HOSA Bowl 2017-2018

strabismus

"cross eyed"; a condition in which a person cannot align both eyes simultaneously under normal conditions

unami

"fifth taste"; detects meaty or savory sensations

taenia solium

"pork tapeworm"; contracted by eating inadequately cooked pork

sudoriferous glands

"sweat glands"; coiled tubes that extend through the dermis and open on the surface of the skin at pores

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

"Father of Microbiology"- discovered bacteria and other microscopic organisms

René Laennec

"Father of Pulmonary Diseases"- French physician who invented the stethoscope in 1816

no

Are most incidental motions debatable?

no

Are the cranial nerves a part of the central nervous system?

name of HOSA

Article 1 of HOSA bylaws states

purpose of HOSA

Article 2 of HOSA bylaws states

membership composition

Article 3 of HOSA bylaws regards

officers

Article 4 of HOSA bylaws regards

meetings

Article 5 of the HOSA bylaws regards

Jeff Koeninger

Assistant Director

Jan Mould and Carie Staub

Assistant Directors of Competitive Events

Nancy Allen

Associate Director

pain, suffering

-algia

pregnancy

-cyesis

pregnancy

-gravida

inflammation

-itis

tissue death

-necrosis

lack of, deficiency

-penia

surgical fixation

-pexy

rupture

-rrhexis

to crush

-tripsy

underweight

10-15% under recommended weight

overweight

10-20% over ideal body weight

reading and approval of minutes

1st order of business

papillary, reticular

2 layers of dermis

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

2 parts of integumentary system

obesity

20% over ideal body weight

reports of officers, boards, and standing committees

2nd order (item of business)

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

3 layers of the uterus (innermost to outermost)

offer, acceptance, consideration

3 parts of a contract

spastic, athetoid, atactic

3 types of cerebral palsy

cardiac, smooth (visceral), skeletal

3 types of muscle

reports of special committees

3rd order (item of business)

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

4 senses that taste buds allow people to detect

main motion, subsidiary motion, privileged motion, incidental motion

4 types of motions

connective, epithelial, neural, muscular

4 types of tissue

special orders

4th order (item of business)

unfinished business and general orders

5th order (item of business)

new business

6th order (item of business)

tuberculosis

A Mantoux screening tests for what disease?

bylaws

Besides the corporate charter, what is the highest body of rules in a society?

Teen use of Social Media Should be Limited

Biomedical Debate Topic 2017-2018

liver cancer

A liver transplant is an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than what?

aortic valve

A loud murmur heard at the base of the heart which radiates to the sternal notch and the carotid arteries is most likely produced by which valve?

regional anesthesia

A nerve block is also known as what?

incidental

A request to be excused from a duty is what type of motion?

xenograft

A surgical graft of tissue taken from a donor of one species and grafted into a recipient of a different species is what type of transplant?

Parkinson's disease

A thalamotomy is primarily performed to quiet the tremors of which disease?

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AIDS

200

About how many quarts of blood are processed every day by the kidneys?

100,000

About how many times per day does the heart contract?

(acute) myocardial infarction

Acute S-T segment elevation on an electrocardiogram is likely to indicate with disease/condition?

potassium

Addison's disease causes an increase level of what mineral in the blood?

January 1

Affiliation fees for Fall semester students must be received by National HOSA on or before __________ of the membership year

second

Blistering is a key sign of which degree of burn?

portal vein

Blood flows into the liver from organs in the gastrointestinal tract via the _____

cardiac contusion, aortic dissection

Blunt force injury to the chest is likely to cause which two injuries/events?

autoimmune

Although the exact cause is unknown, myasthenia gravis is thought to be what type of disease?

Jason Huff

Alumni Director-at-Large

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

An Rh incompatibility between a pregnant woman and the fetus can cause what disorder to develop?

inflammation

An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicates the presence of what in the body?

vitamin D

Calciferol is more commonly known as what?

faint

An individual suffering from orthostatic hypotension is likely to do what upon standing up?

opportunistic

Candidiasis, Kaposi's Sarcoma, and Pneumocystis jiroveci are examples of what type of infection?

Susan Readnower

Central Region Local Advisor

Dana Stringer

Central Region State Advisor

Joey Greenstein (Michigan)

Central Region Vice President

closing the eyelid

An injury to the orbicular oculi muscle causes problems doing what?

37

An neonate is considered premature if it is born before what week of gestation?

superficial femoral vein

An ultrasonographer finds a deep venous thrombosis in the leg of a patient. Which vein is most likely to be clotted?

John Hunter

English surgeon who established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding in 1778

Cushing's Syndrome

Excess use of injectable corticosteroids can cause what disease to develop?

Jim Koeninger

Executive Director

Parkinson's disease

Fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait are all symptoms of what progressive condition?

biceps

Flexion of the elbow primarily involves contraction of which muscles?

Ambroise Paré

French surgeon known as the Father of Modern Surgery

Alcmaeon

Greek biochemist who identified the brain as the physiological site of the senses in the 6th century BC

deontological ethics

Greek theory of ethics; judges morality based on rules, duties, and obligations

teleological ethics

Greek theory of ethics; rightness of an act is determined by its end

human immunodeficiency virus

HIV

Health Maintenance Organization

HMO

10% parliamentary procedure, 15% HOSA related, 75% health related

HOSA Bowl guidelines

Janet Villareal

HOSA Chair-Elect

Brock Rops

HOSA Immediate Past Chairman

NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness)

HOSA National Service Project 2017-2018

Jason Huff

HOSA Secretary

www.HOSA.org

HOSA URL

2/3

HOSA bylaws can be amended by what percentage of votes at ILC?

Peg Enslen

HOSA chairman

navy blue, medical white, maroon

HOSA colors

The hands of HOSA mold the health of tomorrow

HOSA motto

1-800-321-HOSA

HOSA phone number

Health Science and HOSA: A Healthy Partnership

HOSA slogan

HOSA E-MAGAZINE

HOSA's magazine published twice a year

uterine cancer

HPV (human papillomavirus) is the most common cause of what type of cancer in women?

Joanne Clovis

HSE Supervisor/Teacher Educator Representative

Thomas Pryor

Health Care Industry Representative

105F (40.6C)

Heat stroke occurs when the internal body temperature rises to what value?

shingles

Herpes zoster is better known as what?

serotonin

High levels of which neurotransmitter are often associated with serenity and optimism?

helminths

Hookworms, ascariasis, trichinella spiralis, enterobiasis, and taenia solium are all examples of what?

streptococci

Cocci that occur in chains are called what?

yes

Does the privileged motion to adjourn require a second?

vasopressor

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine can all be used as a ______

trisomy 21

Down Syndrome

Charmane Freeman-Greene

Eastern Region Local Advisor

Peg Enslen

Eastern Region State Advisor

Olivia Datta (Georgia)

Eastern Region Vice President

Bell's Palsy

Effacement of the nasolabial fold is found in what disease?

2, 30

The AHA recommends that ____ separate blood pressure readings be taken and averaged, with a minimum wait of _____ seconds between readings

5

The AHA recommends that patients sit quietly for at least how many minutes before blood pressure is taken?

13-17

The Board of Directors is composed of how many members?

aortic arch

The brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian vein all arise from which structure?

9th

In what century were medical universities created?

Arlington, TX

In what city was the Constitutional Convention that HOSA was officially organized at held?

hertz, decibels

In what two ways is sound measured?

executive session

In what type of session are the proceedings kept secret?

1983

In what year was HIV identified?

1920

In what year was the Band-Aid invented?

chemical digestion

In which phase of digestion do enzymes break down food into particles cells can absorb?

no

Is calling a meeting to order a part of the order of business?

Vitruvian man

Leonardo da Vinci's famous anatomical man drawing is called what?

10

Medical care should be obtained if more than what percentage of a CHILD'S body is burned?

15

Medical care should be obtained if more than what percentage of an ADULT'S body is burned?

small intestine

Most nutrients are absorbed where?

1 year

National President term length

trichromatic

People who have any ability to see all three primary colors of light (normal color vision) are said to have what type of vision?

dichromatic

People who only have two types of cones which are able to perceive color (total absence of function of one cone type) are said to have what type of vision?

LeAna Truong (Oregon)

Postsecondary/Collegiate Board Representative

Irfan Khan (Florida)

Postsecondary/Collegiate Vice President

Sarah Fleischman (Florida)

President Elect of HOSA

90

Proposed amendments must be submitted in writing at least _____ days before the National HOSA Conference

Preventing Teen Dating Violence

Public Health Topic 2017-2018

Prediabetes (Stopping a Runaway Train)

Public Service Announcement Topic 2017-2018

2

How many acetabula are present on the pelvic girdle?

