PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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Light-independent reactions

during this reaction, ATP and NADPH molecules are produced and are used to produce high-energy sugars from CO2. It does not require light.

What determines how plant pigments are seperated in paper chromotography

how soluble they are

What would happen if plants are only exposed to green light

if exposed to only green light photosynthesis would increase or stop

Photosynthesis

is the process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugars) and oxygen. 6CO2+6H2O--Light→ 6O2 + C6H12O6 Glucose [__Reactant__] [_______Products________]

Pigments are

light absorbing protein molecules

3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

light intensity, water, temperature

Hetertophs

obtain their organic material from other organisms. They depend on phtoautrophs for food and O2

autotrophs

organisms that make their own food

Heterotrophs

organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things

2. Why is photosynthesis perhaps the most important biochemical process? Defend your answer.

photosynthesis makes it possible for living things to breathe because it removes CO2 from the air. We would not be able to survive without it because the plants convert the CO2 into the oxygen we rely on. It makes it so plants can make food without using other resources; it uses the sun to make its food instead of taking from the Earth.

pigments

plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules

Autotrophs

produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials

Where is the Stroma located

region outside the thylakoid membranes

What is a thylakoid

saclike photosynthetic membrane in the chloroplast

Thylakoids

saclike photosynthetic membranes. It is where that Light-dependent reaction happens.

Energy

the ability to do work o Living things need energy to survive o The sun is the primary source of energy o Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, and electricity.

stroma

the fluid portion of the chloroplast and outside of teh thylakoids

Stroma

the liquid portion in a chloroplast

photosynthesis

the process by which autotrophs use the energy from sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates - sugar and starches- that can be used as food

electron carrier

this is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.

chlorophyll

this is the plant's primary pigment

Light-dependent reactions

this reaction uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into electron carriers ATP and NADPH

Which of the following describes the purpose of photosynthesis

to convert solar energy to chemical energy in a sugar molecule

do plants carry out cellular respiration

yes

1. What are the 3 components of an ATP molecule?

- Adenine - Ribose (5-carbon sugar) - 3 phosphate groups

Sequence of energy transfer in the steps of cellular respiration

-Food -Get glucose out of food -Store the energy bit by bit in an ellectron carrier -Finally the energy goes through the electron transport chain to ATP

Describe how photosynthesis happens overall.

-The chlorophyll captures the light energy. The roots of the plants absorb the water. The leaves capture the CO2. -The LDR captures the solar energy to make ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of this reaction when the LDR breaks the water molecules. -The CO2 and water are combined together to produce glucose -- this is powered by the energy from the ADP and NADPH (this is also known as the Calvin Cycle).

2. Be able to list and describe all of the parts of a chloroplast.

-Thylakoid: saclike photosynthetic membranes. It is where that Light-dependent reaction happens. -Grana: Stacks of thylakoids. -Stroma: The liquid portion of the chloroplast.

4. Describe in detail what occurs during the Light Dependent Reaction

1. Light hits photosystem II and charges an electron 2. The electron goes onto the ETC (electron transport chain) 3. The water molecule breaks to replenish the electrons that are lost to the ETC. 4. As the electron moves through the ETC, -electron carriers absorb some of the electron's energy -electron carriers use this energy to pull H+ ions from outside the thylakoid membrane to the inside. -This causes the inside to become more positive and the outside more negative (imbalance of H+). 5. The electron reaches Photosystem I -The electron is slightly depleted of energy. -Light hits Photosystem I which recharges the electron. 6. The energized electron exits the ETC. -NADP+ uses the energy from this electron to bond to a H+ ion -NADP+ H+ ----> NADPH = Battery #1 7. Due to the increasing imbalance caused by the inbound H+ ions... -H+ ions exit to the outside of the membrane through ATP synthase -This movement causes the ATP synthase to spin -Spinning motion provides ADP the energy it needs to pick up a third phosphate. -ADP + P ----> ATP = Battery #2

How do the light-dependent reactions go about making ATP and NADPH? Describe the story in detail.

