HLT 200 exam 2

what slogan did DuPont base their products and business practices on? What materials did they utilize for these products?

"better things for better living..." through chemistry, "nylon made from coal, air, and water, and could be fashioned into fibers as strong as steel...plastic wrap, vinyl and teflon used to coat valves and seals of many projects unranium enrichment equipment

what is the State Child Health Insurance Program?

(SCHIP) : program administered by the U.S. that provides matching funds to states for health insurance to families with children. Program was designed to cover uninsured children in families with incomes that are modes but too high to qualify for medicaid

what is medicare? why will it see such a large increase in future years?

- national social insurance program administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966 -uses about 30 private insurance programs in the United States -provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system -Medicare will see a large increase in future years due to sustained increases in health care costs, the aging population of the U.S., and the declining ratio of workers to beneficiaries

cost sharing

- occurs when patients pay for a portion of health care costs not covered by health insurance.. "out of pocket" payment varies among plans and also depends on whether or not the patient chooses to use a healthcare provider who is contracted with healthcare plan's network

what is an interaction analysis? how does it help us understand and control the impacts of environmental impact on health?

- the term interaction analysis implies that to understand and control the impacts of environmental exposures it is necessary to take into account the effect of two or more exposures

what are some of the programs being developed by the Affordable Care Act to improve the delivery of health services?

-Accountable Care Organizations: entity formed by health care providers (from primary care physicians and specialists to hospitals and post-acute care facilities- that agree to collectively take responsibility for the quality and total costs of care for a population of patients -comprehensive primary care initiative: a new way to deliver and pay for health care that is designed to improve access, coordination, and chronic disease management while engaging patients with their caregivers

what is medical malpractice? what are positive and negative sides to this part of the law?

-Medical malpractice: professional negligence by act or omission by a health care provider in which the treatment provided falls below the accepted standard of practice in the medical community and causes injury/death to the patient with most cases involving medical error -pros: help fight out of control health care costs, heart wrenching cases lead to excessively unfair verdicts, there is no limit on damages for lost wages and medical bills, doctors are starting to retire or walk out on the job in response to exploding malpractice insurance costs, doctors who want to provide free or discounted services are handcuffed by the insurance costs -cons: each malpractice case is different

what are the key changes being implemented as a result of the Affordable Care Act?

-benefits for women: providing insurance options, covering preventative services, & lowering costs -young adult coverage: coverage available to children up to age 26 - strengthening medicare: yearly wellness visit and many free preventive services for some seniors with Medicare - holding insurance companies accountable: insurers must justify any premium increase of 10% or more before rate takes effect

does C8 cause abnormal children? what other health issues arose? what actions did DuPont take?

-c8 cased abnormal birth defects in children. one worked developed asthma and crippling stomach pain. then he had diarrhea and woke up one day and had completely wet underpants from blood, scientists also linked it to leukemia and other diseases. to get more accurate understanding of c8s effect on humans, 3M began testing on monkeys

what systems are used to integrate healthcare delivery?

-comprehensive services across the continuum of care -patient focus -geographic coverage and rostering -standardized care delivery through inter-professional teams -performance management -information systems -organizational culture and leadership -physician integration -financial management

what is meant by quality of healthcare? structure, process, and outcome measures?

-degree to which policies, programs, services, and research for the population increase desired health outcomes and conditions in which the population can be healthy -quality assessment, improvement, control, and assurance -aimed to be population centered, equitable, proactive, health promoting, risk reducing, vigilant, transparent, effective, and efficient

what questions help assess the quality of health information presented on the internet?

-is the purpose of the site clear? -are the authors clearly identified and have health credentials? -does the site have information from reliable sources? -is it useful and easy to understand? -are there answers to your specific questions? -can you tell when it was written? -are there links to related sites for more info? -is your privacy protected?

what is medicaid? who is covered by medicaid?

-social health care program for families and individuals with low income and limited resources -largest source of funding for medical and health-related services for people with low income in the U.S. -eligibility is categorical: to enroll you must be a member of a category defined by statute including low income children below a certain age, pregnant women, parents of medicaid-eligible children who meet certain income requirements, and low income seniors -people with disabilities who do not have a work history and who receive supplemental security income

what are examples of how globalization impacts health?