100-174.9

How many approved hours for Bronze level of BJSA?

250 (or more)

How many approved hours for Gold level of BJSA?

175-249.9

How many approved hours for Silver level of BJSA?

206

How many bones does the average adult have?

126

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

80

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

8

How many bones make up the cranium?

20

How many deciduous teeth do humans have?

4 (HOSA Poster, Extemporaneous Speaking, Informative Speaking, and Job Interview)

How many events were implemented during the First Annual Leadership Conference?

14

How many facial bones are there?

1

How many gavel taps to adjourn a meeting?

2

How many gavel taps to call a meeting to order?

3

How many gavel taps to make the assembly stand?

42

How many lifetime members are there?

2

How many lobes does the left lung have?

3

How many lobes does the right lung have?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae?

17

How many members are currently on the HOSA Board of Directors?

3

How many members represent state HOSA?

5

How many nasal bones?

12

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

3

How many pairs of salivary glands are there?

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

2

How many phalanges are in the hallux (great toe)?

56

How many phalanges in the human body?

4

How many pulmonary veins?

3

How many sets of tonsils are present in the back of the mouth?

1000

How many students are needed to affiliate a chapter?

32

How many teeth do grown adults have?

7

How many times is "I believe" stated in the HOSA Creed?

4

How many ventricles are in the brain?

26

How many vertebrae compose the spinal column?

9 (calories/gram)

How much energy does fat store?

Ignaz Semmelweis

Hungarian physician known as the "savior of mothers" and "father of infection control"; emphasized importance of handwashing

95F (35C)

Hypothermia occurs when the rectal temperature is below what temperature?

gram positive

If organisms retain the purple color of the gentian violet or crystal violet stain, they are said to be what?

gram negative

If organisms retain the red color of the saffron solution, they are said to be what?

raise a point of order

If the chair makes a mistake in assigning the floor, what should a member do?

the motion is lost

If there is a tie vote on a main motion, what happens to the main motion?

as needed

If you are taking a PRN medication, when are you taking it?

bubonic plague

In the 1300s, a major epidemic of what disease killed almost 75% of the population of Europe and Asia

African Americans

In the United States, the incidence of hypertension is highest among which ethnic group?

first

Redness (erythemia) is a key sign of which degree of burn?

Ancient Chinese

Religious prohibitions again dissection limited the knowledge of body structure of which ancient group?

vitamin A

Retinol is more commonly known as what?

severe acute respiratory syndrome

SARS

James Lind

Scottish physician who conducted one of the first ever clinical trials; developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy

Alexander Fleming

Scottish physician who discovered penicillin in 1928

Arjun Keshava (North Carolina)

Secondary Board Representative

African Americans

Sickle cell anemia occurs almost exclusively among what race?

Christiaan Barnard

South African cardiac surgeon who performed the first human-to-human heart transplant in December 1967

streptococcus pyogenes

Strep A, or flesh-eating strep, that causes necrotizing fasciitis that destroys tissues and can result in amputation or death

secondary motions

Subsidiary, privileged, and incidental motions are all considered what?

allograft

Tissue that is surgically transplanted from one person to another (not genetically identical) person is what type of transplant?

isograft

Tissue transplanted between genetically identical twins is what type of transplant?

autograft

Tissue transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual is what type of transplant?

2/3

To limit or extend limits of debate (reduce time for debate)a requires what proportion of votes?

vitamin E

Tocopherol is more commonly known as what?

true

True or false: the brain has no nerves that sense its own pain

England, 1967

The first hospice was founded in what country and in what year?

portal vein

The gastric veins, the inferior mesenteric vein, and the splenic vein all supply blood to which vein?

grasping

The intrinsic muscles of the hands perform what action?

2

The kidneys produce approximately how many quarts of urine per day?

chewing

The masseter muscles are involved in what?

majority

The motion to amend requires what vote?

5

The sacrum is composed of how many bones that are fused together?

alkaline

The small intestine requires what type of conditions?

myelin

The speed of transmission of nervous impulses in axons is increased by _____

right atrium

The superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus all feed blood into which heart chamber?

axons and dendrites

The white matter of the brain is composed of what?

nephrosclerosis

kidney disorder in which involves the hardening of the walls of the arterioles of the kidney; typically caused by hypertension

renal calculus

kidney stone

nephrolithiasis

kidney stone (n)

rhazes

known as the "Arab Hippocrates"; developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles in 910 AD and began the use of animal gut for suture matieral

Florence Nightingale

known as the founder of modern nursing; began the professional education of nurses

ataxia

lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movement

afebrile

lacking fever

abdomen

lapar/o-

foramen magnum

large opening in the base of the skull that the spinal cord and other critical soft tissues pass through; passage between the cranial vault and the base of the skull

ecchymosis

large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin

aorta

largest artery in the body

spleen

largest lymphatic organ

scoliosis

lateral deviation of the spine

reticular

layer of dermis with collagen and elastic fibers

stratum granulosum

layer of epidermis that contains large quantities of keratin

visceral pleura

layer of serous membrane attached to the surface of lungs

parietal pleura

layer of serous membrane of the lungs attached to the chest wall

muscularis

layer of the digestive tract that contracts and relaxes to propel food forward

epidermis

layer of the skin that protects against chemical and mechanical injuries

diabetic retinopathy

leading cause of blindness

epiglottis

leaf-life piece of cartilage that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing; preventing food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract

dyslexia

learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly

first degree (superficial)

least severe type of burn that involves only the epidermis and typically heals in 5-6 days without permanent scarring; redness, mild swelling, and pain may occur

lymphocytes

leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells; work together with the body's organs to defend the body against antigens

bronze, silver, gold

levels of Barbara James Service Award

cystic fibrosis

life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus; this results in damage to the lungs, poor growth, and nutritional deficiencies

$150

lifetime membership fee

endocardium

lines the heart's chambers, covers the vessels, and continues into the vessels; consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells

cheil/o-

lip

medulla, pons, midbrain

list the components of the brain stem from inferior to superior

inflammation

localized tissue or cellular reaction resulting from injury, irritation, or infection

soft palate

located behind the hard palate in the mouth; separates the mouth from the nasopharynx

centrosome

located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus; contains two centrioles that separate during mitosis

right upper quadrant

location of liver

upper left quadrant (inferior to diaphragm)

location of spleen

humerus

long bone of the upper arm

alimentary canal

long muscular tube that begins at the mouth and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

diaphysis

long shaft of a bone

spirochetes

long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

saphenous vein

longest vein in the body

femur

longest, heaviest bone

mucolytics

loosen mucus secretions; can treat COPD

anorexia

loss of appetite

dementia

loss of mental ability characterized by a decrease in intellectual ability, loss of memory, impaired judgement, personality change, and disorientation

cachexia

loss of skeletal muscle mass and dramatic weight loss; often a result of serious illness

aphonia

loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

apraxia

loss or impairment of the ability to execute complex coordinated movements; inability to form purposeful movements

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

dysthymia (persistant depressive disorder)

low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for two or more years

lumbago

lower back pain

fibula

lower leg bone that helps stabilize the ankle; does not bear any weight

main motion

lowest ranking motion

lordosis

lumbar curvature; can be temporary; result of spdylolisthesis

chyle

lymph mixed with lipids; transported to the bloodstream by lacteals to the thoracic duct

axillary lymph nodes

lymph nodes clustered in the armpit

inguinal lymph nodes

lymph nodes found in the groin

cervical lymph nodes

lymph nodes found in the neck

away from tissues

lymphatic vessels only carry fluid in one direction, which is what?

agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes are classified as which type of WBC?

