PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-independent reactions
during this reaction, ATP and NADPH molecules are produced and are used to produce high-energy sugars from CO2. It does not require light.
What determines how plant pigments are seperated in paper chromotography
how soluble they are
What would happen if plants are only exposed to green light
if exposed to only green light photosynthesis would increase or stop
Photosynthesis
is the process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugars) and oxygen. 6CO2+6H2O--Light→ 6O2 + C6H12O6 Glucose [__Reactant__] [_______Products________]
Pigments are
light absorbing protein molecules
3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity, water, temperature
Hetertophs
obtain their organic material from other organisms. They depend on phtoautrophs for food and O2
autotrophs
organisms that make their own food
Heterotrophs
organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things
2. Why is photosynthesis perhaps the most important biochemical process? Defend your answer.
photosynthesis makes it possible for living things to breathe because it removes CO2 from the air. We would not be able to survive without it because the plants convert the CO2 into the oxygen we rely on. It makes it so plants can make food without using other resources; it uses the sun to make its food instead of taking from the Earth.
pigments
plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules
Autotrophs
produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials
Where is the Stroma located
region outside the thylakoid membranes
What is a thylakoid
saclike photosynthetic membrane in the chloroplast
Thylakoids
saclike photosynthetic membranes. It is where that Light-dependent reaction happens.
Energy
the ability to do work o Living things need energy to survive o The sun is the primary source of energy o Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, and electricity.
stroma
the fluid portion of the chloroplast and outside of teh thylakoids
Stroma
the liquid portion in a chloroplast
photosynthesis
the process by which autotrophs use the energy from sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates - sugar and starches- that can be used as food
electron carrier
this is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.
chlorophyll
this is the plant's primary pigment
Light-dependent reactions
this reaction uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into electron carriers ATP and NADPH
Which of the following describes the purpose of photosynthesis
to convert solar energy to chemical energy in a sugar molecule
do plants carry out cellular respiration
yes
1. What are the 3 components of an ATP molecule?
- Adenine - Ribose (5-carbon sugar) - 3 phosphate groups
Sequence of energy transfer in the steps of cellular respiration
-Food -Get glucose out of food -Store the energy bit by bit in an ellectron carrier -Finally the energy goes through the electron transport chain to ATP
Describe how photosynthesis happens overall.
-The chlorophyll captures the light energy. The roots of the plants absorb the water. The leaves capture the CO2. -The LDR captures the solar energy to make ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of this reaction when the LDR breaks the water molecules. -The CO2 and water are combined together to produce glucose -- this is powered by the energy from the ADP and NADPH (this is also known as the Calvin Cycle).
2. Be able to list and describe all of the parts of a chloroplast.
-Thylakoid: saclike photosynthetic membranes. It is where that Light-dependent reaction happens. -Grana: Stacks of thylakoids. -Stroma: The liquid portion of the chloroplast.
4. Describe in detail what occurs during the Light Dependent Reaction
1. Light hits photosystem II and charges an electron 2. The electron goes onto the ETC (electron transport chain) 3. The water molecule breaks to replenish the electrons that are lost to the ETC. 4. As the electron moves through the ETC, -electron carriers absorb some of the electron's energy -electron carriers use this energy to pull H+ ions from outside the thylakoid membrane to the inside. -This causes the inside to become more positive and the outside more negative (imbalance of H+). 5. The electron reaches Photosystem I -The electron is slightly depleted of energy. -Light hits Photosystem I which recharges the electron. 6. The energized electron exits the ETC. -NADP+ uses the energy from this electron to bond to a H+ ion -NADP+ H+ ----> NADPH = Battery #1 7. Due to the increasing imbalance caused by the inbound H+ ions... -H+ ions exit to the outside of the membrane through ATP synthase -This movement causes the ATP synthase to spin -Spinning motion provides ADP the energy it needs to pick up a third phosphate. -ADP + P ----> ATP = Battery #2
How do the light-dependent reactions go about making ATP and NADPH? Describe the story in detail.
