HISTORY STUDIO - quiz #2
type of parks that right from the beginning were intended and designed as public parks
"from the ground up"
What type of park... were never originally intended as public parks includes land belonging to the aristocracy also includes common land owned by the town/city
"transitioned"
First two preferred city trees were...
-Elm (basswood) -Lindens (lime)
What was the name of the iconic map we learned about?
-Nolli Map -Map of Rome -engraved in 1748 -figure-ground map
Le Corbusier's principles for new cities....
-Remove city center -Increasing overall densities -Enhancing circulation
How do we understand the landscape?
-Social/cultural -economic -environmental -sensory/experiential -physical
Types of parks
1. "transitioned" 2. "from the ground up"
Who were major players (some from MHK) in establishing the Sakura Cherry Trees in Washington DC?
1. Eliza Scidmore (1856-1928) 2. David Fairchild (1869-1954) 3. Charles Marlatt (1863-1954)
Uses of timber...
1. Housing and residential construction 2. Fuel (warmth and cooking) 3. Paper (newspaper, books, journals) 4. Telegraph/telephone/electric poles 5. Railroad (transportation 6. Shipping and Military 7. Food
Rules of unplanned settlements does not mean the absence of _________, which can be ___________ and _______________
1. Rules 2. Social 3. Physical
Challenges of representing landscapes...
1. Scale and Mobility 2. Evolution and Change 3. Context
The two types of Cobblestone
1. Smooth stone 2. Later Granite Blocks
Ways to document the landscape...
1. Text 2. Maps 3. Drawing/Painting 4. Model-making 5. Sound 6. Film 7. Photography
American Park Types
1. The Pleasure Ground (1850-1900) 2. The Reform Park (1900-1930) 3. The Recreational Facility (1930-1965) 4. The Open-Space System (1965+) 5. Sustainable Park (1990-present)
Urban Growth Patterns (can be incremental)
1. Unplanned 2. Planned
What three forces changed peoples minds about city trees?
1. new ideas about urban beauty 2. new medical theories (i.e. yellowfever) 3. introduction of fire insurance
What did photography 1. help realize as less heroic and more gruesome and 2. what did photography help create?
1. war 2. illustrated travel books
The public park was seen as...
1. way to purify 2. an antidote
When was the world's first photograph taken and what was it called?
1827 Rooftops
When did Americans adopt the Christmas tree?
1850s
When did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?
1877
When did film begin?
1890s (but sound was not added until the 1920s)
What century did accurate surveying begin?
18th century (1700-1800)
What year did President Calvin Coolidge oversee the lighting of the first National Christmas Tree?
1923
What year did the first Rockefeller Center Christmas tree lighting begin?
1933
Many sheltebelts are over...
70 years old
Signed the 1864 Yosemite Park Act
Abraham Lincoln
Drawing and images are...
Abrstractions of reality, not reality
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Digital Photography?
Advantages 1. low skill, 2. few resources required, 3. inexpensive, and 4. unlimited quantity Disadvantages 1. quantity, 2. management, and 3. metadata (labeling)
City trees advantages and disadvantages...
Advantages beautiful, perfume the air, change with the seasons, offer a home for songbirds, provide shade in summer, complement the good or screen out the bad in architecture, groupings can create a destination Disadvantaged obstructed traffic, broke up pavements and sewers, injured people and damaged goods below, littered the ground, clogged an inadequate drainage system, considered fire hazards.
Painted "The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak" (1863) highest sum for an American Artist's work
Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902)
Who invented moving sidewalks in 1871?
