HLTH 3030 Final

The Health Belief Model asks:

"Is this susceptibility serious?" "Do the benefits in taking action overcome the costs in money and effort?" "Do I perceive I am susceptible?"

"Cigarettes are cool" is an example of which construct?

Attitudes

In the social ecological model, how are the societal levels related?

Each one influences and is influenced by all the other levels.

This group of people represents the largest population. When they begin to adopt an innovation, it becomes mainstream.

Early Majority

Tionna avoids tanning because she fears skin cancer. This is an example of which construct?

Emotional arousal

A social action process through which people gain mastery over their lives and their communities

Empowerment

Attitudes are favorable judgments about a given behavior only.

False

Attitudes refer only to favorable judgments about a given behavior.

False

Central constructs of the Social Cognitive Theory include perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.

False

The fact the model is called "Stages of Change" implies that the there are steps that must be completed in a sequence of pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (and occasionally termination) for it to work effectively.

False

The most important role of communities in health promotion is to serve as a setting for intervention.

False

The physical environment influences behavior but not individual health.

False

When we refer to public policy in relation to the social ecological model, we are referring to:

Federal policy State regulations Policy enforcement

Mary believes she has total control over what happens to her. She believes that her experiences are a result of her choices and behaviors. This is an example of which construct?

Internal locus of control

Which level of the Socio-Ecological Model emphasizes family, friends, peers, and social support as important sources of influence in health-related behaviors?

Interpersonal Level

Identifying immediate, specific, and realizable targets for change that unify and build community strength

Issue Selection

Which of the following are recognized as important influences on a person's health?

The physical environment The policy environment The social environment

How do the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action differ?

The theory of planned behavior adds the perception of control to the theory of reasoned action

Which best describes the purpose of the Socio-Ecological Model?

To take into account the physical environment and its relationship to people at individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels

Intention is the strongest predictor of behavior when the behavior is to be engaged in within a relatively short period of time.

True

It is not uncommon for people to cycle back and forth between the stages of change

True

Perceived susceptibility in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior is the result of individual belief in risk to a specific health issue.

True

Positive reinforcement supports continuation of new, healthy behaviors, more so than negative reinforcements.

True

Relationships can influence health behavior.

True

SCT is useful for very specific health behaviors (e.g., exercise behavior) versus broadly defined behaviors (e.g., avoiding heart disease).

True

There are no better expertise about a specific community than the expertise from within the community itself and the diverse groups within the community.

True

Two key concepts of the Socio-Ecological Model help to identify intervention points for improving and promoting health; first, behavior affects and is affected by multiple levels of influence, and second, individual behavior both shapes and is shaped by the social environment.

True

An example of the process of "Countering Conditioning" is which of the following?

Use low fat substitutes instead of regular condiments

Which is a good example of a "helping relationship" for an individual trying to loose weight?

Weight Watchers

Which of the following best describes the "Community Level" of the Socio-Ecological Model?

Work with community citizens, leaders, groups, agencies, and organizations to form partnerships

The ecological approach to understanding factors influencing a particular health problem can be described as:

an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others.

In TRA/TPB, the overall feeling of liking or disliking toward any given behavior is:

attitude toward the behavior

The construct of perceived seriousness in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior cannot be changed unless the health issue is fatal.

false

All are reasons for rejection of an innovation except

lack of motivation

What is NOT under one's volitional control?

making a team

Making someone aware of an issue is most important during which stage of the stages of change model?

pre-contemplation

According to the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change), an individual is not ready for behavior change if he/she is in the ______________ stage.

precontemplation

The usual order for the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) of behavioral change is:

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination

Which of the following is the best definition of the term self-efficacy?

the need to understand why people were not accessing free screenings.

Which of the following is a community?

A county A university NC Health educators A neighborhood

A person's judgment of whether the expected outcome is good or bad is an part of which construct of the TRA/TPB?

Attitude

The intrapersonal level consists of which of the following?

Attitudes, beliefs, and values

Value expectancy theories assume that individuals value their health.

Behavioral Intention Attitude toward behavior Subjective Norms

"Most smokers get lung cancer" is an example of which component of a particular construct?

Behavioral beliefs

Which is the correct definition for Perceived Benefits?

Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness.

The innovation-decision process includes all of the following except?

Communication

Characteristics of a community that affect its ability to identify, mobilize around, and address problems

Community Capacity

Which level of the Socio-Ecological Model emphasizes the importance of establishing social networks within the community to coordinate efforts for sustained behavior change?

Community Level

Which of the following concepts/descriptors are associated with the Socio-Ecological Model? (select ALL correct answers - it is possible that more than one of the answers is correct)

Community Level Individual Level Interpersonal Level Community Level Individual Level Interpersonal Level

Raising awareness of an issue may help people move from pre-contemplation to contemplation. This is an example of which process of change?

Consciousness raising

Jane thinks it will be easy to get a ride to the mammogram screening facility (even thought her car is not working). This is an example of which component of a construct in the TRA/TPB?

