of Assyrian Culture, to guard temples and to ward off evils.

New Stone Age, began around 11,000 B.C.E

Neolithic

Fire 64 AD

Nero set rome on fire and burnt half the city

The "Golden House"

New Imperial palace constructed under Nero, Massive complex, takes up 1/3 of the land in the entire city of Rome, artificial microcasm of the entire empire, he brings the empire into the city, it was also opened for the public, huge statue of Nero located in the center

200-year period of peace in the Roman world

Pax Romana

Spartan alliance that fought Athens & Co.

Peloponnesian League

Lysander

Spartan general who defeated the Athenians in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (died in 395 BC)

The two branches of Islam

Sunni and Shi'a

Greek Religion

Temples dedicated to god/goddess, Twelve Olympian gods. Social and practical

Arch of Titus, 81 CE

The Arch of Titus (Italian: Arco di Tito; Latin: Arcus Titi) is a 1st-century A.D. honorific arch,[1] located on the Via Sacra, Rome, just to the south-east of the Roman Forum. It was constructed in c. A.D. 82 by the Emperor Domitian shortly after the death of his older brother Titus to commemorate Titus' victories, including the Siege of Jerusalem (70 AD). The iconography upon the arch made it appear that whenever one was passing under the arch, it was like experiencing a triumph all over again

Cause of the "Black Death"

The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching the Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships.

Reasons for the Crusades

The Byzantines, who were Christian, lost. The Byzantine emperor asked the Christians in Europe to help protect his empire from the Turks. In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a crusade against the Muslims to regain control of Jerusalem.

Thutmose III (1479-1425 BC)

The Egyptian Pharaoh who: 1. Was Hatshepsut's stepson/nephew 2. Helped her to coordinate several military campaigns and diplomatic relationships.

Judaean War, 67-70 CE

The Great Revolt began in the year 66 CE, originating in Roman and Jewish ethnic tensions. The crisis escalated due to anti-taxation protests and attacks upon Roman citizens.[3] The Romans responded by plundering the Jewish Temple and executing up to 6,000 Jews in Jerusalem, prompting a full-scale rebellion. The Roman military garrison of Judaea was quickly overrun by rebels, while the pro-Roman king Agrippa II, together with Roman officials, fled Jerusalem. As it became clear the rebellion was getting out of control, Cestius Gallus, the legate of Syria, brought in the Syrian army, based on Legion XII Fulminata and reinforced by auxiliary troops, to restore order and quell the revolt. Despite initial advances and conquest of Jaffa, the Syrian Legion was ambushed and defeated by Jewish rebels at the Battle of Beth Horon with 6,000 Romans massacred and the Legion's aquila lost - a result that shocked the Roman leadership. After a lull in the military operations, owing to civil war and political turmoil in Rome, Vespasian was called to Rome and appointed as Emperor in 69. With Vespasian's departure, Titus moved to besiege the center of rebel resistance in Jerusalem in early 70. The first two walls of Jerusalem were breached within three weeks, but a stubborn rebel standoff prevented the Roman Army from breaking the third and thickest wall. Following a brutal seven-month siege, during which Zealot infighting resulted in burning of the entire food supplies of the city, the Romans finally succeeded in breaching the defenses of the weakened Jewish forces in the summer of 70. Following the fall of Jerusalem, Titus left for Rome, leaving Legion X Fretensis to defeat the remaining Jewish strongholds, finalizing the Roman campaign in Masada in 73-74.

Reconquista

The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.

Hadrian

The Roman Empire in AD 117-138. He ordered the construction of this wall. He traveled though his empire to strengthen it's frontiers and encourage learning and architecture.

convents

The residences of religious women who are bound together by vows to a religious life.

What values were important to the Romans?

The romans valued hard work, order, discipline, and their duty to the republic.

What effects did slavery have on the Roman economy?

The slaves took many jobs that the famers were in need of. The farmers sold their farms to wealthy patricians. The other jobs were taken by slaves so the farmers were forced to join the ranks of the urban poor. The number or poor people in Rome grew.

Why was Mesopotamia an uninviting environment for the first cities?