Alfred Speer
Exception to the "no trees in cities" rule
Amsterdam
Sidewalk materials
Asphalt Brick Cement concrete Cinders Gravel Macadam Plank Stone slabs Tar concrete
Early form of Urban Renewal Modernized the city with infrastructure and planning that supported a new cultural environment
Baron Haussmann's Boulevards, Paris
separated pedestrians from vehicular traffic in London in the mid-1700s short vertical posts, sometimes with light fixtures
Bollards
"from the ground up" 843 acres Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted won competion with the "Greensward Plan" Constructed in 1858-1873 Birth to the "American Landscape" pastoral style Model for most other city parks
Central Park, NYC
1863 - 1954 Son of Washington Marlatt (of Marlatt Park fame) KSU graduate Became assistant chief of the Bureau of Entomology as the USDA
Charles Marlatt
Reform philosophy that flourished during 1890-1900s intended to introduce beauty and monumental granduer in cities Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington DC emphasized necessity of order, dignity, and harmony
City Beautiful Movement
First pavement material
Cobblestone
traditional method of woodland management, where young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level.
Coppicing
1869 - 1954 Father was president of KSU KSU graduate Botanist and "plant explorer" Managed the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction at the US department of Agriculture Close friend of Charles Marlatt
David Fairchild
One of the worst environmental disasters in the US?
Dust Bowl
Great concern for the physical and moral health of cities Plan for freeing pressures on cities population
Ebenezer Howard's Garden City (UK)
Sidewalk Qualities
Economic Good traction Ease of cleaning Noiselessness Free from dust and mud Comfortable to use Non-heat absorbing
1856 - 1928 Travel writer lived in Washington DC traveled to Japan in 1884 First female board member of the National Geographic Society
Eliza Scidmore
A pruning practice where the branches of a fruit tree or ornamental shrub are trained to grow flat against a wall, supported on a lattice or a framework of stakes...
Espalier
contains General Sherman Tree - largest tree on earth and 5 out of 10 largest trees in the world
Giant Forest
1017 acres Created 1870s Plan and planting developed by engineer William Hammond Hall and assistant John McLaren (landscape gardener)
Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, CA
Visited by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 established as ________ Game Preserve in 1906 established as 17th National Park in 1919
Grand Canyon in Arizona
319 acres built on landfill from the Great Chicago Fire Named for US President and Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant (1901) formal landscape design by Edward Bennett
Grant Park in Chicago
1.5 miles, elevated railroad Opened 2009-2015 Designed by James Corner/Field Operations Planting design by Piet Oudolf
Highline in NYC
The ideal street pavement is....
Inexpensive to construct and repair Durable Quiet Easy to keep clean Safe to drive on
Anti-urban renewal American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist Wrote "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" (1961) Believed Diversity and Activity are crucial to cities and their survival
Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)
When settlers needed 50 apple trees to prove their land was being used productively, who was a major supplier and helped those with that need?
John Chapman (also known as Johnny Appleseed)
Often referred to as the "Father of National Parks"
John Muir (1838-1914)
Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, activist Early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the US Prolific author Helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other wilderness areas Founded the Sierra Club, 1892 Admirer of Ralph Waldo Emerson
John Muir (1838-1914)
Rules for planning/designing towns - Spanish Colonization Recommended a GRID pattern with a PLAZA in the center
Law of the Indies
Envisioned a brand new world Instead of a city with gardens, he invisioned a city in a garden very popular
Le Corbusier (1887-1965)
Where was the most well known Pall Mall located?
London in St. James Park
Unplanned Defense was less of an issue Collection of towns and villages
London, England
French artist and photographer Invented the daguerreotype process of photography (c. 1839) became known as one of the fathers of photography
Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)
Broken stone of even size used in successively compacted layers for paving Bound with tar or bitumen. named after _________________, the Bristish advocate for using this material
Macadam
20 acres Opened winter 2014/2015 Include Ice Ribbon and Play Garden Designed by Michael Van Valkenburg and Associates
Maggie Daley Park in Chicago
Who invented the term "soundscape" in 1969 in an article titled "The Sonic Environment of Cities" published by Environment and Behavior?
Michael Southworth
24.5 acres (northeast corner of Grant Park) Opened in 2004 Includes the Jay Pritzker Pavillion (Frank Gehry), Cloud Gate (Anish Kapoor), the Crown Fountain (Jaume Plensa), and Lurie Garden (Gustafson Guthrie Nichol GGN and Piet Oudolf)
Millennium Park in Chicago
Popularized aerial photography Took first aerial photograph of a French village in 1858
Nadar
Movement based on the rejection of Sprawl Focus on pedestrian and small-scale 1980s Transit-Oriented Design (TOD) ex. Seaside, Florida
New Urbanism
epitome of "sublime"...