-spread of disease within and across countries -global financing of health care -global trade and production -global information -global governance -global law

what is medical anthropology? how can it help us understand health? why is this an important approach?

A large sub-discipline, the anthropology of health and illness, which explores the social and cultural dimensions of health, illness, and medicine. it is concerned with studying patterns of human health, sickness, and death by considering both biological and cultural factors. it is important and helps us understand health because it is concerned with the experiences and practices of health, illness and healing in different social and cultural context

what chemical caused the damage to the environment and to people's health that is decribed in "Welcome to Beautiful Parkersburg VA?"

C8, perflurocatoanic acid was found in dry run creek from the plant. C8 is found in thousands of house hold products, including carpeting, teflon pans, waterproof clothes, dental floss, kitty litter, and cosmetics

what are the key features of modern hospitals?

Content Authenticity, Content Integrity, Location Independence, Single-instance Storage (SIS), Retention Enforcement, Data Protection, Fast Record Retrieval, Local Balancing, Scalability, Event Notification, Self-diagnosis and Repair, Audit Trials....

infant mortality rate

PHSM that estimates rate of death in the first year of life

life expectancy

PHSM that summarizes the impact of death in an entire population utilizing the probability of death of each age of life in a particular year in a population

how does culture impact our views of mental health?

Scheff argues that in some cultures there are no labels to describe unusual behaviors that make up rule breaking and are seen as deviant. as a result, these behaviors become labelled as mental illnesses. medical anthropologists demonstrate that there are no universal categories of mental illness across all cultures. those in one culture who are labelled as mentally ill may simply be seen in another culture as different

what is included in the measure of Health Adjusted Life Expectancy? (HALE)

The HALE measurement states with life expectancy and then incorporates measurements of quality of health. the key components are: -mobility -cognition -self care -pain -mood -sensory organ function

Affordable Care Act

U.S. federal statute signed into law by President Obama in March 2010

what is a food desert?

Urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy and affordable food

what is food security?

When all people at all times have a physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to meet diary needs and food preferences for a healthy lifestyle.

copayment

a fixed payment for a covered service, paid when an individual receives service...in the U.S. copays are defined in an insurance policy and paid by an insured person each time a medical service is accessed

health insurance exchanges

a key provision of the affordable care act, established to provide a selection of competing providers, each offering qualified plans...plans must meet standards set by the ACA...competition between providers will encourage providers to improve the quality and pricing of offered plans

what are lay beliefs? how can these help us understand cultural influences on health?

a lay belief is something that is believed by someone who isn't an expert in the field the belief is related to. people understand illness and disease in a variety of ways. culture affects our descriptions of health and illness, our attitudes and our health-seeking behavior and treatments we use. how people understand their health in cultural context also affects the choices they make and how they behave as a result

what is decision analysis? what questions go into this analysis?

a process that compares the outcomes of two or more interventions based on principles of expected utility. the following questions are used to better understand the information needed for decision making: -how likely? (what is the probability or chance that the particular outcome will occur?) -how important? (what is the value or importance we place on a good or bad outcome?) -how soon? (on average when will the particular outcome happen if it is going to happen?)

percentage

a rate, number, or amount in each hundred or any portion of a whole

deductible

a specified amount of money that the insured must pay before an insurance company will pay a claim

resilience

adapting to adversity

interaction analysis

approach to environmental health assessment that looks at the consequences of 2 or more exposures

ecological assessment

assessment of impact of an alteration of the physical environment on plants and animals

what factors affect how we perceive health information?

at least 3 types of effects can influence our perceptions: -dread effect: perception of an increase in probability of occurrence of an event due to its ease of being able to be visualized and its feared consequences -unfamiliarity effect: perception of increased probability of an event due to an individuals absence of prior experience with the event -uncontrollably effect: perception of increased probability of occurrence of an event due to the perceived inability of an individual to control or prevent the event from occurring

what types of degrees are available for people in the public health field?

bachelors, masters, and doctors of public health. there are also other master degrees that work with this field, such as someone interested in administration could get a masters of public admin. there also is a master of science in public health degree. engineering degrees could help maintain our water system, sewers, and landfills and much more. there ae also certificates and licenses

why is the presentation of raw health data not sufficient for communicating health information?