The soil is sandy, temperatures are hot, and the rivers flood unpredictably

crossing

The space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept

BCE = Before Common Era BC = Before Christ CE = Common Era AD = Anno Domini, the Year of our Lord

What does BCE, CE, AD and BC means?

Citizen, city, and polite behavior, in Ancient Latin.

What does the word civis, civitas, and civilitas mean?

1. Achieving political stability 2. The conceptual establishment of kingship. 3. Highlighted the importance of using writing as a political and diplomatic tool. 4. Arbitrator of the peace.

What is Hammurabi's Legacy?

Black Land = The Fertile land on the Bank of Nile Red Land = The Barren Desert that protected Egypt from invasion of both sides.

What is the difference between Black Land and Red land in Egypt?

Art

What is the expression, or application, of human imagination or creative skill?

The Fertile Crescent

What is the farm-able land, reaches from Canaan to Sumer, that encompasses Tigris, Euphrates, and the Lower Nile River?

Persepolis, built by Darius I and his son Xerxes

What is the main ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire, built in the High Plateau and set against the mountains, and who built it?

Humans cannot transcend, break, or escape the force of nature.

What is the message behind the epic of Gilgamesh?

Duat

What is the name for place that is also known as the Egyptian's afterlife, where a pharaoh's soul would go through Judgement?

Reciprocal, which means humans are made to serve god.

What is the relationship between Gods and people in Sumerian culture?

Agriculture

What is the science, or practice, of farming?

It was the first attempt to facilitate and implement the concept of social class.

What is the significance of the Royal Standards of Ur?

It was the first epic adventure folktale that dealt with philosophical issues in the ancient history, such as afterlife, human vulnerability and the quest for immortality.

What is the significance of the epic of Gilgamesh?

People in Uruk period treat their god as the representation of hostile nature, while people in Early Dynastic Period sought gods as more humane.

What's the difference between Uruk Period and Early Dynastic Period, in terms of religion?

Rivalry between Octavian & Mark Antony

When Julius Caesar died there was a big debate on who would rule the Roman Empire. They split power west side and ease side.

How did the Roman's treat the people that they conquered? How did this lead to Rome's rise?

When Rome conquered another land they offered the people citizenship to Rome. This offering of citizenship stopped them from rebelling and causing the downfall of the city. Some had to fight in the army before given citizenship. These solders were called auxiliary. The more allies they had the more power and because they treated them so kindly they were more apt to fight courageously in war and help to defend Rome and develop it as a city.

How did the loyalty of Roman soldiers change over time?

When the Roman army needed more men to fight they began to hire poor Romans. They got them to fight by offering them land. They began to only fight for the loyalty of their general, not their country. Many politicians created armies to take power by force and civil wars began.

Aristotle's "geocentric" view of the universe

Where everything in the universe circles earth

Ma'at

Which Egyptian Concept means truth, justice and order, and was often represented by a feather?

Cult of the Dead

Which Egyptian Culture deals with has elaborate death rituals, such as the mummification and spiritual judgement?

Amon-Ra

Which Egyptian God is known as the most powerful of all Egypt, and its name literally means king of all gods?

Aten

Which Egyptian God was created by Akhenaten as an aspect of sun, and a system of life force?

King Menes/Narmer in 3100 BCE

Which Monarch, and In what year, unified the Upper and Lower Egypt?

Predynastic Period (5000-2900 BCE) Early Dynastic Period (2900-2650 BCE)

Which Period did Narmer/Menes united the Upper and Lower Egypt, and the Palette of Narmer was created to celebrate such historical event?

Old Kingdom (2650-2134 BCE)

Which Period did: 1. Djoser, Khufu, Kaufre and Mankaure became pharaohs 2. The creation of Mastaba/Step-Pyramid of Imhotep, and the Great Pyramid of Giza (including the famous Sphinx)

Cyrus (559-530 BCE)

Which Persian Emperor initiated the era of Persian Empire, through cultural and religious tolerance to his subjects?

Akhenaten

Which Pharaoh, initially named Amenhotep IV, tried to implement monotheism through the worship of the Aten, the physical sun disk, by changing his name to the equivalent of "Horizon of the Aten", building a capital and representing himself and his family in down-to-earth manner, contrary to other Pharaoh's portrayal of divinity?