Langerhahns Cells (dendritic cells)

macrophages in the epidermis that are part of the immune system

cardiovascular disease

main cause of death in the US

macular degeneration

major cause of vision loss and blindness; disease of the macula; age related disorder caused by damage to the blood vessels that nourish the retina

glutamate

major excitatory neurotransmitter often associated with learning and memory; thought to be associated with Alzheimer's disease

urea

major nitrogenous waste resulting from protein metabolism

Hodgkin's lymphoma

malignant condition distinguished by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

sarcoma

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues

osteosarcoma

malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee

apocrine sweat

mammary glands are a type of ____ glands

thymus

mass of lymph tissue that atrophies (wastes away) after puberty and is replaced by fat and connective tissue; function taken over by lymph nodes

osteocyte

mature bone cell

certification

means that a person has fulfilled the requirements of education and performance and meets the standards and qualifications established by the professional association or government agency that regulates a particular career

ileostomy

medical procedure to create a surgical passage of the small intestine through the abdominal wall

anesthetist

medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician (ex. nurse anesthetist)

Every Patient Tells a Story (Lisa Sanders) Wonder (RJ Palacio) The Deadly Dinner Party (Jonathan A. Edlow)

medical reading books for middle school competitors 2017-2018 (3)

Into the Magic Shop (James Dotty) Idiot Brain (Dean Burnett) The Happiness Advantage (Shawn Achor) Bubonic Panic (Gail Jarrow) Losing Face (Kathie Torpie)

medical reading books for secondary and postsecondary/collegiate 2017-2018 (5)

tinea pedis

medical term for athlete's foot

cheiloschisis

medical term for cleft lip

myocardial infarction

medical term for heart attack

icterus

medical term for jaundice

hypoxia

medical term for lack of oxygen

pediculosis

medical term for lice infestation

conjunctivitis

medical term for pink eye

syncope

medical term for the condition commonly known as fainting

pertussis

medical term for whooping cough; contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, breathlessness, and a noisy inspiration

general anesthesia

medication given intravenously or inhaled through a mask that causes unconsciousness; common post-op symptoms include nausea and vomiting

local anesthesia

medication is injected into the area around the operative site to stop the sensation of pain; patient is awake when this type of anesthesia is used

spinal anesthesia

medication is injected into the spinal canal and causes loss of sensation in all areas below the injection (no feeling in legs); headaches are a common symptom and should be reported

palliative

medication or treatment that eases pain/severity of a disease, but does not cure it

mydriatic drops

medication placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light

psychotropic drug

medication that acts primarily on the central nervous system; produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior; used to control pain and to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders

atropine

medication that blocks acetylcholine (used as a muscle relaxant); found in the deadly nightshade plant

antineoplastic

medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

stimulant

medication that works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness; used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy; overuse can lead to sleeplessness and heart palpitations

perfusionists (extracorporeal circulation technologists)

members of the open-heart surgical teams who operate the heart-lung machines used in coronary bypass surgery; monitors blood gases and vital signs, administers blood products, anesthetic agents, and/or drugs as needed; induces hypothermia

ballot

members write their vote on a slip of paper or computer program; permits secrecy; usually used for election of officers or other sensitive motions

endosteum

membrane that lines the medullary cavity and keeps the yellow marrow intact; produces some bone growth

oval window

membrane that separates the inner ear from the middle ear

amnesia

memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences; can be caused by a brain injury, illness, or psychological disturbance

menstruation, menses

men/o-

dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder)

mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual

gait

method or manner of walking

uterus

metr/o-

rickettsiae

microorganism responsible for typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

nonpathogens

microorganisms that are part of the normal flora of the body and are beneficial in maintaining certain body processes

anaerobic

microorganisms that live and reproduce in the absence of oxygen

aerobic

microorganisms that require oxygen to live

nephron

microscopic functional unit of each kidney; it is here that urine is produces through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

conductive

middle ear implants and bone conduction hearing aids treat what type of hearing loss?

choroid coat

middle layer of the eye interlaced with many blood vessels that nourish the eyes

myometrium

middle layer of the uterus; muscle layer that allows for expansion of the uterus during pregnancy and contracts to expel a fetus during birth

anomic aphasia

mild form of aphasia marked by an inability to name objects; loss of memory for words

iodine

mineral needed for the production of thyroid hormones (thyroxine)

therapeutic diets

modifications of the normal diet; used to improve specific health conditions

malaria

mosquito-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium

West Nile virus

mosquito-borne flavivirus that first infected birds but now infects humans; can be only a mild febrile illness; but can cause severe neurologic illnesses (encephalitis, meningitis) which can lead to death in older individuals

keratinocytes

most abundant cells in the epidermis

intussusception

most common abdominal emergency affecting children under 2 years old; occurs when one portion of the bowel slides into the next, like pieces of a telescope

urticaria

most common allergic reaction; also called hives

embolism

most common cause of myocardial ischemia

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage; found in nose, ribs, and sternum

spastic

most common type of cerebral palsy

red/green

most common type of color blindness

androgenic alopecia

most common type of hair loss; called male pattern baldness when it occurs in males and female pattern baldness when it occurs in females; rarely leads to total hair loss

dry macular degeneration

most common type of macular degeneration; occurs as fatty deposits decrease that blood supply to the retina, resulting in a gradual thinning of the retina; progresses slowly and results in blurred, distorted vision, with an absence of central vision (PERIPHERAL NOT AFFECTED)

melanoma

most dangerous type of skin cancer; develops in the melanocytes of the epidermis

neutrophils

most numerous WBC in peripheral circulation

third degree (full thickness)

most severe type of burn that involves injury to all layers of the skin plus underlying tissue; can be life threatening due to fluid loss, infection, and shock; white or charred appearance of skin and extreme pain or no pain if nerve endings are destroyed

unclassified motion

motion that brings questions back before the assembly

motion to commit or refer

motion that sends the main motion to a committee for study

abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

chemotaxis

movement of cells or organisms in response to chemical signals (can be attracted to or repelled by the substances)

helminths

multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called "worms" or "flukes"; transmitted to humans when they ingest meat contaminated with the worms or get bitten by infected insects

bruit

murmur; abnormal sound heard in auscultation typically due to arterial narrowing or valve abnormalities

rectus abdominis

muscle found from the ribs to the pelvis that compresses the abdomen and flexes vertebral column

gastrocnemius

muscle found on the back of lower leg that flexes and supinates sole of the foot; calf muscle

gluteus maximus

muscle found on the buttocks that extends and rotes the thigh; can be an injection site

sartorius

muscle found on the front of the thigh that adducts thigh and flexes leg

trapezius

muscle found on the upper back and neck that extends head and moves shoulder

pectoralis major

muscle located in the upper chest that adducts and flexes upper arm

quadriceps femoris

muscle located on the front of the thigh that extends the leg; injection site

latissimus dorsi

muscle located on the spine around to the chest that extends and adducts upper arm

triceps brachii

muscle of the upper arm that extends and adducts lower arm

biceps brachii

muscle of the upper arm that flexes lower arm and supinates head

tibialis anterior

muscle on the front of the lower leg that flexes and inverts foot

deltoid

muscle on the shoulder that abducts arm; common site for injections

sternocleidomastoid

muscle on the side of the neck that turns and flexes the head

myalgia

muscle pain

heat cramps

muscle pains and spasms that result from the loss of water and salt through perspiration; caused by exposure to heat

arrector pili

muscle responsible for goose bumps

triceps

muscle that extends the elbow

extrinsic muscles

muscles responsible for moving the eye within the socket; attached to the outside of the sclera

cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)

muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach; relaxes during swallowing to allow food to enter the stomach

interventricular septum

muscular structure that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart

esophagus

muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

pylorus

muscular valve between the stomach and duodenum; holds food in stomach until it is ready for the next stage in the digestive process

polyp

mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

tympanic membrane

myring/o-

HOSA Happenings

name of the HOSA chapter newsletter event

malleus, incus, stapes

name the three auditory ossicles (AKA hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glands penis; condition can be present at birth or become apparent during childhood

2.0

national officers must have a GPA of at least

antrum

natural chamber or cavity in a bone or other anatomical structure; ex. gastric ___

myopia

nearsightedness; light rays focus in front of the retina

ganglion

nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system; also describes a benign, tumor-like

cholinergic fibers

nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine

neuralgia

nerve pain experienced without stimulation of a nerve receptor

plexus

network of intersecting spinal nerves; also used to describe a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels

chorea

neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that functions at neuromuscular connections and stimulates muscle contractions; can be excitatory or inhibitory; imbalances can contribute to myasthenia gravis

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are classified as which type of WBC?

metastasis

new cancer site that results from the spreading process

neoplasm

new tissue growth or tumor

DMDD (Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder)

newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable

nyctalopia

nightblindness; inability to see well at night or in poor light; typically a symptom of underlying medical problem

cerebral palsy

non progressive, noncontagious disturbance in voluntary muscle action and is caused by brain damage

eczema

noncontagious inflammatory dermatitis caused by an allergen or irritant

comedo

noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle often associated with acne vulgaris

phytochemicals

nonnutritive plant chemicals that store nutrients and provide aroma and color in plants

ketosis

normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking; excessively high level may indicate that the body is not producing enough insulin to convert glucose into energy

eupnea

normal respiration

cicatrix

normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound

20-120 million (per milliliter)

normal sperm count

epistaxis

nosebleed

8

number of carpals on one wrist

quorum

number of members required to conduct business

5

number of metacarpals on each palm

fomites

objects contaminated with infectious material that contains the pathogens; common examples include doorknobs, bedpans, urinals, linens, instruments, and specimen containers

implied contracts

obligations that are understood without verbally expressed terms

cryptogenic

obscure or unknown origin

sporadic

occurring irregularly and rarely

dislocation

occurs when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint; frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips

general consent

occurs when a motion is not likely to be opposed; "if there are no objections..."; agreement shown by silence; if anyone objects the motion must be put to vote