Control belief

A good strategy for a patient trying to quit smoking, is using a toothpick instead of smoking a cigarette. This is an example of which process of change?

Counter conditioning

Public policy influences health by:

Creating disincentives for unhealthy behavior

Getting community members together to discuss the root causes of downtown weekend violence is a method of increasing which of the following?

Critical Consciousness

Awareness of social, political, and economic forces that contribute to social problems

Critical consciousness

Choose a good change strategy for a smoker who is experiencing relapse.

Develop cues and reminders to assist the smoker in their quitting efforts

If you have a patient who is experiencing negative health consequences due to being overweight, helping them talk about their weight problem and their plans for change can move them from preparation to action. This is an example of which process of change?

Dramatic relief

A grandfather realizing that smoking around his grandson is problematic for his grandson's asthma, is an example of which process of change?

Environmental reevaluation

Rosa views an early diagnosis of breast cancer as positive, because she believes it would increase her chance of a cure, explaining why she chooses to have an annual mammogram. This is an example of which construct?

Expectancies

The values we place on the expected outcomes of a particular behavior is which construct?

Expectancies

Shelia avoids having mammograms because she worries that the mammogram will show cancer. This is an example of which construct?

Expectation

Jamal uses a condom because he expects to be protected from sexually transmitted infections and fatherhood. This is an example of which construct?

Expectations

"If I smoked, I would not develop a habit" is an example of which component of a particular construct?

Expected outcomes

Joe believes he has no control over what happens to him. He believes that everything that happens to him are the result of fate, destiny, or luck. This is an example of which construct?

External locus of control

The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1980s by a group of U.S. Public Health Service social psychologists who wanted to explain why so few people were participating in programs to prevent and detect disease.

False

The Socio-Ecological Model focuses primarily on the intrapersonal factors that help or hinder individuals to engage in healthy behaviors

False

The Socio-Ecological Model focuses primarily on the intrapersonal factors that help or hinder individuals to engage in healthy behaviors.

False

Which of the following is NOT an example of a historical experience that used a community organization model approach?

Healthy People 2020

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an example which process of change?

Helping relationships

Which of the following is not associated with community mobilization efforts?

It involves collective action by groups and community members to exert strong pressure in their respective community in favor or against preventive behaviors, such as HIV testing.

Media Advocacy is an essential tactic in community organizing. Which of the following is a true statement about media advocacy?

It seeks to balance news coverage by framing issues to emphasize social, economic, and political, rather than personal and behavioral influences on health.

A client who previously smoked cigarettes for ten years and now has been smoke free for six months with the help of medications may be considered to be in which stage?

Maintenance

A helpful strategy for Type 2 Diabetics is to have someone demonstrate how to check blood glucose. This is an example of which construct?

Observational learning

Which of the following is a key and unique construct of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)?

Observational learning (modeling)

In the Social Cognitive Theory, anticipation of the probable outcomes that would ensue because of engaging in the behavior under discussion is known as:

Outcome expectations

Engagement of community members as equal partners; reflects the principle, Never do for others what they can do for themselves

Participation

According to the HBM, if a person believes the condition has serious consequences, this is considered which of the following construct?

Perceived Severity

Reciprocal determinism in the Social Cognitive theory alludes to triadic reciprocity between:

Personal factors, behavioral factors, and environmental factors

According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following demonstrates a cue to action?

Placing an article in the local paper about influenza vaccination.

The physical environment affects health through which of the following mechanisms?

Posing physical threats to individuals Exposing individuals to toxic substances Serving as a medium for transmitting water and airborne infectious diseases

A wife has consulted a health educator for advice on how to get her husband to exercise more. She says that her husband does not see any problem with being a "couch potato" and that he does not see any relationship between exercise and heart health. According to the transtheoretical model, the health educator might conclude that the woman's husband is in which stage of the TTM?

Precontemplation

Meredith is in her 40s, and has avoided aerobic exercise for most of her adult life. Although her family has expressed concern and her doctor has told her that lack of aerobic exercise is bad for her heart, she does not see her lack of activity as a problem and ignores her family and doctor. According to the TTM, Meredith is at which stage of the model?

Precontemplation

A person who attends a smoking cessation program because he/she is very interested in learning how to quit is considered to be in which stage of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Theory)?

Preparation

In the Transtheoretical Model, an individual who is intending to take action in the immediate future is in what stage?

Preparation

Which of the following is an application of the concept "cues to action"?

Provide how-to-information, promote awareness, reminders.

Which of the following are potential change strategies for Self-Efficacy?

Provide training and guidance in performing action.

All are constructs of Diffusion of Innovation except?

Relative advantage

Community organizing that starts where the people are

Relevance

The term used to describe when someone believes that his or her efforts can make a difference in changing a behavior is

Self-efficacy

Jane has dieted throughout her entire life, yet has not been successful. Helping Jane learn how to set small, attainable goals, and plan a course of action, can help her to form beliefs about her ability to successfully lose weight. This is an example of which construct?