Hymn to the Aten

Which Poem did this text belong to? " Thou appearest beautifully on the horizon of heaven, Thou living Aten, the beginning of life! When thou art risen on the eastern horizon, Thou hast filled every land with thy beauty. Thou art gracious, great, glistening, and high over every land; Thy rays encompass the lands to the limit of all that thou hast made: As thou art Re, thou reachest to the end of them; (Thou) subduest them (for) thy beloved son. Though thou art far away, thy rays are on earth; Though thou art in their faces, no one knows thy going. When thou settest in the western horizon, The land is in darkness, in the manner of death. They sleep in a room, with heads wrapped up, Nor sees one eye the other. All their goods which are under their heads might be stolen, (But) they would not perceive (it). Every lion is come forth from his den; All creeping things, they sting. Darkness is a shroud, and the earth is in stillness, For he who made them rests in his horizon.

The Ziggurat of Ur

Which Ziggurat, built with mud brick under King Ur-Namma, serves as a reminder of the powers of gods and kings at that time? (It served as the holy mountain, and waiting room for moon god Nanna)

The Palette of Narmer

Which artifact, designed for ceremonial purposes, detailed the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt?

Ba

Which aspect is associated with a bird that leave the body, but comes back every night, in Egyptian's cult of the Dead?

Akh

Which aspect is associated with a person's spiritual form, in Egyptian's Cult of the Dead?

Ka

Which aspect is associated with the spirit of a Being, especially in Pharaoh's case, in Egyptian's Cult of the Dead? (Also, when the mummification did not work, statues will be created respectively to preserve their Ka)

The Fall of Rome (476 CE)

Which event marked the end of Ancient History?

Hatshepsut (c. 1478 - 1458 B.C.)

Which female Pharaoh, who was the daughter of Thutmose I and the sister/husband of Thutmose II, ruled the New Egyptian Kingdom as part of the 18th Dynasty, for 21 years?

The Ishtar Gate

Which gate was built in the Noe-Babylonian Empire period by Nebuchadnezzar II to worship the God of Love and War, Ishtar, with Mud Bricks, in 575 BCE?

Vizier

Which governmental post in Egypt could be appointed by king, and it bears resemblance with Prime Minister of modern constitutional monarchy states?

Indo-European Languages

Which group of language essentially shares very similar linguistic roots?

Sir William Jones

Which linguist founded the correlation between Sanskrit, Latin and Greek?

Papyrus

Which material was an early invention of paper, and was used from writing to shoe making?

Iraq, Iran, Syria

Which modern countries occupy the ancient realms of Mesopotamia?

Relief of Assurbanipal

Which painting showed Assurbanipal enjoying feast with his wife and family?

Chauvet

Which paleolithic painting, Located in France, is known as the oldest Paleolithic painting (30000 BCE) and has horses in it?

Lascaux

Which paleolithic painting, Located in France, was made in 15000 BCE and has bulls in the ceiling?

Venus of Willendorf

Which paleolithic pottery, now preserved in Austria, is 4 inch high, represents fertility and the only pottery with female portrayal at that time?

Early Dynastic Period (2900-2350 BCE)

Which period was the Royal Standard of Ur and The Epics of Gilgamesh originated from?

The Neolithic Revolution

Which revolution resulted in: 1. Agriculture Invention of food preservation and storage 2. Increase of population 3. Growth of human settlements 4. Labor division

Nile River

Which river is predictable in pattern and important in terms of Egyptian agricultural advancement, that it initiated the birth of Egyptian civilization?

Hammurabi

Which ruler created the Old Empire of Babylon, through mainly writing and diplomacy, instead of military conquest?

Tigris and Euphrates

Which two rivers in Mesopotamia are highly unpredictable, while also flourished the civilization?

Pharaoh

Which type of people in Egypt was portrayed as the son of god, possesses enormous power and wealth, and its name literally means "Great Households"?

