HISTORY STUDIO - quiz #2

type of parks that right from the beginning were intended and designed as public parks

"from the ground up"

What type of park... were never originally intended as public parks includes land belonging to the aristocracy also includes common land owned by the town/city

"transitioned"

First two preferred city trees were...

-Elm (basswood) -Lindens (lime)

What was the name of the iconic map we learned about?

-Nolli Map -Map of Rome -engraved in 1748 -figure-ground map

Le Corbusier's principles for new cities....

-Remove city center -Increasing overall densities -Enhancing circulation

How do we understand the landscape?

-Social/cultural -economic -environmental -sensory/experiential -physical

Types of parks

1. "transitioned" 2. "from the ground up"

Who were major players (some from MHK) in establishing the Sakura Cherry Trees in Washington DC?

1. Eliza Scidmore (1856-1928) 2. David Fairchild (1869-1954) 3. Charles Marlatt (1863-1954)

Uses of timber...

1. Housing and residential construction 2. Fuel (warmth and cooking) 3. Paper (newspaper, books, journals) 4. Telegraph/telephone/electric poles 5. Railroad (transportation 6. Shipping and Military 7. Food

Rules of unplanned settlements does not mean the absence of _________, which can be ___________ and _______________

1. Rules 2. Social 3. Physical

Challenges of representing landscapes...

1. Scale and Mobility 2. Evolution and Change 3. Context

The two types of Cobblestone

1. Smooth stone 2. Later Granite Blocks

Ways to document the landscape...

1. Text 2. Maps 3. Drawing/Painting 4. Model-making 5. Sound 6. Film 7. Photography

American Park Types

1. The Pleasure Ground (1850-1900) 2. The Reform Park (1900-1930) 3. The Recreational Facility (1930-1965) 4. The Open-Space System (1965+) 5. Sustainable Park (1990-present)

Urban Growth Patterns (can be incremental)

1. Unplanned 2. Planned

What three forces changed peoples minds about city trees?

1. new ideas about urban beauty 2. new medical theories (i.e. yellowfever) 3. introduction of fire insurance

What did photography 1. help realize as less heroic and more gruesome and 2. what did photography help create?

1. war 2. illustrated travel books

The public park was seen as...

1. way to purify 2. an antidote

When was the world's first photograph taken and what was it called?

1827 Rooftops

When did Americans adopt the Christmas tree?

1850s

When did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?

1877

When did film begin?

1890s (but sound was not added until the 1920s)

What century did accurate surveying begin?

18th century (1700-1800)

What year did President Calvin Coolidge oversee the lighting of the first National Christmas Tree?

1923

What year did the first Rockefeller Center Christmas tree lighting begin?

1933

Many sheltebelts are over...

70 years old

Signed the 1864 Yosemite Park Act

Abraham Lincoln

Drawing and images are...

Abrstractions of reality, not reality

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Digital Photography?

Advantages 1. low skill, 2. few resources required, 3. inexpensive, and 4. unlimited quantity Disadvantages 1. quantity, 2. management, and 3. metadata (labeling)

City trees advantages and disadvantages...

Advantages beautiful, perfume the air, change with the seasons, offer a home for songbirds, provide shade in summer, complement the good or screen out the bad in architecture, groupings can create a destination Disadvantaged obstructed traffic, broke up pavements and sewers, injured people and damaged goods below, littered the ground, clogged an inadequate drainage system, considered fire hazards.

Painted "The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak" (1863) highest sum for an American Artist's work

Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902)

Who invented moving sidewalks in 1871?