1. Light hits photosystem II and charges an electron 2. The electron goes onto the ETC (electron transport chain) 3. The water molecule breaks to replenish the electrons that are lost to the ETC. 4. As the electron moves through the ETC, -electron carriers absorb some of the electron's energy -electron carriers use this energy to pull H+ ions from outside the thylakoid membrane to the inside. -This causes the inside to become more positive and the outside more negative (imbalance of H+). 5. The electron reaches Photosystem I -The electron is slightly depleted of energy. -Light hits Photosystem I which recharges the electron. 6. The energized electron exits the ETC. -NADP+ uses the energy from this electron to bond to a H+ ion -NADP+ H+ ----> NADPH = Battery #1 7. Due to the increasing imbalance caused by the inbound H+ ions... -H+ ions exit to the outside of the membrane through ATP synthase -This movement causes the ATP synthase to spin -Spinning motion provides ADP the energy it needs to pick up a third phosphate. -ADP + P ----> ATP = Battery #2
How does the Calvin cycle use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose?
6 CO2 molecules combine with 6 5-carbon molecules, the result is twelve 3-carbon molecules, which are then converted into higher-energy forms. The 12 charged ATP molecules are used and decharged into ADPs. The 12 NADPHs are decharged into NADP+. Two of the 12 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle. The molecules are used to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds.
The process of photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Equation for photosynthesis (symbols)
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants and products of cellular respiration (SYMBOLS)
6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
A singular stack of thylakoid is known as
A granum
ATP synthase
A protein in the thylakoid space. It allows H+ to pass through the membrane. The H+ spin the synthase, which causes an ADP and a phosphate group together to make ATP
Adenosine Diphosphate
ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells. It has two phosphate groups instead of three.
4. What is the purpose of ATP and what role does it play in cellular activities?
ATP stores energy in a way that cells can use it to do work.
2. What does the abbreviation ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Light-Independent reactions
Also known as the Calvin Cycle, its when ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars.
6. Be able to list the various factors that may affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Amount of sunlight Amount of Water Amount of CO2 Amount of Oxygen and Nutrients Temperature
3. Be able to explain the difference between an ADP and an ATP molecule.
An ATP molecule has 3 phosphate groups and an ADP molecule only has 2. ADP is the
1. Be able to define and describe an atom. (What are the 3 parts?)
An atom is the basic unit of matter. They are indestructible. The consist of: -Protons: positive charge -Neutrons: no charge (neutral) -Electrons: negative charge
ATP Synthase
An enzyme and a channel protein that produces ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP
Calvin Cycle
Another name for the light-independent reactions
Which stage is cellular respiration involved in
At the end of the electron transport train (Last phase of cellular respiration)
2. Describe the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs.
Autotrophs are Organisms that can capture energy from sunlight/chemicals and use that energy to produce food. Heterotrophs are Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a pigment in plant cells that capture sunlight.
Why do plants appear green
Chlorophyll pigments reflect green because it absorbs every other wave length.
What is energy and how does it relate to work? Based on that, why do living things need energy?
Energy is the ability to do work. All living things need energy to survive. Energy is needed to metabolize, reproduce, develop, move, perform functions.
What are the three phases of cellular respiration and where do they occur
Glycolysis- occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Krebs Cycle - Occurs in the mitochondria Electron Transport Chain - Occurs in the mitochondria
Stacks of thylakoids are known as
Grana
When does fermentation in humans occur
Humans will use fermentation as ATP when there is no oxygen available
Chloroplast
In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain: o Thylakoids o Grana o Stroma
Where is the site of photosynthesis
In the chloroplast
Where is the Chloroplast
In the cytoplasm
Where do light independent (A.K.A the calvin cycle) reactions occur?
In the stroma
NADPH
It is the reduced form of NADP+
What products would a heterotrophic unicellular eukaryote living in a dark anaerobic environment produce?
It would produce ATP, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol
What is fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid
What is a photosystem
Light collecting units of the chloroplast
What metabolic pathway is responsible for the oxygens from plants formation
Light dependent reactions; NADP carries the light to the dark reactions
How could you measure the rate of photosynthesis in a plant?
Measure the amount of carbon dioxide being absorbed or the amount of oxygen being produced
What organelle does respiration occur in
Mitochondria
What is the electron acceptor in the light dependent reaction
NADP
NADP+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate which is used as an electron carrier.