1. Light hits photosystem II and charges an electron 2. The electron goes onto the ETC (electron transport chain) 3. The water molecule breaks to replenish the electrons that are lost to the ETC. 4. As the electron moves through the ETC, -electron carriers absorb some of the electron's energy -electron carriers use this energy to pull H+ ions from outside the thylakoid membrane to the inside. -This causes the inside to become more positive and the outside more negative (imbalance of H+). 5. The electron reaches Photosystem I -The electron is slightly depleted of energy. -Light hits Photosystem I which recharges the electron. 6. The energized electron exits the ETC. -NADP+ uses the energy from this electron to bond to a H+ ion -NADP+ H+ ----> NADPH = Battery #1 7. Due to the increasing imbalance caused by the inbound H+ ions... -H+ ions exit to the outside of the membrane through ATP synthase -This movement causes the ATP synthase to spin -Spinning motion provides ADP the energy it needs to pick up a third phosphate. -ADP + P ----> ATP = Battery #2

How does the Calvin cycle use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose?

6 CO2 molecules combine with 6 5-carbon molecules, the result is twelve 3-carbon molecules, which are then converted into higher-energy forms. The 12 charged ATP molecules are used and decharged into ADPs. The 12 NADPHs are decharged into NADP+. Two of the 12 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle. The molecules are used to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds.

The process of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Equation for photosynthesis (symbols)

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Reactants and products of cellular respiration (SYMBOLS)

6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

A singular stack of thylakoid is known as

A granum

ATP synthase

A protein in the thylakoid space. It allows H+ to pass through the membrane. The H+ spin the synthase, which causes an ADP and a phosphate group together to make ATP

Adenosine Diphosphate

ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells. It has two phosphate groups instead of three.

4. What is the purpose of ATP and what role does it play in cellular activities?

ATP stores energy in a way that cells can use it to do work.

2. What does the abbreviation ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

Light-Independent reactions

Also known as the Calvin Cycle, its when ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars.

6. Be able to list the various factors that may affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Amount of sunlight Amount of Water Amount of CO2 Amount of Oxygen and Nutrients Temperature

3. Be able to explain the difference between an ADP and an ATP molecule.

An ATP molecule has 3 phosphate groups and an ADP molecule only has 2. ADP is the

1. Be able to define and describe an atom. (What are the 3 parts?)

An atom is the basic unit of matter. They are indestructible. The consist of: -Protons: positive charge -Neutrons: no charge (neutral) -Electrons: negative charge

ATP Synthase

An enzyme and a channel protein that produces ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP

Calvin Cycle

Another name for the light-independent reactions

Which stage is cellular respiration involved in

At the end of the electron transport train (Last phase of cellular respiration)

2. Describe the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs.

Autotrophs are Organisms that can capture energy from sunlight/chemicals and use that energy to produce food. Heterotrophs are Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply.

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a pigment in plant cells that capture sunlight.

Why do plants appear green

Chlorophyll pigments reflect green because it absorbs every other wave length.

What is energy and how does it relate to work? Based on that, why do living things need energy?

Energy is the ability to do work. All living things need energy to survive. Energy is needed to metabolize, reproduce, develop, move, perform functions.

What are the three phases of cellular respiration and where do they occur

Glycolysis- occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Krebs Cycle - Occurs in the mitochondria Electron Transport Chain - Occurs in the mitochondria

Stacks of thylakoids are known as

Grana

When does fermentation in humans occur

Humans will use fermentation as ATP when there is no oxygen available

Chloroplast

In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain: o Thylakoids o Grana o Stroma

Where is the site of photosynthesis

In the chloroplast

Where is the Chloroplast

In the cytoplasm

Where do light independent (A.K.A the calvin cycle) reactions occur?

In the stroma

NADPH

It is the reduced form of NADP+

What products would a heterotrophic unicellular eukaryote living in a dark anaerobic environment produce?

It would produce ATP, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol

What is fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid

What is a photosystem

Light collecting units of the chloroplast

What metabolic pathway is responsible for the oxygens from plants formation

Light dependent reactions; NADP carries the light to the dark reactions

How could you measure the rate of photosynthesis in a plant?

Measure the amount of carbon dioxide being absorbed or the amount of oxygen being produced

What organelle does respiration occur in

Mitochondria

What is the electron acceptor in the light dependent reaction

NADP

NADP+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate which is used as an electron carrier.