Alfred Speer

Exception to the "no trees in cities" rule

Amsterdam

Sidewalk materials

Asphalt Brick Cement concrete Cinders Gravel Macadam Plank Stone slabs Tar concrete

Early form of Urban Renewal Modernized the city with infrastructure and planning that supported a new cultural environment

Baron Haussmann's Boulevards, Paris

separated pedestrians from vehicular traffic in London in the mid-1700s short vertical posts, sometimes with light fixtures

Bollards

"from the ground up" 843 acres Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted won competion with the "Greensward Plan" Constructed in 1858-1873 Birth to the "American Landscape" pastoral style Model for most other city parks

Central Park, NYC

1863 - 1954 Son of Washington Marlatt (of Marlatt Park fame) KSU graduate Became assistant chief of the Bureau of Entomology as the USDA

Charles Marlatt

Reform philosophy that flourished during 1890-1900s intended to introduce beauty and monumental granduer in cities Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington DC emphasized necessity of order, dignity, and harmony

City Beautiful Movement

First pavement material

Cobblestone

traditional method of woodland management, where young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level.

Coppicing

1869 - 1954 Father was president of KSU KSU graduate Botanist and "plant explorer" Managed the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction at the US department of Agriculture Close friend of Charles Marlatt

David Fairchild

One of the worst environmental disasters in the US?

Dust Bowl

Great concern for the physical and moral health of cities Plan for freeing pressures on cities population

Ebenezer Howard's Garden City (UK)

Sidewalk Qualities

Economic Good traction Ease of cleaning Noiselessness Free from dust and mud Comfortable to use Non-heat absorbing

1856 - 1928 Travel writer lived in Washington DC traveled to Japan in 1884 First female board member of the National Geographic Society

Eliza Scidmore

A pruning practice where the branches of a fruit tree or ornamental shrub are trained to grow flat against a wall, supported on a lattice or a framework of stakes...

Espalier

contains General Sherman Tree - largest tree on earth and 5 out of 10 largest trees in the world

Giant Forest

1017 acres Created 1870s Plan and planting developed by engineer William Hammond Hall and assistant John McLaren (landscape gardener)

Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, CA

Visited by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 established as ________ Game Preserve in 1906 established as 17th National Park in 1919

Grand Canyon in Arizona

319 acres built on landfill from the Great Chicago Fire Named for US President and Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant (1901) formal landscape design by Edward Bennett

Grant Park in Chicago

1.5 miles, elevated railroad Opened 2009-2015 Designed by James Corner/Field Operations Planting design by Piet Oudolf

Highline in NYC

The ideal street pavement is....

Inexpensive to construct and repair Durable Quiet Easy to keep clean Safe to drive on

Anti-urban renewal American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist Wrote "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" (1961) Believed Diversity and Activity are crucial to cities and their survival

Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)

When settlers needed 50 apple trees to prove their land was being used productively, who was a major supplier and helped those with that need?

John Chapman (also known as Johnny Appleseed)

Often referred to as the "Father of National Parks"

John Muir (1838-1914)

Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, activist Early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the US Prolific author Helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other wilderness areas Founded the Sierra Club, 1892 Admirer of Ralph Waldo Emerson

John Muir (1838-1914)

Rules for planning/designing towns - Spanish Colonization Recommended a GRID pattern with a PLAZA in the center

Law of the Indies

Envisioned a brand new world Instead of a city with gardens, he invisioned a city in a garden very popular

Le Corbusier (1887-1965)

Where was the most well known Pall Mall located?

London in St. James Park

Unplanned Defense was less of an issue Collection of towns and villages

London, England

French artist and photographer Invented the daguerreotype process of photography (c. 1839) became known as one of the fathers of photography

Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)

Broken stone of even size used in successively compacted layers for paving Bound with tar or bitumen. named after _________________, the Bristish advocate for using this material

Macadam

20 acres Opened winter 2014/2015 Include Ice Ribbon and Play Garden Designed by Michael Van Valkenburg and Associates

Maggie Daley Park in Chicago

Who invented the term "soundscape" in 1969 in an article titled "The Sonic Environment of Cities" published by Environment and Behavior?

Michael Southworth

24.5 acres (northeast corner of Grant Park) Opened in 2004 Includes the Jay Pritzker Pavillion (Frank Gehry), Cloud Gate (Anish Kapoor), the Crown Fountain (Jaume Plensa), and Lurie Garden (Gustafson Guthrie Nichol GGN and Piet Oudolf)

Millennium Park in Chicago

Popularized aerial photography Took first aerial photograph of a French village in 1858

Nadar

Movement based on the rejection of Sprawl Focus on pedestrian and small-scale 1980s Transit-Oriented Design (TOD) ex. Seaside, Florida

New Urbanism

epitome of "sublime"...

