Hormones of the Human Reproductive System
Fetal villi
structur on the inside of the fetus- analogous to alveoli in the lungs
Follicle
immature egg- formed in the ovary
Spermatogonia
male diploid cells in the gonad
First trimester
First 3 months of pregnancy -Placenta formed (nutrient, gas and waste exchange) -Placenta produces progesterone and estradiol -Differentiation of tissues: endo/ecto/mesoderm -Formation of organ systems
Physiological changes: Menstrual cycle days 0-7
During these days of the menstrual cycle the following changes occur: -Uterus sheds lining -FSH releae causes follicle to develop -Follicule produces estradiol and small amounts of progesterone
Physiological changes: Menstrual cycle days 8-14
During these days of the menstrual cycle the following physiological changes occur: -Growing follicle produces more estradiol -Increase in the uterine lining (proliferation of uterine cells) -Positive feedback on LH secretion causes an LH surge after peak estradiol which triggers ovulation
Bodily response to decreased enzyme sensitivity to testosterone in males
Effect: person is XY, phenotype is female during development but becomes male at puberty.
Estradiol exerts ___ feedback on LH and FSH at low levels, but ____ feedback at high levels
Estradiol exerts negative feedback at ____ levels but positive feedback at ____ high levels
XX
Female chromosomes
Third trimester
Final three months of pregnancy -Accelerated brain and lung growth
What causes both male and female genetalia?
Having SRY gene on the X chromosone causes:
HCG (Human chorionic gondotropin)
Hormone produced during pregnancy
GnRH
Hormone released from the hypotalamus -Initiates puperty
Oxytocin
Hormone that stimulates the smooth muscles in the uterine wall to begin labor -Runs on positive feedback
Second step in brain development
Language and spatial reasoning develop (ages 6-12)
XY
Male chromosomes
Ovum
Mature egg cell
Second trimester
Months 4-6 of a pregnancy -Growth of organ systems, maturation of fetus
Second step in the development of sperm
Primary spermatocyte (2n) undergoes meiosis to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)
When corpus luteum degrades what hormone is decreased?
Progesterone decreases if what degrades?
First step in brain development
Sensory and motor parts develop
SRY
Sex determination region on the Y chromosome -initiates differentiation of testes -production of testosterone
Gonad
Sex organ
Final step in the development of sperm
Spermaticls develop into 8 mature sperm (n)
First step in the development of sperm
Spermatogonium (2n) undergoes mitosis and differentiation to form the primary spermatocyte (2n)
Klinefelters syndrome
Syndrome: -XXY -1/1,000 males -Male genitalia, some female phenotype -Sterile
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Syndrome: person is XY, phenotype: vagina, undescended testes, cannot respond to testosterone
The cells within the primordial gonads are bi-potential during the first ___ days
The cells within the ____ ____ are bi-potential during the first 100 days
Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome:
The following are symptoms of what fetal malformation? -Facial deformations -Retardation -Hyperactivity
Physiological changes: Menstrual cycle days 15-21
The following physiological changes take place during what days of the menstrual cycle: -The corpus leteum secretes progesterone and small amounts of estrogen (influenced by LH) -Increase in progesterone decrease FSH and LH -Further develops uterine lining -Increase blood supply to the uterus -Prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized embryo
Oogenesis
The formation of eggs
Spermatogenesis
The formation of sperm
Gametogenesis
The mitotic cell divisions, meiotic cell divisions, and developmental events that result in the production of mature gametes
First step in the development of eggs
The oogonium (2n) undergoes mitosis and differentiation to form the primary oocyte
Final step in the development of eggs
The ootid matures into a mature egg cell (ovum) (n)
Second step in the development of eggs
The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body (n)
Third step in the development of eggs
The secondary oocyte and polar body (n) undergo meiosis to form an ootid (n) and 3 polar bodies (n)
Luteal Phase:
The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The corpus luteum secretes progestrone and estrogen during this time period, which typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers ovulation, however in the absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to degenerate.
Third step in the development of sperm
The two secondary spermatocytes (n) undergo meiosis to form 8 spermaticls (n)
Length of the menstrual cycle:
This cycle is approximately 28 days
FSH concentration:
This hormon is high in concentration during the follicular phase and low during the luteal phase
Concentration of progesterone:
This hormone is lowest during the follicular phase and surges during the luteal phase:
Length of the follicular cycle:
This phase is 1-14 days long
Length of the luteal phase:
This phase is 15-28 days long
Pthaletes
Toxin found in medical tubing, soft toys and flooring -linked to adverse effects on male reproductive system development -Pre-natal exposure linked to male cognitive development
BPA (bisphenal)
Toxin found in plastic -Linked to diabetes, cancers, early puberty and obesity
Atrazine
Toxin used in herbicide -linked to abnormal sex development in frogs
Estradiol is high during this phase:
What hormone is at its highest during the follicular phase?
LH is constant except during:
What hormone remains constant except when it surges prior to ovulation?
What is released from the pituitary gland when GnRH is released from the hypothalamus?
What hypothalamus hormone stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland?
During what two times does the developing brain undergo a growth spurt?
What occurs at these times? -Before birth till 18 months of age -Just prior to the onset of puberty
Last to develop in the brain
When do the frontal lobes develop?
Progesterone exerts only ___ feedback on LH and FSH
XX negative
Implantation
Zygote fuses with uterus
menstrual cycle
cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
Corpus luteum
endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo
Fertilization
process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
Proliferation
rapid growth; spread; multiplication
Ovulation
release of mature egg, release of the ovum from the ovary
Endoderm
the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
Mesoderm
the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue
Ectoderm
the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue
Parturition
the process of giving birth
Menstruation
the shedding of the uterine lining