because having information is not enough. a key role and essential tool of public health is to effectively present information in ways that serve as a basis for understanding and decision making. issues of information presentation are increasingly important and complex

public health surveillance

collection of health data as basis for monitoring and understanding health problems, generating hypotheses about etiology, and evaluating the success of interventions

what is the definition of culture? how does culture influence our beliefs about health?

culture is understood as the collective beliefs, assumptions and values that are communicated between people within a society. culture is how we make sense of and understand the social world in which we live at a societal level coherent and organized patterns of interpretations of health and illness exist, which influence the perceptions and behavior of whole population

health literacy

degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

electronic medical records

digital version of a paper chart that contains all of patients medical history from one practice

out of pocket expenses

direct outlays of cash which may be later reimbursed

how did DuPont respond when confronted with the birth defects that workers reported from their pregnancies?

doctors insisted there was no connection...but eventually they did lab tests, once they saw the connection with c8 and defected rats, them removed women workers from any work station where they may be exposed

how are pharmaceutical companies affecting global health?

economic considerations are massively influential in developing new drugs. common diseases effecting lower income countries do not attract research funding because market forces determine levels of spending on 5% of money spent on medical research and development and is used for diseases that effect lower income countries. evidence shows that politics/economics plays a role in treatment

what were the findings from the 3M study of the effects of C8 on health? how did DuPont manage to downplay many of these issues?

even monkeys receiving the lowest dose suffered symptoms. including weight loss and liver swelling. one of 3 monkeys in the group fell into a catatonic stupor and died. to down play the situation, it phased out a close relative of c8 and told the public but nothing about c8, but the company slowly phased it out too

public health assessment

formal assessment that incorporates risk assessment but also includes data on actual exposure of a population to a hazard

covered service

health care service which a policy holder is entitled under the terms of a contract

how has human activity altered the environment? what impact has it had on health?

human activity has altered nearly every aspect of our physical environment. some have improved human health from water treatment, to waste management to mosquito and food control. but our increasing population has caused negative impacts such as global warming and deforestation

altered environment

impact of chemicals, radiation, and biological products that humans introduce to the environment

what is globalization?

increased social economic and political interconnectedness of the world

what are examples of global health inequalities?

it is shown that lower income countries tend to have a poor life expectancy. access to life-saving drugs in lower income countries has improved but is still a significant problem. women and children bear the brunt of global inequalities. within all societies death rates are typically highest among the poorest

what is health tourism? why might people choose to be health tourists?

it is when consumers of health care services access treatment in other countries in which they are not residents. there are many reasons for health tourism such as long waiting lists, high costs of elective treatments such as cosmetic surgery at home, and easy travel

stigma

mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

hazard

measure of inherent capability of a substance to produce harm

probability

measure of the chance that an event will occur

what factors from the physical environment are leading causes of death?

motor vehicle injuries and exposure to toxic substances are two important actual causes of death that are present in the largest known impact

unaltered environment

natural environment untouched by humans

dread effect

perception of an increase in the probability of occurrence of an event due to its ease of visibility and feared consequence

unfamiliarity effect

perception of increased probability of an event due to an individuals absence of prior experience with the event

uncontrollability effect

perception of increased probability of occurrence of an event due to the perceived inability of an individual to control or prevent the event from occurring

environment

physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism or group of them

built environment

physical environment constructed by human beings

risk assessment

process used to formally assess the potential for harm due to a hazard

medical malpractice

professional negligence by act or omission by a health care provider in which the treatment provided falls below the accepted standard of practice in the medical community and causes injury/death to the patient with most cases involving medical error

what is public health data and how is it collected? how is it used?

public health data is collected in a wide variety of ways. they are often referred to as public health surveillance. data from surveillance is collected, published, and distributed without identifying specific individuals. data from different sources is increasingly being combined to create integrated health data systems or databases. data can be used for a wide variety of reasons in public health and health care. one particular important use is the compilation of data to generate summary measurements of the health of a group or population

how can food production and agriculture impact health?

reduce the number of stages... If the stages in the food chain are reduced less energy is lost... Improve growth rate of crop

what is health literacy? why is it important to consider health literacy in the presentation of health information?