Niagara Falls

Name of the French inventor, now usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field?

Nicephore Niepce (first two e's have ' above)(1765-1833)

Earliest method of passing on information was...

Oral storytelling

Who imported the first apple graft?

Peter Stuyvesant

Style of growing trees in a line, usually straight, with the branches of the tree tied together and clipped to form a flat plane above the bare trunk. Used in 17th and 18th century garden design particularly in France and Italy

Pleaching

Actors in urban form

Politicians Lawyers Developers Engineers Landscape Architects Architects Planners Business owners Residents

Pruning system in which the upper branches of a tree are removed, promoting a dense head of foliage and branches. It has been common in Europe since medieval times and is practiced today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height.

Pollarding

What invention allowed stories to be put to paper?

Printing Press

"from the ground up" 525 acres Designed Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted Created in 1867 Many buildings and activities

Prospect Park in Brooklyn, NYC

Prescribed minium standards for urban living Required all new residential construction to include running water and an internal drainage system Reformers conflated PHYSICAL health with MORAL health

Public Health Act 1875 (UK)

principle aim was to transform into a destination for RELIGIOUS PILGRIMAGES and TOURISM Incorperated EGYPTIAN OBLISKS - wayfinders NEW WIDE STREETS

ROME - Pope Sixtus V (1521-1590)

American essayist and lecturer led the transcendentalist movement of mid-19th century wrote "Nature" 1836

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

15 acres Opened in 2008 result of the "Big Dig" and removal of elevated highways series fo parks designed by several designers (including Gustafson Guthrie Nichol, and EDAW)

Rose Kennedy Greenway in Boston, MA

no harm Interdependence Right to privacy Original usage priority Air rights Respect for other's property Pre-emption Width of street No encroachment of public way

Rules and Guidelines in Islamic Cities....

Established in 1890 Famous for giant trees, including General Sherman Tree (largest tree on earth) preserves a landscape that still resembles the southern sierra Nevada before Euro-American settlement

Sequoia National Park in CA

(1935 - 1942) wind breaks intended to protect homesteads, ag fields, and highways are called...

Shelterbelts

DEFINITION - Image, representation term

Simulacrum

Sidewalks had no ______________ in the 19th century.

Standards

1910 ---- 2000 cherry trees arrive from japan - infested and diseased- burned 1912 ---- 3000 sterile trees arrive - passed Marlatt's inspection - first of the trees planted along Tidal Basin

Story of the Sakura Cherry Trees in Washington DC

Anti-city Anti-downtown Anti-poor Resulted in sprawl

Suburbia

Joined the US Geological and Geographical Society of the Territories Recommended that Yellowstone be protected from development Painted "The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone" (1872)

Thomas Moran (1836-1926)

the belief that God is in nature and that reality can be understood by studying nature

Transcendentalism

A style of painting in which objects are depicted with photographic realism? French for "deceiving the eye"

Trompe l'oeil

Forces that influence a cities growth

WATER ECONOMICS INDUSTRY Transportation Defense Climate Geography Laws Real Estate Culture Food production Trade Religion

Who brought the first apple seed come to America?

William Blackstone (first inhabitant of Boston Common)

______ were used, especially in areas near hospitals were they were trying to reduce the noise of horse hooves and carriage wheels on the stone.

Wood Blocks

displayed and inspired the City Beautiful Movement in Chicago

World Columbian Exposition of 1893

Established in 1872 3,500 square miles First to be called a National Park, not first to be created

Yellowstone National Park

What does the term Boulevard refer to?

a tree lined street

What was the most important product from apples?

hard apple cider

When did deforestation become a major problem?

mid-1800s

Under sidewalk and street

transportation gas water electricity storm sewers sanitary sewers storage