Hormones of the Human Reproductive System

Fetal villi

structur on the inside of the fetus- analogous to alveoli in the lungs

Follicle

immature egg- formed in the ovary

Spermatogonia

male diploid cells in the gonad

First trimester

First 3 months of pregnancy -Placenta formed (nutrient, gas and waste exchange) -Placenta produces progesterone and estradiol -Differentiation of tissues: endo/ecto/mesoderm -Formation of organ systems

Physiological changes: Menstrual cycle days 0-7

During these days of the menstrual cycle the following changes occur: -Uterus sheds lining -FSH releae causes follicle to develop -Follicule produces estradiol and small amounts of progesterone

Physiological changes: Menstrual cycle days 8-14

During these days of the menstrual cycle the following physiological changes occur: -Growing follicle produces more estradiol -Increase in the uterine lining (proliferation of uterine cells) -Positive feedback on LH secretion causes an LH surge after peak estradiol which triggers ovulation

Bodily response to decreased enzyme sensitivity to testosterone in males

Effect: person is XY, phenotype is female during development but becomes male at puberty.

Estradiol exerts ___ feedback on LH and FSH at low levels, but ____ feedback at high levels

Estradiol exerts negative feedback at ____ levels but positive feedback at ____ high levels

XX

Female chromosomes

Third trimester

Final three months of pregnancy -Accelerated brain and lung growth

What causes both male and female genetalia?

Having SRY gene on the X chromosone causes:

HCG (Human chorionic gondotropin)

Hormone produced during pregnancy

GnRH

Hormone released from the hypotalamus -Initiates puperty

Oxytocin

Hormone that stimulates the smooth muscles in the uterine wall to begin labor -Runs on positive feedback

Second step in brain development

Language and spatial reasoning develop (ages 6-12)

XY

Male chromosomes

Ovum

Mature egg cell

Second trimester

Months 4-6 of a pregnancy -Growth of organ systems, maturation of fetus

Second step in the development of sperm

Primary spermatocyte (2n) undergoes meiosis to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)

When corpus luteum degrades what hormone is decreased?

Progesterone decreases if what degrades?

First step in brain development

Sensory and motor parts develop

SRY

Sex determination region on the Y chromosome -initiates differentiation of testes -production of testosterone

Gonad

Sex organ

Final step in the development of sperm

Spermaticls develop into 8 mature sperm (n)

First step in the development of sperm

Spermatogonium (2n) undergoes mitosis and differentiation to form the primary spermatocyte (2n)

Klinefelters syndrome

Syndrome: -XXY -1/1,000 males -Male genitalia, some female phenotype -Sterile

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Syndrome: person is XY, phenotype: vagina, undescended testes, cannot respond to testosterone

The cells within the primordial gonads are bi-potential during the first ___ days

The cells within the ____ ____ are bi-potential during the first 100 days

Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome:

The following are symptoms of what fetal malformation? -Facial deformations -Retardation -Hyperactivity

Physiological changes: Menstrual cycle days 15-21

The following physiological changes take place during what days of the menstrual cycle: -The corpus leteum secretes progesterone and small amounts of estrogen (influenced by LH) -Increase in progesterone decrease FSH and LH -Further develops uterine lining -Increase blood supply to the uterus -Prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized embryo

Oogenesis

The formation of eggs

Spermatogenesis

The formation of sperm

Gametogenesis

The mitotic cell divisions, meiotic cell divisions, and developmental events that result in the production of mature gametes

First step in the development of eggs

The oogonium (2n) undergoes mitosis and differentiation to form the primary oocyte

Final step in the development of eggs

The ootid matures into a mature egg cell (ovum) (n)

Second step in the development of eggs

The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body (n)

Third step in the development of eggs

The secondary oocyte and polar body (n) undergo meiosis to form an ootid (n) and 3 polar bodies (n)

Luteal Phase:

The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The corpus luteum secretes progestrone and estrogen during this time period, which typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers ovulation, however in the absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to degenerate.

Third step in the development of sperm

The two secondary spermatocytes (n) undergo meiosis to form 8 spermaticls (n)

Length of the menstrual cycle:

This cycle is approximately 28 days

FSH concentration:

This hormon is high in concentration during the follicular phase and low during the luteal phase

Concentration of progesterone:

This hormone is lowest during the follicular phase and surges during the luteal phase:

Length of the follicular cycle:

This phase is 1-14 days long

Length of the luteal phase:

This phase is 15-28 days long

Pthaletes

Toxin found in medical tubing, soft toys and flooring -linked to adverse effects on male reproductive system development -Pre-natal exposure linked to male cognitive development

BPA (bisphenal)

Toxin found in plastic -Linked to diabetes, cancers, early puberty and obesity

Atrazine

Toxin used in herbicide -linked to abnormal sex development in frogs

Estradiol is high during this phase:

What hormone is at its highest during the follicular phase?

LH is constant except during:

What hormone remains constant except when it surges prior to ovulation?

What is released from the pituitary gland when GnRH is released from the hypothalamus?

What hypothalamus hormone stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland?

During what two times does the developing brain undergo a growth spurt?

What occurs at these times? -Before birth till 18 months of age -Just prior to the onset of puberty

Last to develop in the brain

When do the frontal lobes develop?

Progesterone exerts only ___ feedback on LH and FSH

XX negative

Implantation

Zygote fuses with uterus

menstrual cycle

cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg

Corpus luteum

endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo

Fertilization

process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Proliferation

rapid growth; spread; multiplication

Ovulation

release of mature egg, release of the ovum from the ovary

Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

Mesoderm

the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue

Ectoderm

the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue

Parturition

the process of giving birth

Menstruation

the shedding of the uterine lining