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

occurs when a thrombus forms in a vein deep within a muscle; often a result of prolonged sitting or immobility

thrombophlebitis

occurs when a thrombus or clot forms in a vein near the surface of the skin

heat exhaustion

occurs when a victim is exposed to heat and experiences a loss of fluids through sweating: symptoms include diaphoresis, fatigue, weakness, headache, nausea, and/or dizziness or fainting

ruptured disk

occurs when an intervertebral disk (pad of cartilage in between vertebrae) ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve; aka herniated/slipped disk

cerebrovascular accident (brain attack, stroke, or apoplexy)

occurs when blood flow to the brain is impaired, resulting in lack of oxygen and destruction of brain tissue; can be caused by cerebral hemorrhage

mixed hearing loss

occurs when both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss are present

epistaxis

occurs when capillaries in the nose become congested and bleed

defamation

occurs when false statements either cause a person to be ridicule or damage the person's reputation

constipation

occurs when fecal matter remains in the colon too long, causing excessive reabsorption of water

ischemic colitis

occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood; this can lead to inflammation and permanent damage of the affected area

sensorineural hearing loss

occurs when the cochlea and/or auditory nerve is damaged so electoral information cannot be sent to the brain; almost always permanent

atrial fibrillation

occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall

conductive hearing loss

occurs when there are issues with the outer or middle ear that interfere with passing sound to the inner ear; earwax/fluid buildup, ear infections, abnormal bone growth, punctured ear drum; permanent or temporary

Awards Unlimited

official HOSA supplier

pharmacopoeia

official drug directory

sebaceous gland

oil gland

ether

one of the first successful anesthetics

cauterization

using heat to remove a body part or close an opening

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

vaccine for tuberculosis

bicuspid/mitral valve

valve located between the left ventricle and the left atrium

tricuspid valve

valve located between the right ventricle and right atrium

hemorrhoids

varicose veins of the anal canal or anus

nitroglycerin

vasodilator used to treat and prevent symptoms of angina

subclavian vein

vein found beneath the clavicle

inferior mesenteric vein

vein found within the peritoneum

brachial vein

vein in the arm commonly used for intravenous access during advances cardiac life support

vitelline vein

vein only present during embryonic development

inferior sagittal vein

vein that drains blood from the anatomical structures of the head

slander

verbal defamation

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

epicardial coronary arteries

vessels that feed blood to major segments of the myocardium

concussion

violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function

SARS

viral disease that is characterized by flu-like symptoms that can lead to respiratory failure and death

rubella

viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash

H5N1

virus that causes avian or bird flu

ophthalmologist

vision specialist who must be a medical doctor

pernicious anemia

vitamin B12 deficiency caused by an inability to absorb the vitamin B12 needed to make enough healthy red blood cells

riboflavin

vitamin B2

vitamin D

vitamin essential for calcium absorption

vitamin D

vitamin formed in skin when exposed to sunlight

vitamin K

vitamin that interferes with the effects of the anticoagulant warfarin

water soluble vitamins

vitamins that are excreted by the kidney through urine and must be replaced daily

larynx

voice box

hematemesis

vomiting blood

creatinine

waste product of muscle metabolism

vernix

waxy white substance found coating the skin of newborn babies

myasthenia

weakness in a muscle

-asthenia

weakness, lack of strength

dandruff

what does seborrheic dermatitis cause?

thymus

what gland is located in the mediastinum, just beneath the sternum?

homeostasis

when the body is maintained in a state of balance and equilibrium

red bone marrow

where are all types of blood cells produced?

liver

where is bile produced?

duodenum

where is most fat digested?

amylase

which enzyme acts in the mouth to begin the breakdown of starch?

ceruminous

which glands produce ear wax?

acinar cells

which pancreatic cells secrete digestive enzymes?

A, D, E, K

which vitamins are fat-soluble?

B and C

which vitamins are water soluble?

flagellum

whip-like appendage on the cell body of certain cells that allow a cell to move

closed comedo

whitehead

exanthem

widespread rash (breaking out or eruption that changes the color or texture of the skin) that usually occurs in children

Ayer blade

wooden or plastic blade used to scrape cells from the cervix of the uterus; used for pap tests

laceration

wound or injury with jagged, irregular edges

libel

written defamation

tort

wrongful act that does not involve a contract; civil wrong; occurs when a person is harmed or injured because a provider does not meet proper standards of care

yellow

xantho-

dry

xer/o-

candidiasis

yeast infection

jaundice

yellow skin coloring

club foot

talipes

sprain

tears or breaks in ligaments

strain

tears or injury in muscles and tendons

dorsiflexion

technical term for the movement of lifting the toes up from the ground when the foot is placed flat on the ground

Gram's stain

technique of staining organisms to identify specific types of bacteria present

imagery

technique of using imagination and as many senses as possible to visualize a pleasant and soothing image; used to decrease tension, stress, or pain

Crede's Maneuver

technique used to evacuate the bladder of someone who cannot do so without aid

incisors, canines (cuspids)

teeth that are used for biting and tearing (2 types)

premolars (bicuspids), molars

teeth that are used for chewing and grinding (2 types)

lay on the table

temporarily postpones a discussion or vote on a motion; allows members to obtain more information; REQUIRES A SECOND, DOES NOT ALLOW FOR DISCUSSION, CANNOT BE AMENDED, REQUIRES MAJORITY VOTE

placenta

temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy; acts as a link between the mother and infant, provides nutrition for developing infant, and promotes lactation; expelled after birth

ischemia

temporary interruption of blood flow to tissue

3 years

term length for local HOSA advisors

3 years

term length for state representatives

3 years

term length of health science technology teacher educator

2 years

term length of the Director-at-Large or Alumni member

2 years

term length of the representative of the health care industry

remission

term referring to the absence of disease activity within a patient in the setting of a chronic disease or illness

diabetic retinopathy

term that describes an eye disorder that can develop as a complication of diabetes

trismus

term that describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

menometrorrhagia

term that describes excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

onychocryptosis

term that describes the condition commonly known as an ingrown toenail

lymphadenitis

term that describes the condition commonly known as swollen glands

cognition

term that describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory

areata

term that means occurring in patches

hemostasis

term that means to stop or control bleeding

blood dyscrasia

term used to describe any pathological condition of cellular elements or abnormal material in the blood

delirium

term used when confusion or disorientation is a temporary condition caused by a treatable condition

eponyms

terms used in medicine that are named after people, places, or things; typically the person who identified or discovered a disease or structure; ex. Achille's tendon, Holter monitor, Parkinson's disease

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

test that evaluates how well a person metabolizes a calculated amount of glucose

glycohemoglobin test (A1C)

test that measures the amount of glucose that attaches to the hemoglobin on red blood cells

blood urea nitrogen test (BUN)

test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea; performed to obtain an indication of kidney function

somatic

the _____ nervous system gives voluntary control over skeletal muscles

azoospermia

the absence of sperm in the semen

pericardial effusion

the accumulation of excess fluid in the double-layered, sac-like structure around the heart

auscultation

the act of listening, directly or with a stethoscope or another instrument, to the sounds within the body as a method diagnosis

deglutition

the act or process of swallowing

calorie

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

purpura

the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin

epidural space

the area between the dura mater and the vertebral wall, containing fat and blood vessels

perineum

the area between the vagina and anus in the female body; can also be used to describe the entire pelvic floor in both the male and female individual

inter proximal space

the area between two adjoining teeth

protoplasm

the basic substance of all life; the material that makes up all living things

brain

the basilar, carotid, and vertebral arteries all supply blood to the _____

glycolysis

the breakdown of carbohydrates for energy

call to order

the chairperson announces that the meeting is starting; alerts members that they must be quiet and orderly

agglutination

the clumping together of red blood cells or bacteria, usually in response to a particular antibody

somnambulism

the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening

cesarean section

the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls

hemolysis

the destruction of red blood cells

pathogenesis

the development of a disease and the chain of events leading to the disease

lower

the diastolic BP is always ____ than the systolic BP

mydriasis

the dilation of the pupil

prolapse

the downward displacement or movement to an abnormal position of a body part or tissue