Heterotrophs
Organisms such as animals that must obtain energy from the food they consume
Autotrophs
Organisms such as plants which make their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Where does fermentation occur in humans
Our muscles
what gas do plants produce
Oxygen
Reactants and products of cellular respiration (WORDS)
Oxygen + Glucose --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Carbon Dioxide + Water (light) --> Sugar + Oxygen
Photosynthesis (in word form)
Why might photosynthesis be the most important biochemical process in the world? Give evidence to support your answer.
Photosynthesis cleans the air by removing the CO2 from the atmosphere. Photosynthesis makes it possible for living things to breathe because it produces oxygen. Photosynthesis breaks a water molecule and releases oxygen as a byproduct of the Light-dependent reaction. Plants are producers, so photosynthesis makes it possible for them to produce their own food, which makes it possible for us to have food since we eat them and we eat other organisms that eat them.
1. Where does photosynthesis occur? (...in which organelle?)
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast
Where and how can glucose molecules produced by green plants be stored?
Plants store glucose as starch in their roots
Function of a photosystem
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters
In which kingdom would you find members that are photosynthetic?
Protest Kingdom (algae, seaweed)
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
What is made first from the solar energy in leaves
Sugar
5. What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle and why is it important?
The Calvin cycle is the process that uses energy from the LDR to convert CO2 into sugar. It is important because glucose is used by the plant as an energy source.
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin cycle occurs in the Stroma. It converts CO2 into glucose (sugar)
3. Explain how photosynthesis works overall (i.e. how do the LDR and Calvin cycle work together).
The LDR converts the sunlight into the energy that the plant can use, and then the Calvin cycle uses that energy to convert CO2 and H2O to glucose.
where does the CO2 used by plants during photosynthesis come from
The atmosphere around them
Which cycle occurs in the stroma
The calvin cycle
Adenosine Triphosphate
The energy currency of our cells. • 3 parts o adenine o Ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) o 3 phosphate groups
Define what is meant by chemical potential energy. How does the chemical potential energy of ATP compare to that of ADP? Why is this important?
The energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms. It is used to hold molecules together. ATP: there is a tremendous amount of chemical potential energy stored in the terminal phosphate bond. ADP: the terminal phosphate bond is broken in ADP, so the energy is no longer potential, it is kinetic. It is important because it is two different types of energy.
Light-dependent reaction
The light-dependent reactions, or photoreduction, is the first stage of photosynthesis, the process by which plants capture and store energy from sunlight. In this process, light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH.
1. Be able to explain how plants get the energy they need to produce food (where does this energy come from?).
The plants get energy from the sun. Their leaves absorb CO2, their roots absorb water, and the chlorophyll takes in the sunlight.
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
The process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen; to convert solar energy into chemical energy
1. Be able to define photosynthesis and write out the balanced equation.
The process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugars) and oxygen. 6CO2+6H2O--Light→ 6O2 + C6H12O6 Glucose [__Reactant__] [_______Products________]
Grana
These hold stacks of thylakoids in the chlorophyll.
Light-dependent reactions
These reactions require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments.
NADPH
This electron carrier accepts 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion. This conversion form this carrier to something new. What is the new item?
electron transport chain
This is a series of electron carriers that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP- generating reactions
NADP+
This is an electron transport carrier.
ATP
This is one of the most important compound that the cell uses to store and release energy. Otherwise known as adenosine triphosphate, it consists of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), adenine, and a three phosphate group.
Where is a photosystem located
Thylakoid
Where do the light dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid membranes
Photosystems
Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as these ______
What is oxygens role in cellular respiration
To help create ATP
ATP
When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of ti by adding phosphate groups to ADP molecules, producing this.
Function of a Thylakoid
Where the LIGHT reactions occur where; the PHOTOsystem exists
Chlorophyll
a green pigment that is the primary pigment in photosynthesis
Functions of a Chloroplast
captures energy from sunlight to convert into chemical energy
Equation for photosynthesis (words)
carbon dioxide + water+ --> sugars + oxygen
thylakoids
chloroplasts contain an abundance of saclike photosythentic membranes called these.
