history test
early middle ages byzantine empire
190-197
the concept of natural rights/laws is important to history. But the understanding of what it means to have natural rights changed over time. Explain in your own words what you feel is a "natural right".
A "natural right" is a code of laws that doesn't exist but we still naturally follow.
byzantine decline
A gradual downfall began around 600 and would last the next 600 years security to germanic kingdoms 500-1350 AD- Middle Ages Barbarian invasions from the North Arab Muslim invasions from the South Despite disorder... Western Europe was still a great place for potential (dark age) The Crusades to retake the Holy Lands
What is a mosaic?
Mosaic is a piece of artwork that tells stories and conveys religious messages that provides insight from the past. Uses glass to create a picture
But be true shepherds, with your crooks always in your hands. Do not go to sleep, but guard on all sides the flock committed to you. For if through your carelessness or negligence a wolf carries away one of your sheep, you will surely lose the reward laid up for you with God.
Pope Urban believed church leaders were responsible for the spiritual lives of other believers.
1. All who die by the way, whether by land or sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. 2. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights.
Pope Urban touted redemption and forgiveness of sins as motivation for joining in the fight against the Turks.
queen irene
Born c. 752 in Athens, Byzantine Empire Died August 09, 803 in Lesbos, Byzantine EmpireCame from an old family of Athens was the only woman to serve as sole ruler over the Byzantine Empire Irene had lowered taxes, hoping to win favor from her people, which reduced the Byzantine treasury. queen Irene knew how to read icons which were an essential part of worship. The significance of her greatest impact on history was that it was ironically unexpected since according to Roman law, no women could legally rule. Irene however, convened the Seventh Ecumenical council to address the issue of icon-worship.
theodora legacy
Considered the most powerful woman in Byzantine history She was her husband's most trusted advisor Incredibly intelligent She was an actress and prostitute, and soon caught Justinian's attention Was made his mistress and they married in 525 Proclaimed augusta (empress) Instead of her husband, she was thought to be ruling the empire Took over many duties of emperor including handling foreign affairs, receiving envoys, etc. Changed laws and gave more rights to women
which emperor built the city
Constantine
the great schism
Differences emerged in the Christian Church regarding: the church leader Location Language lifestyle of priests The use of icons The Great Schism - permanent split - occurred in 1054 Eastern Orthodox Church & Roman Catholic Church
Why does Theodora believe that flight is not the right choice?
Flight is not the right choice because it will take away their responsibility and social status.
after the building became a mosque, one architectural feature was added. What do you think it is and why was it added?
I think it is the carpet because it converted scripture on the floor. It was added to cover scripture that didn't support Muslim beliefs and to convert it to an all Christian mosque. Minorettes fully converted into a mosque
How is the Byzantine Mosaic different from a Roman Mosaic?
In the Byzantine Emperor they used the golden leaf. The Roman Mosaic was on floors while the Byzantine Mosaics were on walls. They depicted things to be more religious.
explain in your own words the different categories of Roman law.
Public law applies to the government and private laws applies to individual citizens.
religious icons - mixed feelings
Religious images used by Christians for devotion Thought to connect believer to image in the icon Those in the east supported icons but the Pope banned idol worship in the west Made of Jesus, Mary, Saints, and Angels Widespread destruction great continuity and subject; a lot of changes in the years Protestants have a strand in all sacks of Christianity
empress theodora
She died on June 28, 548 possibly from cancer or gangrene her mother was an actress, protistute and actress had very little education exterm smart conducted personal and public business She became very wealthy because of Justinian, who gave her jewelry and multiple properties ended the death penalty for adulterous women, and altered divorce laws, which showed that she was active in defending and promoting women's rights influenced the reform of family law ended the death penalty for women- altered divorce laws influence on husband's ruling most powerful woman in history change laws and gave more rights to women proclaimed augusta(empress) Theodora was born in 497, growing up in Constantinople, her father died when she was young and her mother was an actress, which influenced Theodora and her sisters to become performers. She overall had a lot of influence on her husband's ruling and some even say that she was the ruler of the Byzantine Empire, not her husband
the code of justinian has a different understanding of natural rights than Jefferson. What is the main difference between the two?
The Code of Justinian shows an understanding that Justinian thinks we naturally follow by nature, while Jefferson thinks that all laws are created by God to be followed by Him.m
if you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by him.
