History To 1877

Identify how the spread of infectious diseases affected the ability of Native Americas to resist European invasion.

Since the Native American leaders were the first ones to interact with Europeans, their infections by diseases and subsequent deaths resulted in serious loss of tribal leadership.

Racism In exploration

The idea of uncivilized savages led to an eagerness on behalf of religious leaders to spread Christianity and to convert ignorant Indians to the proper faith.

Events that contributed to the growth of Spain's "Golden Empire" in chronological order.

1. Spanish colonize Hispaniola 2. The Spanish discover Puerto Rico 3. The Spanish discover Cuba 4. Cortes conquers the Mexica 5. Pizzaro conquers the Inca 6. De Soto explores Florida

Identify the leading factors that contributed to the disintegration of the Spanish Empire.

1. Vastness of empire 2. Complexity of the empire

The "rebirth" of learning that came out of the Renaissance also involved the practical application of new ideas. Identify the new technologies of the time that enabled the Age of Exploration.

1. Printing Press 2.Larger ships with cannons 3. Navigational instruments likes astrolabes and quadrants.

The introduction of horses to the Great Plains of North America was a part of the Spanish colonial legacy. Identify the role of horses in the Plains Indian lifestyle and the impact these animals had on their lives.

1. Horses allowed Plains Indians to travel greater distances, but as Indians encountered more people, infectious diseases spread more widely. 2. Horses replaced dogs as Plains Indians' beasts of burden following the thriving Pueblo horse trade. This greatly benefitted Plains tribes in making them much more effective hunters and warriors.

Identify the cities in the modern United States of America that were established by the Spanish and are part of their colonial legacy.

1. Santa Fe 2.San Francisco 3.St. Augustine 4.Los Angeles 5.San Antonio 6.Santa Barbara 7.Pensacola 8.San Diego

Spanish exploration of North America. (In chronological order)

1.Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon explores Florida. 2. St. Augustine the first European city established in North America. 3. New Mexico is established as a Spanish colony. 4. The English settlement at Jamestown is established. 5.The Pueblo Revolt occurs in 1680.

How did Spanish colonizers respond to the failed Pueblo revolt in New Mexico in 1598?

1.Spanish soldiers brutally massacred hundreds of Pueblo men, women, and children. 2.Young Pueblo children were taken from their parents and put into the care of Spanish missionaries, who were charged with caring for their souls.

Describe the social structure of the mound-building societies of the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys that was evident from their burial mounds.

A sophisticated social structure dependent upon a specialized division of labor, in which various groups performed specific tasks in the interest of society as a whole.

Luther's Protestant Reformation and its significance to the European settlement in the Americas.

Aimed to expose corruption within the Catholic Church and advance a more democratic understanding of Christianity in which people were their own priests. Many of these individualists views would directly influence the development of colonies in The New World during the Age of Exploration.

In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?

Conquest, Greed, Racism.

True or False: The greatest decrease to the Native American population during the sixteenth century was attributed to casualties from direct combat with European settlers.

False, Although Native Americans experienced violence and oppression by European colonizers, smallpox was responsible for a greater number of Native American deaths—tens of millions.

True or False: The French Empire posed the greatest threat to Spanish colonization because it was able to take advantage of weaknesses in Spain's naval capacity.

False, While France posed the first serious threat to Spain, it was England that posed the greatest and most severe danger, particularly in its defeat of the Spanish Armada, which resulted in England's ascent toward naval supremacy.

Describe why the Bering Strait was important in the development of diverse Indian societies in the Americas.

It served as a bridge between Siberia and Alaska that allowed nomadic peoples of East Asia to migrate to the Americas.

Impact of religious conflict in Europe on the settlement of the New World.

Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other Protestant reformers inspired millions of Europeans to challenge not only the theology of the Roman Catholic Church, but also their political institutions and leaders. Europe divided into warring Protestant and Catholic states, and their rivalries flourished in the Americas as well, greatly influencing the future colonization of the Americas.

Native peoples of America on the eve of European arrival on the shores of the Western Hemisphere.

Native people in Americas were a large, heterogeneous population spread across vast areas of the Americas and were made up of complex and diverse societies.

Plants and animals were extremely different in the two worlds. How did the introduction of new foods into the "Old" World directly affect the fate of the "New" World?

New foods led to a population explosion in Europe and an increase in the number of prospective settlers coming to the "New World"

Biological Exchange

Occasionally called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. New foods greatly benefitted Europeans, whose population increased, while infectious diseases from Europe destroyed much of the population of the "New" World.

Built in an effort to conquer England and restore Catholicism in the Protestant territory, the ________ was defeated by a smaller and much faster English fleet, which proceeded to bolster the Protestant cause across Europe.

Spanish Armada

From their arrival in the "New" World in 1492 to the end of the colonial era, European countries competed for the resources found in the Americas. Which European empire controlled the largest colonial territory during this period?

The Spanish Empire.

Naval legacy of Spanish colonization.

The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English Empire demonstrated a superiority in smaller, more agile ships against much larger warships in the contest between the two powers. This resulted in a strengthening of the Protestant cause across Europe.

What was the stated exchange in the encomienda system between encomenderos and Native American villages under their control, and how did the intended exchange differ from reality?

The encomienda system created an extremely unbalanced social relationship between Spanish elites and Native Americans.The Native Americans labored intensely and remained impoverished, while the encomenderos profited. Intended to provide protection to the Native Americans villages, in exchange for the villages supplying the encomenderos with labor and and material goods. It created a predatory relationship, in which privileged Spanish officials furhter enriched themselves by exploiting the resources and labor of the Native American people.

Catalyst for age of exploration

The intellectual revolution known as the Renaissance sparked a discourse committed to controversial new ideas that challenged prevailing beliefs and the authority of rulers and the church. This "rebirth" in learning served as a catalyst for the ideas that would enable the Age of Exploration.

Identify how the Anasazi set itself apart from similar cultures in the region.

They refused to incorporate a rigid class structure.

True or False:By making desertion near impossible, Cortés was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity for returning to normal life.

True, Cortés burned fifteen of the sixteen ships in his fleet to send his subordinates the message that the only way to resume their normal way of life was through colonial conquest and plunder.

True or False: The Spanish explored most of the lands that became the American South and the southwestern region.

True, Spanish outposts and influence on the development of cultures in these regions can still be found today.

True or False: The technological and social advancements that developed at Cahokia around 1000 C.E. continued to influence neighboring societies long after its collapse, as former inhabitants spread the knowledge of such innovations across the American South and Midwest.

True, as the largest chiefdom in the region, Cahokia was an extremely sophisticated farming society with elaborate and far-flung trading networks, prompting its former residents to spread these unique practices to other areas of North America after dramatic climate changes led to the chiefdom's disappearance.

True or False: In his every encounter with native people, Christopher Columbus would ask if they had gold. These interactions demonstrate how vices such as greed, along with the new technologies and knowledge of the time, helped to fuel the Age of Exploration.

True,If the native people had gold, the Spaniards seized it. If they did not, the Europeans forced them to search for it. Greed, along with conquest, exploitation, oppression, racism, and slavery, helped fuel the Age of Exploration.