The term koine refers to:

a common dialect that developed during the Hellenistic period.

civilization

a complex, highly organized society

Byzantium

a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395

Model Parliament

a council of lords, clergy, and common people that advised the English king on government matters

fresco

a durable method of painting on a wall by using watercolors on wet plaster

inflation

a general and progressive increase in prices

Mycenaean Civilization

a greek civilization that took off where the Minoans left off (possibly conquered the Minoans), militaristic, expanded trade through sea raids, piracy, colonization - fought Troy in Trojan war, written about in Iliad (ca. 1400-1200 BC)

Jihad

a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels

Serfdom

a person in a condition of servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another; a slave

vassal

a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant

chapel

a place of worship that has its own altar

Tigris and Euphrates River

a place where civilizations emerged, fertile river valleys, between the two rivers is Mesopotamia, they get little rain but still have rich soil

feudalism

a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

Democracy

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

ordeal

a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control

Aristocracy

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

altar

a raised structure on which gifts or sacrifices to a god are made

The Persian Wars were begun by:

a revolt instigated by the Ionian Greeks against the Persians

Diaspora

a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale. Diaspora can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland.

barrel vault

a semi-circular structure made up of successive arches

The Persian empires system of satrapies allowed for

a sensible system of collecting tribute based on an areas productive capacity.

the Crusades

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Early Neolithic Era saw?

a slow transition from hunting and gathering, to an agricultural society

Medieval Europe

a society dominated by the catholic church and kings who began to exert central authority and develop monarchal states

Phoenicians

a trading empire in the mediterranean and an alphabet that was later adapted by the Greeks and Romans.

Not one of king Phillip II military reforms

abandoned phalanx formation as too ineffective and inefficient.

The Assyrian army was able to conquer and maintain an empire due to its ?

ability to use diversified military tactics

Although the Neolithic revolution occurred over the course of several thousand years, it represents a revolutionary shift in the way human beings:

acquired the food necessary for survival

Influenced by their long struggle to survive, the Assyrians:

acted very aggressively toward other peoples

Alcibiades

an Athenian nobleman who persuaded the assembly to embark on the Sicilian expedition; a well-connected man who, nonetheless, was often associated with controversy and was banished form Athens on several occasions. He switched sides during the Peloponnesian War from Athens to Sparta and back to Athens again, the latter helped by his infusion of Persian money. Charged with mutilating the Herms before Sicilian Expedition.

Dante

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

Christopher Columbus

an Italian sailor who believed he could find an all-water route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic, but actually landed in the Carribean Islands, which he called "San Salvador"

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Sejanus Ascendant

an ambitious soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. An equestrian by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard, of which he was commander from AD 14 until his death in AD 31. While the Praetorian Guard was formally established under Emperor Augustus, Sejanus introduced a number of reforms which saw the unit evolve beyond a mere bodyguard, into a powerful and influential branch of the government involved in public security, civil administration and ultimately political intercession; changes which would have a lasting impact on the course of the Principate. During the 20s, Sejanus gradually accumulated power by consolidating his influence over Tiberius and eliminating potential political opponents, including the emperor's son, Drusus Julius Caesar. When Tiberius withdrew to Capri in 26, Sejanus was left in control of the administration of the empire. For a time the most influential and feared citizen of Rome, Sejanus suddenly fell from power in 31, the year his career culminated with the consulship. Amidst suspicions of conspiracy against Tiberius, Sejanus was arrested and executed, along with his followers.

the Devine Comedy

an epic poem by Dante. there are three stories- his experience in heaven, hell, and purgatory. he also painted pictures of his experiences

The Etruscan s were

an urban civilization to the north of Rome

physic and chemistry

archeologists used theses sciences to date human fossils and artifacts and analyze DNA.

Romanesque style

architectural style of medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, decorative arcading. Crossed England from France.

After Hoplites were introduced in Greece:

aristocrats lost their monopoly on military prowess

Mesopotamians and Egyptians

around 3000 BC these people built the first civilizations; they developed cities, invented writing, creates literature, and built monument to their gods

Zarathustra attempted to redefine religion:

as ethical practices common to all people

a FALSE statement concerning the Persian kings

as he was considered a god, the king held the power of life and death over all subjects

In the fifth century, the Greeks invented a way of writing history that;

b and c

In general separate early Greek communities

became fierce rivals fighting so often as to threaten Greek civilization itself

Prehistory

before written records

4th Crusade

began in 1204 and it was another attempt for the Christians to capture Jerusalem. It failed. Instead, they ended up looting the city of Constantinople. This was the last of the main crusades.