origin

the end of a muscle that does not move during contraction

effusion

the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity

internal respiration

the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream

menarche

the first occurrence of menstruation

cytoplasm

the fluid inside of a cell; contains water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and salts

blood pressure

the force exerted by the blood against the arterial walls when the heart contracts or relaxes

morbidity rate

the frequency or proportion with which a disease appears in a population

sonogram

the image created by ultrasonography

chlamydia

one of the most frequently occurring STIs; can be spread from mother to baby during childbirth and cause serious eye infections or pneumonia

nerve

one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body

protozoa

one-celled animal-like organisms often found in decayed materials, animal or bird feces, and contaminated water; many have flagella; some are pathogenic

tibia

only lower leg bone that bears weight; aka shinbone

obturator foramen

opening between the ischium and pubis that allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels to and from the legs

foramen ovale

opening in the septum between the right and left atria; typically closes after birth, isolating the deoxygenated blood that returns to the heart from the oxygenated blood that returns from the lungs

foramina

openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

carotene

orange pigment of the epidermis

testicles

orchid/o-

organ of Corti

organ located within the cochlea that receives the sound vibrations and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers

thymus

organ that has roles in both the immune and endocrine systems

contamination

organisms and pathogens are present

parenteral

other than by mouth

pneumatic otoscope

otoscope with the attachment of a bulb filed with air; during an exam the bulb is pressed to visualize whether or not the tympanic membrane is immobile, indicating possible otitis media

pandemic

outbreak of disease occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population

perimetrium

outer layer of the uterus; serous membrane

cortex

outer portion of an organ

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney that contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons

epineurium

outermost layer of connective tissue which surrounds individual axons of peripheral nerves

sclera

outermost layer of the eye; tough connective tissue that maintains the shape of the eye; "white" of the eye

lysosomes

oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm; contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials

seborrhea

overactivity if the sebaceous glands that results in the production of an excessive amount go sebum

Ken and Nora Smith

owners/managers for HOSA's first management

shin splint

pain caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia

cystalgia

pain in the bladder

arthralgia

pain in the joints

priapism

painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation

lunula

pale crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail

pallor

paleness

trypsin

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down protein in the duodenum

cholera

pandemic that occurred in 1832

facioplegia

paralysis of the face

paraplegia

paralysis of the legs and lower body

hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of the body

botulism

paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin produced by bacteria "clostridium botulinum"; caused by eating foods that contain the toxin, presence of the toxin in a wound or skin injury, or can occur in infants who eat the spores that then grow in the intestine and release the toxin; toxin rapidly causes muscle paralysis

toxoplasmosis

parasite most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces; pregnant woman should avoid such contact because it can cause microcephalous or hydrocephalus in the developing child

rickettsiae

parasitic microorganisms that cannot live outside the cells of another living organism; commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites; transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects; antibiotics are effective against them

cortex/cuticle

part of hair composed of hard keratin

axial skeleton

part of the skeleton that consists of the head and vertebrae; includes skull, ossicles, hyoid, rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

part of the skeleton that consists of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

subluxation

partial dislocation of a bone from its joint

ileus

partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine that is caused by the stopping of normal intestinal peristalsis

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

parts of the sternum (top to bottom)

melena

passage of dark tarry stools containing decomposing blood that is usually indicative of bleeding in the upper part of the digestive tract

Francis Clarke and MG Foster

patented the first electrical hearing aid in 1880

acidosis

pathological condition resulting from a disturbance in the acid-base balance in the blood and body tissues

30

percent of members that represent the quorum

registration

performed by a regulatory body (professional association/state board) that administers examinations and maintains a current list of of qualified personnel in a given health care area

plantar flexion

performed by curling or flexing the toes toward the floor

in vivo

performed or taking place in a living organism

in vitro

performed or taking place in a test tube, laboratory, or elsewhere outside of a living organism

Dr. Jessee Bennet

performed the first successful Cesarean section operation in 1794

rhytidectomy

performed to remove excess skin and fat for the elimination of wrinkles

exacerbation

period of time during which the signs and symptoms of a chronic disease become more severe

Raynaud's disease

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress; symptoms include pallor, cyanosis, and redness of fingers and toes

bronchiectasis

permanent dilatation of the bronchi caused by chronic infection and inflammation

raise a question of privilege

permits a member to secure immediate action regarding someone's rights or comfort; ex. adjust sound, adjust temperature, lack of chairs; NO SECOND REQUIRED, CHAIRPERSON DECIDES

CT scan

permits physicians to see clear, cross-sectional views of both bone and body tissues and to find abnormalities such as tumors or bleeding

phobia

persistent, irrational fear of a specific thing or situation that is strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with functioning, and to lead to avoidance of the thing or situation

My Plate

personalized plan that allows an individual to make healthy food choices

members-at-large

persons otherwise qualified for membership where active HOSA chapters are not yet established

honorary members

persons who have made significant contributions to the development of HOSA and/or have rendered outstanding service to the organization

caudal

pertaining to any tail or tail-like structure

gustatory

pertaining to the sense of taste

cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

adenoids

pharyngeal tonsils

gavel

the instrument used for maintaining order during a meeting

cones

photoreceptor cells that function in bright light and are responsible for color vision and detail; located IN THE CENTER OF THE RETINA

rods

photoreceptor cells that function in low light but cannot distinguish colors; located at PERIPHERY OF RETINA

physiatrist

physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

plastic surgeon

physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures

iris

pigmented portion of the eye

petechiae

pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding; commonly occur in clusters and may look like a rash

state the question

place the motion before the assembly

projection

placing blame for one's own actions or inadequacies on someone else or on circumstances rather than accepting responsibility themselves

verrucae

plantar warts

cosmetic surgeons

plastic surgeons who perform operations such as breast augmentation, liposuction, and facelifts that are usually done for aesthetic rather than medical reasons

pneumocystis jiroveci

pneumonia in individuals with AIDS

sacroiliac joint

point where the sacrum and the ilium meet

belladonna (atropine)

poisonous European plant of the nightshade family; purple/red bell-shaped flowers and shiny black berries

epitope

portion of an antigen that distinguishes it from other antigens

Fowler's position

positions used to facilitate breathing, relieve distress, encourage drainage, and examine the head, neck and chest

Ayurvedic practitioners

practitioners who use an ancient philosophy developed in India to determine a person's predominant dosha (body type) and prescribe diet, herbal treatment, exercise, yoga, massage, minerals, and living practices to restore and maintain harmony in the body

prognosis

prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease or disorder

old age

presby/o-

pneumothorax

presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity that can impair oxygenation or ventilation

glycosuria

presence of an abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

hematospermia

presence of blood in the seminal fluid

congenital

present at birth

latent

present but not visible

asymptomatic

presenting no symptoms of disease

antisepsis

prevent or inhibit growth of pathogenic organisms but are not effective against spores and viruses

anesthesia

prevention of pain by way of loss of sensation

aortic valve

prevents back flow of blood to the left ventricle

pulmonary valve

prevents back flow of blood to the right ventricle

electroconvulsive therapy (electroshock therapy)

procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

tubal ligation

procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy; female sterilization

carotid endarterectomy

procedure performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by a disruption of the blood flow to the brain

cytoscopy

procedure that allows physicians to examine the lining of the bladder and urethra

mammography

procedure that involves radiographic studies of the breast

thoracentesis

procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space (excess fluid present)

liposuction

procedure where adipose tissue is removed through a tube inserted deep into the skin

licensure

process by which government agency authorizes individuals to work in a given occupation after completing an approved education program and passes state board test

meiosis

process by which sex cells divide; uses two separate cell divisions to produce four new cells

reduction

process in which a bone is put back into its proper alignment; required for a fracture to heal

electroencephalography

process of recording the electrical activity of the brain

sterilization

process that destroys all microorganisms, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic

disinfection

process that destroys or kills pathogenic organisms

B lymphocytes

produce antibodies against specific antigens

cortisol

produced by the adrenal glands; regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress response; promotes development of osteoporosis

small intestine

produces enzymes, prepares foods for absorption

apoptosis

programmed cell death

dystrophy

progressive weakening (atrophy) of a body part (muscle)

carpal tunnel syndrome

progressively painful hand and arm condition that occurs when the medial nerve and tendons that pass through a canal on their way from the forearm to the hands and fingers are pinched

olecranon process

projection on the upper end of the ulna forming the elbow, "funny bone"

