Honors Study Sheet Ch 3 & 4

How many kilocalories (kcal) can the top carnivore in Figure 3-4 diagram I store?

10 kilocalories (kcal)

For a given set of data, the range is the difference between highest & lowest points. The average annual temperature range, in degrees C, for Lillehammer is approximately

24.5 degrees celsuis

Generally, only about 10 percent of the energy at one trophic level is converted to biomass at the next energy level. If there were producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers & tertiary consumers, how many kcal are available to secondary consumers?

5,500kcal primary producer, 550kcal primary consumer, 55kcal secondary consumer, 5.5kcal tertiary consumer

Describe the type and quality of energy available in the open ocean at depths of 6000 meters and 100 meters.

6000 meters the energy is from chemosynthesis and at 100 meters the energy is from photosynthesis

Jorge is exploring the ocean. In what kind of vehicle is he MOST LIKELY to pass from the photic zone into the aphotic zone?

A submarine dive from the surface into deep ocean water

Salt water is an abundant resource but unusable for irrigation and drinking. As demands on freshwater sources increase, the use of desalination processes to remove salt from ocean water is increasing. A concern of desalinating water is the large amounts of recovered salts that are returned to the ocean. Which of the following describes the most likely impact of desalination on the surrounding ocean environment?

Alteration in ocean salt levels would cause loss of species and unbalanced populations in marine food webs.

Describes the flow of energy through a food chain.

Energy flows from primary producers to consumers. It flows through only one direction.

How does water transfer when it evaporates from the ocean?

From the hydrosphere to the atmosphere

What is the relationship between the greenhouse effect and sunlight?

Greenhouse gases absorb heat, and sunlight is the source of energy of the heat.

How might a large omnivore change the flow of energy in Diagram II?

Less energy would be available to each level above the producers

A developer proposes to drain an estuary, and then use the land to build an ocean-side hotel, houses, and parking lots. Which would be the most likely effect of the new development on the local ecosystem?

Loss of spawning and nursery grounds for many fish and shellfish

Daniel is studying feeding relationships in a neighborhood pond. He observes several organisms that feed on one another, and he organizes them into a food chain model shown below. Daniel's observations and the food chain model tell us what about pond organisms?

Matter cycles and energy flows through pond organisms from primary producers to a series of consumers.

Why can't the producers in some ecosystems make an unlimited supply of organic material?

One of more nutrients are in short supply

Explain the roles of photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon cycle.

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and respiration returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

What is NOT true about the open ocean?

The open ocean begins at the low-tide mark and extends to the end of the continental shelf

What can you conclude about the producers in the ecosystem based on the two pyramids shown above?

The producers in the ecosystem are probably very large organisms

The diagram shows a model feeding relationship in an ecosystem. What is shown by the arrows that lead to and from the raccoon?

The raccoon is part of one food web and several overlapping food chains.

Manuel and three other students are studying the effects of various factors on the growth of plants in a garden. Manuel is asked to investigate the effects of abiotic factors that involve the geosphere. The other three students are investigating effects that involve the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Which factor would be entirely Manuel's responsibility to investigate?

The sizes of rocks mixed into the garden soil.

In Figure 3-4, would the snake obtain a greater percentage of the sun's energy if it ate a frog or if it ate a grasshopper? Explain your answer.

The snake would obtain more energy by eating the grasshopper because the snake is a first-level consumer, and the grasshopper is a primary producer.

Figure 3-8 shows a food web arranged into trophic levels. How many energy-transferring steps away from the sun is the wolf? How do you know?

The wolf is 3 to 4 steps away from the sun. You can tell because there are two or three (shrew) arrows between it and a producer that relies on the sun.

What can you conclude about the ecosystem from the pyramid of numbers shown?

There are more first level-consumers than producers

In which way are plants in a sunny mountain meadow and sulfur bacteria in a deep-sea volcanic vent alike?

They both produce carbohydrates and oxygen

What is a factor that makes estuaries unique?

They have a lot of biomass but not a large variety of species.

Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and methane. How do greenhouse gases act to increase air temperatures near Earth's surface?

They trap heat that is radiated from the surface

What is happening to water at D in Figure 3-3?

Water is seeping into the ground to become groundwater

How are the populations of the organisms in the graph above different when grown together?

When grown together, P. Aurelia proposers, but P. caudatum dies out.

Most ocean food chains depend on phytoplankton as primary producers. Where in the ocean do phytoplankton live?

Within about 200 meters of the ocean surface because phytoplankton require light to survive.

If a lake receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, what would happen first?

algal bloom occurs

Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by...

bacteria

Which type of graph would be BEST suited to showing the precipitation data from the table?

bar graph

Carbon cycles through the biosphere in which processes?

burning of fossil fuels, decomposition of plants and animals, and photosynthesis

A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect. Based on its behavior, what pair of ecological terms describes the bird?

carnivore and consumer

Which aquatic ecosystem is likely to be the warmest?

coastal ocean

What goes in Box 5 of the food web in Figure 3-2?

decomposer

What are the bacteria and fungi that recycle nutrients in an ecosystem?

decomposers

Animals get the most of the nitrogen they need by...

eating other organisms

Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism's life processes, and the rest is...

eliminated as heat

The photic zone extends...

extends to a depth of about 200 meters

Estuaries are commercially important because

fish species that people buy and sell live in estuaries.

Phosphorus is very important for living things because living organisms need phosphorus to...

form DNA to RNA

Rabbits are members of a community in a meadow. The rabbits eat grasses, clover, as well as roots, seeds, and tree bark. What describes the organisms that share the same trophic level as the rabbits?

meadow animals that eat plants and plant products

Corn planted in a field that has been previously planted with legumes and then plowed under is likely to be...

more productive because bacteria living on the roots of legumes fix nitrogen in the soil

What is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?

number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem

The algae at the beginning of the food chain in Figure 3-1 are

producers

A biome's climate can be described by a graph of its average monthly temperature and average monthly precipitation. Which of the following best describes the climate information shown in the graph below?

seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation: hot temperatures all year long

During a long period when there is no rainfall, a mountain lion may temporarily leave its usual hunting territory to drink from a farm pond. This behavior is due to...

the change in an abiotic factor in its environment

What would happen if the population of the bird species shown in the ecosystem in Figure 4-1 were to suddenly decrease?

the fish population would increase

Which population in Figure 3-8 above would be the most directly affected if the farmer in the area decided not to plant carrots? Explain your answer.

the rabbit and mouse population since carrots are part of their diet

Which color in the diagram above shows the Temperate Forest Biome?

yellow