Hellenistic Era

began with conquest of Persian empire by Alexander the Great. Defeated Persian empire in 4 years and moved to India where exhausted troops caused him to return to Babylon where he suddenly died. Brought new cities, achievements in science and literature, greek culture read through the middle east

Classical Era

began with persian wars, which unified greek city states. Greek and Sparta then go into conflict-Great Peloponnesian War. Led to invasion by Phillip II.

arab empire

built on the teachings of Muhammad. this civilization spread islam throughout the middle east and Africa

guilds

business associations that dominated medieval towns; they passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls for the city, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc.

"The School of Athens"

by Raphael Depicts all the major renaissance artists and philosphers, along with greek philosophers too, such as plato and aristotle (pictured in the center of the painting) Pre-christian, all people are either greek or roman, natural science, philosophy, learning through

According to Socrates, human beings can find true happiness only:

by pursuing excellence.

Typically, how did Rome control its territories during the Pax Romana?

by withholding food supplies until starvation forced local cooperation

Vici

can be translated into neighborhood, Augustus established 265 of these units that are made up of a central shrine with crossroads, this is another example of Augustus attempting to integrate the neighborhoods into the city, they are less independent as they are brought under centralized control, Augustus promoted religious unity by donating statues to these neighborhood shrines and making these local gods his gods as well, thus, there is a little piece of Augustus in every single neighborhood

586 B.C. The destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian captivity of the Hebrews occurred at the hands of the?

chaldeans

The Sophists:

challenged most accepted rules and morals

In comparison with the world of the polis, Hellenistic civilization was

characterized by economic activity on a larger scale

carthage was located

coast of NE Tunisia

triumph

commander is allowed into rome with his army and his army still has his weaponry awarded a triumph: parades with soldiers and

The Egyptian pyramids were

conceived and built as tombs for a city of the dead

The Romans were the first people to use _____ on a massive scale in their buildings

concrete

Darius did NOT accomplish

conquering egypt

solomons most revered contribution to the Hebrew society was to

construct the temple, the symbolic center of the Hebrew religion and society

The "Latin Right" of the early Romans guaranteed that:

contracts, marriages, and citizenship were valid across Latium

mummius destroyed

corinth

Socrates condemned to death for

corrupting youth of athens

byrsa

cowhide

Shang dynasty

created first flourishing chinese civilization. developed organized government, system of writing, a lunar calendar, and advanced skills to make bronze vessels.

Israelites

created kingdom under Saul, David, and solomon. established Judaism (monotheism)

The Sophists

criticized traditional religion and its myths

The Athenians' defeat by Sparta in 404 B.C. was followed by:

decades of war between shifting alliances of city-states

Syllogism

deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises

Peloponnesian war resulted in

defeat of Athenians and collapse of its empire

Cleisthenes Constitution Established Athenian government as

democracy

With the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War:

democracy survived in Athens

Athens

democratic institutions despite slaves and limited women's rights

Bayeaux Tapestry

depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings.

Julian Emperors

descendants from Caesar's family who ruled; 1. Tiberius 2. Caligula 3. Claudius 4. Nero

The Battle of Ipsus:

determined that no one general would rule Alexander's empire.

The Greeks referred to some people with whom they came into contact as barbarians because they:

did not speak Greek

wife of the ruler of carthage was similar to

dido aneas left her a sword she kills herself with it

bourgeoisie

educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution

Centuriate Assembly

elected consuls wealthy declared war court of appeal

Assyrians are important for their innovations in?

empire building

Vitally important to the success of the Seleucid dynasty was the:

establishment of military colonies.

During the early Roman Republic, Rome:

expanded slowly and extended the Latin right to many of the cities it conquered

early greek philosophy attempted to

explain universe on basis of unifying principles

The uniqueness of Hellenistic culture lay in its:

fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures

Mandate of Heaven

gave kings divine rights to rule

The Sophist claim that "Man is the measure of all things" means:

goodness, truth, and justice are not absolutes, but vary according to the needs and interests of human beings

hannibal was the

grace of baal

The widespread study of philosophy during the Hellenistic period was a product of all of the following except the:

greater intellectual curiosity of the people.