They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles.
justinian
byzantine emperor 527-565 ad wanted to revive the glory of rome hagia sophia translates to holy wisdom conquered former roman territories (from germanic tribes) held absolute power over church and state
what religion did these two emperors practice
christianity
Constantinople
commanded the key trade routes had a lot of spectacles and took things from rome prosper being name Constantinople in 330 ad city of Byzantium, rebuilt captial of byzantine empire (eastern roman empire) excellent geography easily protected good harbor trade crossroads
charlemagne importance in history
conquered lands that were challenging to his predecessors Lombardy, Saxony, bavaria, Marches - Muslim, Spain relentless and disciplined good rule and administration built monasteries, cathedrals, significant building campaigns he was respected and people understood the changes he made- he could express whatever he had to say with utmost charlemage decreed a number of reforms to the currency turning into a more silver based one charlemagne enforces and regulates the catholic faith in his realms. Catholicism movement in europe nicene faith charlemagne was effective in developing a cohesive catholic identity in western europe enacted in Carolingian renaissance
new golden age
fortification Heavily fortified the capitol Constantinople Public Works Aqueducts, Baths, Courts, Schools, Hospitals The Hagia Sophia: with its onion dome, most splendid church in all of the Christian world. strong military force greek fire effective and terrifying weapon
what is the difference bewteen freeman and slaves
freemen can do what they want and slaves are property
hagia sophia
holy wisdom
how can you tell that her speaking up unusual?
in this tense moment, a women speaking up was unusual. She had stopped Justinian and their guards to speak.
what is justice
justice is the hope that everything is fair and everyone receives what their entitled to. The philosophy of law is knowing what is right and what is wrong, and choosing to be honest doing what you know is right.
which emperor built the church
justinian
which of the following selections from the speech BEST reflects Pope Urban's use of rhetorical strategy to create unity among his followers. and division against an enemy?
on this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends.
Eastern Orthodox Church
services are conducted in greek or local languages the patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group the emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire priests may be married divorce is allowed under certain conditions
Roman Catholic Church
services are conducted in latin the pope has authority over all other bishops the pope claims authority over all kings and emperors. priests may not marry. divorce is not permitted.
what is civil law
set of laws that for people to abide by
according to roman law, why is slavery legal
slavery is legal because romans don't believe in natural laws
explain in your own words why the code of Justinian is an important legacy for our civilization.
the code of justinian is an important legacy because he believed in the good of people and idnt force the concept of God given rights. 'For this law does not belong exclusively to the human race.'
what elements of the architecture are classical legacies
the mosaics depicted Christ and Emperors of Byzantine. The Golden Dome represented heaven. Also, the columns that contained scripture and walls in church. Arched windows and the large Dome.
what two kinds of laws govern romans
their own laws and civil laws common to all mankind
what does this speech tell you about Theodora and Justinian?
theodora and justinian have a good shared power and respect eachother
similarities
they base their faith on the gospel of Jesus and the bible they use sacraments such as baptism their religious leaders are bishops and priests they seek to convert people
what do you think would have happened to justinian and theodora if they had fled Constantinople?
they would be overthrown and it would show their weakness.
code
very impactful reference guide and body of civil laws Huge influence on European law parts: Code: 5,000 Roman laws still useful Codification of Laws: collected, revised, & organized all of Rome's laws Digest: Summaries from Rome's greatest thinkers on law Institute: textbook for law students Novellae (New Law): legislations made after 534 C.E. -guided legal thinkers that impacted laws today -autocrat-sole ruler w complete authority - ordained by god
To her, what does the color purple symbolize?
wealth, nobility, respect, royalty
empress theodora - helped justinian
wife of emperor justinian most powerful women in byzantine history protected womens rights met w foreign envoys & leaders, passed laws Raised in poverty and became an actress advisor and co ruler pursued her own policies
womens rights
women did not have as many rights as men allowed women to receive education, political affairs,enjoy gifts, busniess and arts justinian shared rule with his wife - powerful rule showed that a women could also be a powerful leader created laws to grant freedom Only a Christian wife could enjoy the privileges of her dowry Women were looked at as equal to men through the Christian faith Although looked at as spiritually equal, women still didn't have as many privileges as men Women did have some privileges though, and had an active role in the church, as well as political affairs Byzantine education allowed for girls/women to receive a good education Women, once married (usually married young), were considered the head of the family because they were the protector of the children Looked after the children, household, and some did work like manufacturing One emperor, Justinian, shared rule with his wife, and together they had a powerful rule. This showed the progress made in women's rights, that a women too could be a powerful leader Some women became successful business women and artists Emperor Justinian created laws specifically to grant women more freedom
how effective was charlemagne as holy roman emperor
yes - charlemagne extended Christianity and blended Germanic, Christian, and Roman traditions. He also created unification within Christian Europe by setting up a strong and efficient government.