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

paralysis

the loss of voluntary muscle movement and coordination in some part of the body resulting from a brain or spinal cord injury that destroys neurons

aphasia

the loss or impairments of the power to use or comprehend words, usually as a result of injury or damage to the brain

mastoid process

prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to external auditory meatus

Roger Bacon

promoted chemical remedies to treat disease and researched optics and refraction (bending of light rays)

insulin

promotes the transport of fatty acids and amino acids (proteins) into the cells

gladiolus

proper name for sternum part "body"

thoracic duct

the main lymph duct of the body

melanin

protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV

proteinuria

protein in the urine

surfactant

protein-fat compound that reduces surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveolus from collapsing inward with each inhalation

hernia

protrusion of an organ or tissue through an opening in its surrounding walls, especially in the abdominal region

hiatal hernia

protrusion of part of the stomach upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm

take a recess

provides a break during a meeting; REQUIRES A SECOND, DOES NOT ALLOW FOR DISCUSSION, CAN BE AMENDED, REQUIRES MAJORITY VOTE

Erik Erikson

psychoanalyst who identified eight stages of psychosocial development

withdrawal

psychological or physical syndrome caused by the abrupt cessation of the use of alcohol or drugs in an addicted individual

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances

Andreas Vesalius

published the first anatomy book

apical pulse

pulse count taken with a stethoscope at the apex of the heart where the actual heartbeat is heard and counted

brachial

pulse taken at the inner aspect of forearm at the antecubital space (crease of elbow)

femoral

pulse taken at the inner aspect of the upper thigh where the thigh joins with the trunk of the body

radial

pulse taken at the inner aspect of the wrist, above the thumb

carotid

pulse taken at the neck on either side of the trachea

dorsalis pedis

pulse taken at the top of the foot arch

popliteal

pulse taken behind the knee

posterior tibial

pulse taken just below and behind the medial malleolus (bony part of the ankle that sticks out on the inner side of the leg)

temporal

pulse taken on either side of the forehead

-cente

puncture

pyogenic

pus forming

pyuria

pus in the urine

pustules

pus-filled sacs such as those seen in acne, or pimples

renal pelvis (/bowl of kidney)

pyel/o-

nodule

raised lesion detectable by touch; typically 1 cm or more in diameter

Tetralogy of Fallot

rare condition caused by a combination of four congenital heart defects

giantism

rare disorder resulting from an over secretion of somatotropin before puberty; commonly caused by benign pituitary tumor; causes excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development, and sometimes mental retardation

progeria (Hutchison-Gilford Syndrome/HGPS)

rare, fatal genetic condition characterized by an appearance of accelerated aging in children; mutation in the gene LMNA; name is Greek and translates to "prematurely old"

balo disease

rare, rapidly progressing form of multiple sclerosis; differs from other variants of MS because it is not characterized by relapses and remissions

enanthem

rash found on the inside of the mouth

hematocrit

ratio of volume of erythrocytes to the total volume of blood; determined by separation of erythrocytes from the plasma through centrifugation

acetabula

recessed areas, or sockets, on the pelvis girdle that provide for the attachment of the smooth rounded head of the femur

Ancient Chinese

recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs

erythropoietin

red blood cell production is regulated by which hormone?

caruncle

red triangle in the corner of the eye next to the lacrimal duct

carbuncle

red, swollen, painful cluster of boils that are connected to each other; caused by infected hair follicles; aka staph infections

erythema

redness of the skin

peptidase

reduces proteins to amino acids

infestation

referes to the dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue

body mechanics

refers to the way in which the body moves and maintains balance while making the most efficient use of all its parts

hypothalamus

regulates and controls the autonomic nervous system, temperature, appetite, water balance, and blood vessel constriction and dilation

interstitial

relating to spaces within or around a tissue or organ

histamine

released in response to allergens; causes the signs of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion

compulsions

repeatedly feeling compelled to do things, like wash or pray

obsessions

repetitive, intrusive, distressing thoughts or impulses

rhinoplasty

reshaping of the nose; "nose job"

bone marrow

the medullary cavity contains the ______

synovial membrane

the membrane lining a capsule of the joint

paradoxical reaction

result of medical treatment that yields the exact opposite of normally expected results

dwarfism

results from an under secretion of somatotropin; can be caused by random genetic mutation, tumor, infection, or injury; characterized by adult height less than 4'10''; somatotropin hormone injections can be given if diagnosed early

chronic bronchitis

results from frequent attacks of acute bronchitis and long-term exposure to pollutants or smoking; characterized by chronic inflammation, damaged cilia, and enlarged mucous glands

take from the table

resume consideration of a main motion

prepuce (foreskin)

retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis

peristalsis

rhythmic, wavelike motion of involuntary muscles

thoracic

ribs attach to the ______ vertebrae

true ribs

ribs that attach directly to the sternum

false ribs

ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum

Circle of Willis

ring-like arterial structure located at the base of the brain that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures

tinnitus

ringing in the ears; symptom of hearing loss, ear injury, or circulatory disorder

bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria

malleolus

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

rule of nines

rule used to calculate the percentage of body surface burned

standard precautions

rules developed by the CDC to prevent the spread of infection

flesh, connective tissue

sarc/o-

gerontology

scientific study of aging and the problems of the elderly

antibody screen

screening performed by most blood banks prior to a transfusion; performed to check for unexpected antibodies that may be present in the blood and that could lead to an incompatibility reaction

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months

basophils

secrete histamine, a substance that causes blood vessels to leak, which attracts WBCs

diencephalon

section located between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus

subcutaneous tissue

section of skin that contains many blood vessels and adipose tissue

albumins

the most abundant proteins in blood plasma

aura

sensation perceived by a patient that precedes a condition affecting the brain (migraine or seizure); may consist of flashing lights, blurred vision, numbness, or difficulty speaking

merocrine sweat

sensible perspiration is produced by the ____ glands

hallucination

sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimuli

proprioceptors

sensory receptors that monitor positions of joints

gigantism

serious condition that is almost always caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland; secretes too much growth hormone

pericardium

serous membrane enclosing the heart and great vessels

peritoneum

serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

pleura

serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs

cerebrospinal fluid

serves as a shock absorber to protect the brain and spinal cord

cisterna chyli

serves as a storage area for purified lymph before this lymph returns to the bloodstream; also receives chyle from the intestinal lacteals; enlarged suchlike structure at the start of the thoracic duct

obstipation

severe constipation

orthopnea

severe dyspnea in which breathing is very difficult in any position of that sitting erect or standing

pruritus vulvae

severe itching of the external female genitalia

Legionnaires disease

severe, often lethal, form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella

gametes

sex cells

acute

sharp or severe; having rapid onset; not chronic

pleurodynia

sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation

lancet

sharp, pointed instrument used to pierce the skin to obtain blood

visual acuity

sharpness of visual perception

hypovolemic/hemmorhagic shock

shock that occurs when a person loses more than 20% (one fifth) of their blood or fluid supply; life threatening

dendition

the number, type, and arrangement of teeth in the mouth

division

similar to a voice vote but members stand or raise their hands so an accurate count can be obtained

disaccharides

simple sugars that are broken down into monosaccharides during the digestive process; sucrose, lactose, maltose

monosaccharides

simple sugars that can be absorbed by the small intestine without being broken down; glucose, fructose, galactose

bacteria

simple, one-celled organisms that multiply rapidly; classified by shape and arrangement

fungi

simple, plantlike organisms that live on dead organic matter; can be pathogenic; examples include yeast and mold

receptors

sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation and send the stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation

convection

sitting on the cold ground causes heat loss through

NJ, AL, NC, NM, OK, TX

six HOSA charter states

squamous cell carcinoma

skin cancer that affects the thin cells of the epithelium but can spread quickly to other areas of the body; lesions start as small, firm, red, flat sores that later scale and crust

chloasma

skin condition commonly known as the mask of pregnancy

xanthelasma

skin condition that develops flat yellow growths (cholesterol deposits) on the eyelids; typically seen in people with high cholesterol levels

tinea

skin diseases caused by a fungus; ringworm

scabies

skin infection caused by infestation of itch mites that cause small, itchy bumps and blisters by burrowing into the top layer of human skin to lay their eggs

abrasion

skin scrape

bradycardia

slow heart rate

athetosis

slower form of chorea; symptom of a brain disorder that causes repetitive, slow, and involuntary muscle movements