Virgil

greatest poet of the Golden Age, called the "Homer of Rome" because the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models for his epic, the Aeneid; focus on Patriotism; it took 10 years to write

According to the patria potestas provision of the Twelve Tables, a Roman father:

had absolute power over his family, up to and including the power of life and death

stimulation to gaining a triumph

had to kill at least 5000 of the enemy

Civilization- refers to human societies which, amongst other features?

have an urban focus and a distinct religious structure.

King Herod

he built the great Jerusalem temple. He also killed the little boys in Bethlehem when he was trying to kill the new king of the Jews (Jesus)

Caesar was murdered because his assassins feared

he desired to become an all-powerful dictator and declare himself king

After Alexander's death in 323 b.c.:

his generals fought among themselves to rule the empire

Alexander's empire collapsed after his death because:

his generals seized parts of his empire for themselves

Isocrates

hoped phillip would unite greek world in a campaign against Persia.

Artifacts

human made objects

Paleolithic People

hunter-gatherers whose chief task was finding food; they learned to create sophisticated tools and use fire

The meaning of "crossing the Rubicon"

means to pass a point of no return, and refers to Julius Caesar's army's crossing of the Rubicon River (in the north of Italy ) in 49 BC, which was considered an act of insurrection and treason.

burghers

medieval middle-class town dwellers who resented interferences to their work such as fees, taxes, and rents. They demanded rights such as freedom from certain tolls and the right to govern their towns from feudal landlords.

Sparta

militaristic city state (polis) ruled by oligarchy

Theramenes

moderate who opposed Critias and was killed

Socrates was concerned that the young men of Athens examine their lives in pursuit of:

morality and ethical behavior

Was not one of the benefits of New Stone Age discoveries

narrowed the wealth gap between individuals

The most significant achievement of the Stoics was the concept of:

natural law.

compass

navigational instrument for finding directions

The Dogmatic school of medicine based its medical research on

observation of disease symptoms.

Rome set a precedent for treating it's vanquished foes after forming the Roman confederations by

offering the most favored allied people full Roman citizenship thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion

The 400

oligarchic group who took over Athens in 411. They were deposed when peace efforts with Sparta failed.

Plato

one of Socrates' students; was considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization. Plato explained his ideas about government in a work entitled The Republic. In his ideal state, the people were divided into three different groups.

Vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century; eventually this barbarian group adopted Christianity and became farmers.

Nero

one of the more perverse emperors, who began massive execution of Christians to deflect suspicions that he burned most of Rome's residential section; was said to have danced and sang as rome burned

Magna Carta

one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial.

The greatest consequence of Alexander's conquests was the:

opening of the East to the spread of Hellenism.

The most notable way the campaign against Carthage affected Romans was by

permanently changing their foreign policy to one of imperial domination

Plato, the republic, imagines perfect society ruled by?

philosopher kings

Miletus, a Greek city in Ionia, established many trading colonies and became materially wealthy, and it also became a center for what the Greeks called:

philosophia

Epicureanism (original)

philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life

fiefs

pieces of land given to vassals by their lord

Neolithic People

planted grains and veggies, domesticates animals led to meat, milk, and fibers for clothing. Were able to settle in settlements.

Epicureans advocated:

pleasure in moderation

Plebeian Council

plebeian legislative assembly passed laws held courts elected magistrates

in his philippics Demosthenes

portrayed Phillip II as a looming threat to greek freedom

sophists

pro- teachers who seemingly question traditional values of their society

the words of the Hebrew prophets

promoted universalism- stated all nations one day worship god of Israel. proclaimed Israel would- rise again from ashes of conquest advocated social justice- by condemning the rich for mistreating the poor. encouraged a separation- between Jews and non jews

Maya, Aztec, and Inca

prosperous civilizations that developed in the Americas

The division of the ancient kingdom of Israel was:

provoked by Solomon's oppressive regime

Plato's great contribution to philosophy was:

publishing the dialogues of Socrates.

scipio was adopted by

publius

It is believed that the Hellenistic thinker Archimedes was most interested in

pure mathematics.

carthaginians at end desperate made a

pyre

Greek tragedies of the fifth century:

questioned the relationship between humans and gods

famous scene where scipio sits at the ruins

quotes homer: this could happen to rome polybius was with him

Julius II

r(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. Sponsored Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.