Self-regulation

Social Cognitive Theory evolved from which theory/model?

Social Learning Theory

The American Cancer Society supports, and promotes, advocacy efforts to initiate smoke-free communities across the country by banning smoking in public places, and raising taxes on cigarettes, as methods of reducing harm caused by tobacco. This approach of regulating behaviors, to positively influence health, is an example of which level in the Socio-Ecological Model?

Societal Level/Public Policy

Which of the following ARE examples of a historical experience that used a community organization model approach?

The Civil Rights Movement The Labor Movement Anti-Abortion Movement MADD (Mother Against Drunk Driving)

A social system can be individuals, an informal or formal group of people, or organizations that are interrelated and engaged in solving a joint problem to accomplish a goal.

True

A unique feature of TRA/TPB is that it states that behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior.

True

According to the Health Belief Model, benefits have to outweigh barriers in order for behavior to change.

True

Communicating through mass-media and one-on-one conversations are both examples of communication channels.

True

Community Organization Models emphasize community-driven approaches to assessing and solving health and social problems.

True

The Healthy Eating for 2 program aims to teach expecting mothers about specific nutritional needs during pregnancy, how to read food labels, use a food tracker system to plan and track meals, and prepare healthy meals to eat a healthy, balanced diet. This is an example of behavioral capability.

True

The Socio-Ecological Model focuses attention on the individual, interpersonal, and community levels of influence, and the institutional, community, and public policy factors as targets of intervention.

True

The TRA/TPB states that in order for people to make a change in their health behavior, they must have an intention to do so, a positive attitude about the behavior, and a view that their social network will be supportive?

True

The construct of perceived benefits in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior change is influenced by the extent of expected positive results from the new behavior.

True

The extent of personal belief of susceptibility to a disease and the seriousness of it, reflects the construct of perceived threat.

True

The idea that someone can learn by watching what someone else does is a part of the Social Cognitive Theory.

True

Choose the key issues associated with community mobilization.

Working with the community to select the right issue to address. Defining the community. Assessing and working with the community's capacity for mobilizing. Understanding the community agenda. Working with the community to select the right issue to address. Defining the community.

In what stage of the stages of change model do individuals make a commitment to change?

action

Health Belief Model suggests that:

actions on part of the individual could prevent threat or eliminate illness, individuals believe in health, emphasizes the role of perceptions of vulnerability to an illness.

The ecological approach to understanding factors influencing a particular health problem can be described as

an understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and others.

The Theory of Planned Behavior assumes the best predictor of a behavior is

behavioral intention

All are reasons for rejection of an innovation

cost conflict with values and beliefs lack of skill

Which of the following is something you would do if you were using the Theory of Planned Behavior to reduce tobacco smoking among college students at ECU?

determine the social norms associated with smoking among the target population.

Which of the following is considered a cue to action to stop smoking?

encouragement from a family member to stop smoking, reading a pamphlet about the most effective ways to quit smoking, watching a commercial of someone who has successfully quit.

Whether a person thinks the expected outcome is good or likely to be rewarded is referred to as:

expectancies

For a client at the Precontemplation stage of change, the health educator would most likely attempt to:

increase the clients perception of problems with current behavior

The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from:

individual beliefs and perceptions.

"How likely are you to stop smoking in the next 30 days" is an example of which construct?

intention

During which stage of the stages of change model is relapse suppose to be carefully monitored?

maintenance

Which is an example of an effective strategy for increasing someone's behavioral capability.

offer healthy cooking classes and provide nutrition education.

"I can quit smoking if I try" is an example of which construct?

perceived behavioral control

In TRA/TPB, perception about how easy or difficult it is for performing the behavior in each condition identified in control beliefs is known as:

perceived behavioral control

The major concepts of the Health Belief Model include all, EXCEPT:

perceived interaction.

Someone believing that he/she can get an STI is an example of which HBM key concept:

perceived susceptibility.

Someone who is researching different types of smoking cessation aids (i.e., nicotine gum, nicotine patches, etc.) is in which stage of the stages of change model?

preparation

Which of the following demonstrates content on a flyer geared toward increasing the flu immunization rates of older adults, using the Health Belief Model construct of perceived susceptibility?

preventive services, such as screenings and immunizations.

Which of the following is a strategy that could be used to reduce the barriers often associated with having a mammogram.

provide free or low cost mammograms to community members.

An increase in the use of reusable water bottle after installation of easy to use filtered water bottle refilling stations around campus is an example of...

reciprocal determinism

"My wife's opinions are important to me" is an example of which construct?

subjective norms

In TRA/TPB, the belief that most of the significant others in a person's life think that he/she should or should not perform the behavior is known as:

subjective norms

According to the Social Cognitive Theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence the adoption of a new behavior involve which of the following?

the behavior, the person, and the environment

The construct of perceived barriers refers to:

the things a person sees as impediments to change.

A behavior under ________________ is one in which the person is able to decide, at will, to engage in or not.

volitional control

What IS under one's volitional control

whether you eat breakfast