Heterotrophs

Organisms such as animals that must obtain energy from the food they consume

Autotrophs

Organisms such as plants which make their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Where does fermentation occur in humans

Our muscles

what gas do plants produce

Oxygen

Reactants and products of cellular respiration (WORDS)

Oxygen + Glucose --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Carbon Dioxide + Water (light) --> Sugar + Oxygen

Photosynthesis (in word form)

Why might photosynthesis be the most important biochemical process in the world? Give evidence to support your answer.

Photosynthesis cleans the air by removing the CO2 from the atmosphere. Photosynthesis makes it possible for living things to breathe because it produces oxygen. Photosynthesis breaks a water molecule and releases oxygen as a byproduct of the Light-dependent reaction. Plants are producers, so photosynthesis makes it possible for them to produce their own food, which makes it possible for us to have food since we eat them and we eat other organisms that eat them.

1. Where does photosynthesis occur? (...in which organelle?)

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast

Where and how can glucose molecules produced by green plants be stored?

Plants store glucose as starch in their roots

Function of a photosystem

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters

In which kingdom would you find members that are photosynthetic?

Protest Kingdom (algae, seaweed)

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids

What is made first from the solar energy in leaves

Sugar

5. What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle and why is it important?

The Calvin cycle is the process that uses energy from the LDR to convert CO2 into sugar. It is important because glucose is used by the plant as an energy source.

Calvin Cycle

The Calvin cycle occurs in the Stroma. It converts CO2 into glucose (sugar)

3. Explain how photosynthesis works overall (i.e. how do the LDR and Calvin cycle work together).

The LDR converts the sunlight into the energy that the plant can use, and then the Calvin cycle uses that energy to convert CO2 and H2O to glucose.

where does the CO2 used by plants during photosynthesis come from

The atmosphere around them

Which cycle occurs in the stroma

The calvin cycle

Adenosine Triphosphate

The energy currency of our cells. • 3 parts o adenine o Ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) o 3 phosphate groups

Define what is meant by chemical potential energy. How does the chemical potential energy of ATP compare to that of ADP? Why is this important?

The energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms. It is used to hold molecules together. ATP: there is a tremendous amount of chemical potential energy stored in the terminal phosphate bond. ADP: the terminal phosphate bond is broken in ADP, so the energy is no longer potential, it is kinetic. It is important because it is two different types of energy.

Light-dependent reaction

The light-dependent reactions, or photoreduction, is the first stage of photosynthesis, the process by which plants capture and store energy from sunlight. In this process, light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH.

1. Be able to explain how plants get the energy they need to produce food (where does this energy come from?).

The plants get energy from the sun. Their leaves absorb CO2, their roots absorb water, and the chlorophyll takes in the sunlight.

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

The process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen; to convert solar energy into chemical energy

1. Be able to define photosynthesis and write out the balanced equation.

The process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugars) and oxygen. 6CO2+6H2O--Light→ 6O2 + C6H12O6 Glucose [__Reactant__] [_______Products________]

Grana

These hold stacks of thylakoids in the chlorophyll.

Light-dependent reactions

These reactions require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments.

NADPH

This electron carrier accepts 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion. This conversion form this carrier to something new. What is the new item?

electron transport chain

This is a series of electron carriers that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP- generating reactions

NADP+

This is an electron transport carrier.

ATP

This is one of the most important compound that the cell uses to store and release energy. Otherwise known as adenosine triphosphate, it consists of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), adenine, and a three phosphate group.

Where is a photosystem located

Thylakoid

Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

Thylakoid membranes

Photosystems

Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as these ______

What is oxygens role in cellular respiration

To help create ATP

ATP

When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of ti by adding phosphate groups to ADP molecules, producing this.

Function of a Thylakoid

Where the LIGHT reactions occur where; the PHOTOsystem exists

Chlorophyll

a green pigment that is the primary pigment in photosynthesis

Functions of a Chloroplast

captures energy from sunlight to convert into chemical energy

Equation for photosynthesis (words)

carbon dioxide + water+ --> sugars + oxygen

thylakoids

chloroplasts contain an abundance of saclike photosythentic membranes called these.


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