AV node (atrioventricular node)

slows the electrical activity of the heart before it reaches the ventricles

bursae

small fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints

joint cavity

small space between the bones that allows for freedom of movement

pineal body

small structure attached to the roof of the third ventricle in the brain

anal fissure

small tear in the thin, moist tissue (mucosa) that lines the anus

fimbriae

small, fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes, through which eggs move from the ovaries to the uterus

microorganism (microbe)

small, living organism not visible to the naked eye; must be viewed under microscopes

gallbladder

small, muscular sac located under the liver and attached to it by connective tissue; stores and concentrates bile

pustule

small, pus filled lesion

Brushfield spots

small, white or gray/brown spots on the periphery of the iris due to aggregation of connective tissue; very common in children and those with Down Syndrome

terminal bronchioles

smallest bronchioles

virus

smallest microorganism visible only through electron microscope; cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell

lymphocytes

smallest type of WBC

endocardium

smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart and is continuous with the insides of blood vessels; allows for smooth flow of blood

medulla

soft core of hair

fontanelle

soft spot between the skull bones of an infant

pulp

soft tissue located in the innermost area of the tooth; made of blood vessels and nerves held in place by connective tissue

vellus

soft, short, thin hair covering body

midbrain

the portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center for impulses

gastroduodenostomy

the procedure in which an anastomosis is created between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum is a/an ______

scope of practice

the procedures, processes, and actions that health care providers are legally permitted to perform in keeping with the terms of their professional license or registration

accommodation

the process by which the lens and the pupil adjust to focus light rays on the retina

absorption

the process in which blood or lymph capillaries pick up the digested nutrients

erythropoiesis

the process of RBC production is called

enucleation

the removal of the eyeballs, leaving the eye muscles intact

ablation

the removal or destruction of a body part or tissue, abnormal growths, or harmful substances

composite

the restorative material used most frequently in the repair of anterior teeth, but can be used to restore posterior teeth as well

regurgitation

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

reabsorption

the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration

myorrhexis

the rupture or tearing of a muscle

kinesiology

the science of human movement involving the studies of biology, exercise, and athletics

dactyloscopy

the scientific study of fingerprints

mesial surface

the side surface of the teeth that is toward the midline of the mouth

subdural space

the space between the arachnoid and dura matter

lumen

the space in the interior of a hollow tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine

antecubital

the space located on the inner part of the arm and near the elbow

nucleolus

the spherical body in the nucleus of a cell that is important in reproduction of the cell

metastasis

the spread of tumor or cancer cells from the site of origin

wellness

the state of being in optimum health with a balanced relationship between physical, mental, and social health

nucleus

the structure in a cell that controls cell activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction

pharmacology

the study of drugs

Montgomery straps

special adhesive strips that are applied when dressings must be changed frequently at a surgical site

osteoblasts

special cells that form new bone tissue

Snellen Charts

special charts that use letters or symbols in calibrated heights to check visual acuity

ad hoc committee

special committee

hemostat

special group of curved or straight instruments, usually striated at the ends; used to compress blood vessels to stop bleeding or grasp tissues

obstetrician

specialist who provides medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter

melanocytes

specialized cells in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin

thrombocytes

specialized cells that play an important role in blood clotting

colostrum

specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that newborns can digest; first milk produced by the mammary glands during pregnancy

lacteals

specialized lymphatic capillaries that pick up digested fats or lipids in the area of the small intestine

oligospermia

sperm count below 20 million/ml; this is known as a low sperm count and is a common cause of male infertility

ileocecal valve

sphincter muscle valve that separates the small and large intestine

vertebrae

spondyl/o-

pathophysiology

the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes

odontology

the study of the anatomy, growth, and diseases of the teeth

etiology

the study of the cause of disease

muscle tone

state of partial contraction of muscles (always present); sometimes described as a state of readiness to act

expressed contracts

stated in district and clear language, either orally or in writing; ex. surgery permit

ankylosis

stiffness or fixation of a joint

oxytocin

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth; triggers the release of milk from the breasts during lactation

cystolith

stone located within the urinary bladder

yellow marrow

storage area for fat cells; contains cells that form leukocytes

gallbladder

stores bile and releases it through the bile duct into the small intestine to emulsify fats

rectum

stores waste products for excretion

orth/o-

straight

plasma

straw colored liquid that carries blood components throughout the body and transport nutrients, hormones, and proteins to various parts of the body

volume

strength, force, quality, or intensity of the pulse

anatomy

the study of the form and structure of an organism

Ancient Chinese

strongly believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the entire body

physiology

the study of the processes of living organisms, or why and how they work

phrenology

the study of variations in the size, shape, and proportion of the cranium; pseudoscience of the Ancient Greeks

Chiari malformation

structural defects in the base of the skull and cerebellum, may develop when the skull is smaller than normal or misshapen

frenulum

structure that attaches the lower side of the tongue to the gum

choroid plexus

structure that produces cerebrospinal fluid

periodontium

structures that surround and support the teeth

forensic scientists

study cells, fibers, and other evidence to obtain information about a crime

histology

study of the structure, composition, and function of body tissue

biochemists

study the chemical composition of living things

physiologists

study the life functions of plants and animals

TRICARE

US government health insurance plan for all military personnel (provides care for all active duty members and their families)

twice on the same question (on the same day)

Unless there is a rule stating otherwise, how often may a member speak?

biophysicists

study the response and interrelationship of living cells and organisms to the principles of physics, such as electrical or mechanical energy

Asperger's syndrome

subgroup of the autism spectrum; affected individuals usually have normal or above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication

antiemetic

substance used to prevent vomiting

paroxysmal

sudden or spasm-like

laryngospasm

sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx sometimes associated with GERD

spasm

sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

-ptosis

suffix meaning prolapse or drooping forward

-malacia

suffix meaning softening/abnormal softening of tissue

-cide

suffix that means "causing death"

-emia

suffix that means blood or blood condition

-pexy

suffix that means surgical fixation

glycemia

sugar in the blood

nephrolysis

the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

anastomosis

the surgical union of normally separate parts; blood vessels, parts of the intestine, or other body channels

chicken pox

Varicella is better known as what?

irregular

Vertebrae are classified as what type of bone?

eosinophils

WBC involved in allergic reactions and the killing of parasites

basophils

WBC that secretes heparin, which prevents clotting in the infected area, allowing WBCs to enter

347 million

WHO estimates that approximately how many people worldwide have diabetes?

World Health Organization

WHO; international agency that constantly monitors health problems throughout the world and takes steps to prevent pandemics

Schwann cells

support neurons in the peripheral nervous system; wrap around axons to form the myelin sheath

Mae Dorado

Western Region Local Advisor

Janet Villareal

Western Region State Advisor

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

What 5 things does the APGAR test evaluate?

140/90

What BP is usually regarded as hypertension?

shape and arrangement

What are bacteria classified by?

insert (add), strike out, strike out and insert

What are the 3 basic processes of amendment?

asymmetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving

What are the ABCDEs of melanoma?

staphylococci

What are the most common pyogenic microorganisms?

cranial

What body cavity protects the brain?

HOSA Marketing Challenge

What competitive event was retired as of 2016-2017?

alimentary canal and accessory structures

What components make up the digestive/gastrointestinal system?

placental abruption (abruptio placentae)

What condition is the leading cause of fetal death?

oral surgery (maxillofacial surgery)

surgery on the teeth, mouth, jaw, and facial bones

caring of each HOSA member

What do the hands on the HOSA emblem signify?

Rhesus monkey (where is was first found)

What does "Rh" stand for when referring to blood?

automated external defibrillator

What does AED stand for?

centers for disease control and prevention

What does CDC stand for?

computerized tomography

What does CT stand for?

career and technology student organization

What does CTSO stand for?

HOSA History

What does HOSA Handbook section "A" address?

Competitive Events

What does HOSA Handbook section "B" address?

Chapter Management

What does HOSA Handbook section "C" address?

magnetic resonance imaging

What does MRI stand for?

nothing by mouth

What does NPO stand for?

positron emission tomography

What does PET scan stand for?

compassion of HOSA members

What does maroon represent?

purity of purpose

What does medical white represent?

loyalty to the healthcare profession

What does navy blue represent?

continuity of healthcare

What does the circle in the HOSA emblem represent?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

What does the disease ALS stand for?

facial droop, arm drift, speech abnormality, time

What does the pneumatic FAST (used by first responders and the general public to see if a stroke is occurring) stand for?

social, physical, and mental wellbeing

What does the triangle in the HOSA emblem represent?

hepatitis B

What is HBV?