refers to the degree to which people have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. it is important to consider in presentations of health information because certain groups or populations process information at different levels

how does risk assessment address health threats in the environment?

risk assessment is a formal process that aims to measure the potential impact of known hazards. it aims to take into account not only the inherent danger, but also the quantity route, and timing of exposure

how does the working environment impact health?

safety on the job, stress, irregular shift patterns are detrimental to health (physically and mentally), financial pressure, health insurance...if you don't have a job socially it has a large impact and may cause future complications

ethnography

scientific description of customs of individual peoples and cultures

what aspects of the environment have an impact on health?

soil, water, atmosphere

what aspects of housing may impact health?

some issues may be overcrowding (passing of illnesses), damp and cold (could cause colds), poor quality (long exposure could lead to complications), and homelessness (could bring on mental health issues and obvious sanitation issues

what are different pathways that can lead to a career in a public health related field?

some people go to school, earn a master of public health or another degree, and immediately apply for a job that matches the focus. you could also get hired from internships, others use networks of people they meet. some simply answer an ad. for people interested in federal jobs, there are fellowships and training programs, you could also have a job that combines public health. there are also federal agencies

how were the health effects documented and tracked to establish a link between exposure to C8 and health? what community concerns needed to be addressed?

stats and dupont's lead toxicologist for c8 were systematically destroying documents about the chemical once dupont was supposed to pay for blood tests, they hired scientitist to cast doubt on negative findings on C8...the concerns were healthy drinking water, if chemicals got in food, blood, air pollution, etc

ethnomedicine

study or comparison of traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic groups, and especially by indigenous peoples (traditional medicine)

outbreak investigations

systematic approach epidemiologists used to conduct a field of investigation of an acute outbreak. this ensures that the investigation proceeds without missing important steps

what is teflon and what is it used for?

teflon is a coating used mainly in nonstick cookware

premium

the amount that must be paid for your health insurance or plan normally paid monthly, quarterly, or yearly

how are our lifestyle choices linked to culture?

the cultural context of behavior and belief are important for health. the same behaviors in different cultures may health outcomes, in different ways. depending on what you believe culture can be a negative influence in relation to health but also a positive influence

social inequalities

the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society

what role does public health play today? what kinds of health issues do public health workers address?

the field has expanded to include prevention of chronic diseases and cancer, control of conditions that are linked to disease and attention to mental health. public health workers also study disparities in levels of disease among different racial and ethnic groups. other topics include infant mortality, access to dental care, work safety, prevention of substance abuse, and more more

health-related quality of life

the functional effect of a medical condition and/or its consequent therapy upon a patient

how does migration impact health?

the increased movement of people around the globe has increased the spread of deadly epidemics. it has also resulted in the increased mobility of health professionals across borders

How is climate change impactig global health?

the most predictable changes are those associated with expanded territory for currently existing communica- ble disease. mosquito related illnesses may be on the rise. more frequent and intense heat waves may occur. this would result in young and old deaths...more natural diseases

how does globalization impact the climate and environment?

the movement of people across the planet contributes to climate change as a result of increased travel and pollution. the increased demand/use of energy sources and the consumption of products associated waste are examples of how globalization impacts the climate and environment

healthcare delivery system

the organization of people, institutions, and resources to deliver heath care services to meet the health needs of target populations

what are population health status measurements?

they are measurements that summarize the health of populations (phsm) examples are life expectancies, HALES, and DALYS

what are health communications?

they are methods for collecting, compiling, and presenting health information. it also addresses how we perceive information, combine information, and use information to make decisions

what is global governance?

this is the process by which rules and frameworks are developed in order to tackle global problems. it is implemented by a number of different and diverse organizations including governments, global governance has been defined and the collective forms of governance from the sub-national to global level which addresses health issues with global dimensions

cap

to place a limit or restriction on

portability

transferability of a worker's benefits from one pension fund to another when the worker changes jobs

single payer health care system

universal health care system where a "single payer" fund rather than private insurers, pays for health care costs. the "single payer" part refers to funding, not delivery. can have a private healthcare delivery system, a public delivery system, or a mix of the two. can be controlled by an agency, but is typically organized and overseen by the govt.