For the most part, Jews in Hellenistic cities were:

rarely Hellenized.

What was the greatest difference between education during the Hellenistic period and during classical

rather than being private enterprise Hellenistic period and education became a duty of cities and their government

Assyrian kings organized their empire more effectively by

reducing the numbers of royal officials

NOT a development of the Pal eolithic age

regular production of food through agriculture

Greek women were:

restricted both sexually and socially in comparison to men

gregorian calendar

revision of the Julian calendar by Pope Gregory XIII; currently used in most of the world

Immediate cause of Persian war

revolt of Ionian Greek colonies in Asia minor

improvements in trade and commerce in Hellenistic world were NOT greatly aided by

revolutionary innovations in agriculture

romance languages, trial by jury, monuments

roman achievements

the fall of carthage

scipio (roman) vs Hasdrubal (protector of carthage)

scipio aemilianus

scipio africanus grandson (roman)

who won?

scipio won, hasdrubal asked for an olive branch an knelt at scipios feet

Cincinnatus was most admired for his:

sense of civic duty and willingness to give up power and go back to the plow

how did the wife of Hasdrubal die?

she threw her kids in the fire and then jumped in after them commiting suicide

longbows

six-foot wooden bows capable of shooting deadly steel-tipped arrows hundreds of yards

The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt discouraged slavery and the slave trade because:

slaves would have competed with free labor.

The political history of the Hellenistic period was dominated by Greek leagues and:

small kingdoms.

Cleon

succeeded Pericles when he died of the plague; regarded as a demagogue and a "hawk" who wanted Athens to be more aggressive.

The Greeks became literate again during the 9th century B.C.E by adopting:

the Phoenician alphabet

In the early Roman Republic, Rome was technically a democracy but:

the Roman constitution essentially ensured aristocratic rule

excommunication

the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church

perspective

the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer

lay investiture

the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles; the buying and selling of churches

choir

the area occupied by singers in a church

city state

the basic unit of early Mesopotamian civilization

Minoan Civilization

the bronze-age culture of Crete 3000-1100 BC; before the mycenaeans

The accomplishments of Hellenistic science included all of the following except:

the discovery of techniques for the production of high-quality steel.

William the Conqueror

the duke of Normandy, a province of France, and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman King of England.

______ cannot be attributed to Octavian

the end to corrupt taxation policies, making tax collectors employees of the government

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

vernacular

the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)

dido

the founder and first queen of Carthage (in modern-day Tunisia). She is primarily known from the account given by the Roman poet Virgil in his epic, Aeneid. In some sources she is also known as Elissa

civil service

the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government

Pope

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

King David's rule was significant in establishing:

the idea of Israel as a unified nation, fulfilling God's promise

the elite imphantry of Persian army

the immortals

"Carthaginian peace"

the imposition of a very brutal 'peace' by completely crushing the enemy

Spartacus

the leader of a rebellion of gladiators and slaves that escalated to a full-scale war in the years 73-70.

Accomplishments in law

the twelve table that had roman laws written on them

All of the following were traits of the mystery religions except:

the use of human sacrifice.

what was most important to carthage?

trade - controlled most in western mediteranean

The main goal of the various Greek philosophies was

tranquility of the mind

Socrates' aim was to show that:

truth is real and absolute standards of goodness and virtue do exist

"Ma'at" expresses the Egyptian belief in ?

truth, justice, and order in the universe

Scholastica

twin sister of Benedict; devoted her life to the Church, was probably the abbess of a convent near Benedict's monastery

Hinduism and Buddhism

two religions that formed in India

Gothic Style

type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs.

A Greek aristocrat who seized power and ruled outside the traditional constitutional framework was called a:

tyrant

ancient india

where two major civilizations (the mauryan and gupta empire) and two of the world's largest religions (buddhism and hinduism) developed