Niagara Falls
Name of the French inventor, now usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field?
Nicephore Niepce (first two e's have ' above)(1765-1833)
Earliest method of passing on information was...
Oral storytelling
Who imported the first apple graft?
Peter Stuyvesant
Style of growing trees in a line, usually straight, with the branches of the tree tied together and clipped to form a flat plane above the bare trunk. Used in 17th and 18th century garden design particularly in France and Italy
Pleaching
Actors in urban form
Politicians Lawyers Developers Engineers Landscape Architects Architects Planners Business owners Residents
Pruning system in which the upper branches of a tree are removed, promoting a dense head of foliage and branches. It has been common in Europe since medieval times and is practiced today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height.
Pollarding
What invention allowed stories to be put to paper?
Printing Press
"from the ground up" 525 acres Designed Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted Created in 1867 Many buildings and activities
Prospect Park in Brooklyn, NYC
Prescribed minium standards for urban living Required all new residential construction to include running water and an internal drainage system Reformers conflated PHYSICAL health with MORAL health
Public Health Act 1875 (UK)
principle aim was to transform into a destination for RELIGIOUS PILGRIMAGES and TOURISM Incorperated EGYPTIAN OBLISKS - wayfinders NEW WIDE STREETS
ROME - Pope Sixtus V (1521-1590)
American essayist and lecturer led the transcendentalist movement of mid-19th century wrote "Nature" 1836
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
15 acres Opened in 2008 result of the "Big Dig" and removal of elevated highways series fo parks designed by several designers (including Gustafson Guthrie Nichol, and EDAW)
Rose Kennedy Greenway in Boston, MA
no harm Interdependence Right to privacy Original usage priority Air rights Respect for other's property Pre-emption Width of street No encroachment of public way
Rules and Guidelines in Islamic Cities....
Established in 1890 Famous for giant trees, including General Sherman Tree (largest tree on earth) preserves a landscape that still resembles the southern sierra Nevada before Euro-American settlement
Sequoia National Park in CA
(1935 - 1942) wind breaks intended to protect homesteads, ag fields, and highways are called...
Shelterbelts
DEFINITION - Image, representation term
Simulacrum
Sidewalks had no ______________ in the 19th century.
Standards
1910 ---- 2000 cherry trees arrive from japan - infested and diseased- burned 1912 ---- 3000 sterile trees arrive - passed Marlatt's inspection - first of the trees planted along Tidal Basin
Story of the Sakura Cherry Trees in Washington DC
Anti-city Anti-downtown Anti-poor Resulted in sprawl
Suburbia
Joined the US Geological and Geographical Society of the Territories Recommended that Yellowstone be protected from development Painted "The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone" (1872)
Thomas Moran (1836-1926)
the belief that God is in nature and that reality can be understood by studying nature
Transcendentalism
A style of painting in which objects are depicted with photographic realism? French for "deceiving the eye"
Trompe l'oeil
Forces that influence a cities growth
WATER ECONOMICS INDUSTRY Transportation Defense Climate Geography Laws Real Estate Culture Food production Trade Religion
Who brought the first apple seed come to America?
William Blackstone (first inhabitant of Boston Common)
______ were used, especially in areas near hospitals were they were trying to reduce the noise of horse hooves and carriage wheels on the stone.
Wood Blocks
displayed and inspired the City Beautiful Movement in Chicago
World Columbian Exposition of 1893
Established in 1872 3,500 square miles First to be called a National Park, not first to be created
Yellowstone National Park
What does the term Boulevard refer to?
a tree lined street
What was the most important product from apples?
hard apple cider
When did deforestation become a major problem?
mid-1800s
Under sidewalk and street
transportation gas water electricity storm sewers sanitary sewers storage