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

What is a chronic, malignant disease of the lymph nodes, and is known as the most common form of lymphoma?

congestive heart failure

What is a condition that occurs when the heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply the blood needs of the body?

lymphangitis

What is an inflammation of lymphatic vessels, usually resulting from pathogenic organisms entering a lymphatic vessel through skin wound, or complication from an infection elsewhere?

gastroenteritis

What is an inflammation of the mucous membrane the lines the stomach and intestinal tract (commonly called the stomach flu)?

pleurisy

What is an inflammation of the pleura, or membranes, of the lungs?

pneumonia

What is an inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by exudate (a buildup of fluid) in alveoli?

otitis media

What is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear that is caused by bacteria or virus?

allopathic

What is another term for conventional, or Western, medical practices and systems of health care?

fovea centralis

What is the area of sharpest vision?

atlas

What is the first cervical vertebrae?

acetaminophen

What is the generic name for Tylenol?

thyroid

What is the largest endocrine gland?

lung cancer

What is the leading cause of cancer death in the US?

hordeolum

What is the medical term for a sty/stye?

talipes

What is the medical term for the congenital condition commonly known as clubfoot?

presiding officer and secretary (clerk)

What is the minimum essential officers for the conduct of business?

thyroid carcinoma

What is the most common cause of cancer of the endocrine system?

hemorrhage

What is the most common side effect of warfarin?

lumbar-sacral area

What is the most common site of ruptured disks on the spinal column?

osteoarthritis

What is the most common type of arthritis?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

What is the most common type of muscular dystrophy that is caused by a genetic defect and occurs more in boys than girls?

handwashing

What is the most important method used to practice aseptic technique and the most effective way to prevent the spread of infection?

multipolar

What is the most numerous type of neuron?

thyroid carcinoma

What is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the United States?

acrophobia

What is the official name for an excessive fear of heights?

social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

What is the official name for an excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing themselves in front of others?

mandible

What is the only moveable bone of the skull?

succedaneous teeth

What is the proper term for permanent teeth?

tympanic membrane

What is the proper term for the ear drum?

axis

What is the second cervical vertebrae?

they must obtain the floor (by being recognized)

What must happen before a member begins speaking?

unfinished business

What order of business comes before new business?

spleen

What organ stores erythrocytes to release into the bloodstream if excessive bleeding occurs?

protozoa

What organisms are responsible for causing malaria, amebic dysntery, trichomonas, and African sleeping sickness?

fungi

What organisms are responsible for diseases such as athlete's foot, histoplasmosis, yeast vaginitis, and thrush?

kidneys and adrenal glands

What organs/glands are located in the retroperitoneal space?

60%

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

2/3

What percentage vote is required to amend something previously adopted?

2

What region is Wisconsin in?

dentin

What tissue makes up the main bulk of the tooth?

manic

What type of behavior includes an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior?

capillaries

What type of blood vessel is only one cell thick?

ancillary

What type of care refers to the wide range of healthcare services provided to support the work of a primary physician?

blast cell

What type of cell gives rise to more differentiated cells?

antihypertensive

What type of drug is given to treat high blood pressure?

physiologic

What type of heart murmur is only heard during atypical stresses such as anemia, fever, or exercise, and does not indicate structural diseases of the heart?

subcutaneous

What type of injection is made into the fatty layer just below the skin?

stratified squamous

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

absentee voting

What type of voting is done by a person who is not in attendance at the meeting?

sheep

What was the first animal cloned?

penicillin (1928, Alexander Fleming)

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

privileged

When a motion to recess is made while another motion is pending, it is what type of motion?

Nissen fundoplication

surgery performed on individuals with GERD if other treatments are not effective; tightens sphincter by wrapping the upper stomach around it; can be done laparoscopically

colostomy

surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface; can be temporary to divert feces from an area that needs to heal

hypophysectomy

surgical excision of the pituitary gland

proctoplexy

surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

arthrodesis

surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

arthrodesis

surgical immobilization of a joint to allow the bones to grow together

myringotomy

surgical incision into the eardrum to relieve pressure or to drain fluid

thalamotomy

surgical incision into the thalamus to destroys brain cells

episiotomy

surgical incision made to enlarge the vaginal orifice to facilitate childbirth

vasectomy

surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception

fenestration

surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing

salpingectomy

surgical procedure to remove the fallopian tube; can prevent ovarian cancer or ectopic pregnancy

arthroplasty

surgical reconstruction or creation of an artificial joint; purpose is to restore function of the joint

lobectomy

surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication

costectomy

surgical removal of a rib

hepatectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the liver

hemorrhoidectomy

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

simple mastectomy

surgical removal of the breast

radical mastectomy

surgical removal of the breast tissue, underlying muscles, and axillary lymph nodes

oophorectomy

surgical removal of the ovaries

orchiectomy

surgical removal of the testis

hysterectomy

surgical removal of the uterus

panhysterectomy

surgical removal of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes

myoplasty

surgical repair of a muscle

neuroplasty

surgical repair of a nerve or nerves

colporrhaphy

surgical repair of the vaginal wall

-desis

surgical union or fixation

neurorrhaphy

surgically suturing together of the ends of a severed nerve

sagittal

suture that forms between the parietal bones

electrolytes

sweat tastes salty because of what?

meningocele

swelling ot tumor of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord

abscess

swollen area within body tissue containing an accumulation of pus

bursa

synovial fluid that facilitates moment and ease friction in areas where muscles and tendons pass over bony prominences

parliamentary procedure

the term "rules of order" refers to what?

tenolysis

the term ______ means to free a tendon from adhesions

effacement

the thinning or obliteration of tissue or narrowing of an internal anatomical space

diaphragm

the thoracic aorta becomes the abdominal aorta after it passes through the _____

genome

the total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents

curettage

the use of a curette to remove tissue by scraping or scooping

tympanometry

the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear; used to test for middle-ear fluid buildup or eustachian tube obstruction

audiometry

the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity

bioterrorism

the use of microorganisms or biologic agents as weapons to infect humans

brachytherapy

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

when it makes its final report

When does a special committee cease to exist?

when it has been stated by the chair

When is a motion open to debate?

first week of January

When is the annual meeting of board directors held?

2009

When was H1N1, or swine flu, declared a global pandemic?

November 1976

When was HOSA founded?

1863

When was the International Red Cross founded?

1947

When was the Zika virus first discovered?

October 1979

When was the first National HOSA office established?

1813

When was the first federal vaccination legislation enacted?

Spring 1978

When was the first national HOSA conference held?

1999

When was the human chromosome sequenced?

2009

When was the virus H1N1 discovered?

lymphatic tissue

Where are lymphocytes produced?

palms and soles of feet

Where are merocrine glands most concentrated?

nerve synapse

Where are neurotransmitters secreted?

above each kidney

Where are the adrenal glands located?

apex of the heart

Where is a holosystolic murmur heard?

beta cells of the pancreas

Where is insulin produced?

right atrium (upper right hand corner)

Where is the SA node located?

groin

Where is the pudendal nerve located?

liver

Where is vitamin A stored?

Oklahoma City

Where was the first HOSA national conference held?

Raleigh, NC

Where was the first national HOSA Headquarters?

Trenton, NJ

Where was the second national HOSA Headquarters?

Dallas TX

Where will 2017-2018 National Leadership Conference be held?

Medical Reserve Corps

Which US government agency provides partnership opportunities that allow HOSA members to take an active role in contributing to their schools'/communitys' emergency preparedness?

Clinton

Which US president passed HIPAA in 1996?

George W Bush

Which US president received an Honorary Life Membership in HOSA?

Ancient Chinese

Which ancient group carefully monitored pulse to determine condition of the body?

type A

Which blood type contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies?

type B

Which blood type contains B antigens and anti-A antibodies?

type AB

Which blood type contains both A and B antigens and no antibodies to type A or type B?

O negative

Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

AB positive

Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?

lymphatic

Which body system contains the thymus, tonsils, and spleen?

clavicle

Which bone is commonly known as the collar bone?

ependymal cells

Which cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and create CSF?

left ventricle

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium in a healthy person?

anabolism

Which component of metabolism builds up smaller molecules into more complex ones?

catabolism

Which component of metabolism is responsible for breaking complex molecules down into smaller molecules? (this process also releases energy)

autism

Which condition of a young child is characterized by the inability to develop normal social relationships?

Graves disease

Which disease is characterized by exophthalmos?

Lyme disease

Which disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected blacklegged tick?

pyromania

Which disorder is characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting?

fluoroscopy

Which examination technique is the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen?

sickle cell

Which form of anemia is a genetic disorder?

pituitary

Which gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormone?

pituitary

Which gland secretes ADH?

hamstrings

Which group of muscles help flex the knee?

tympanometry

Which hearing test can be used to evaluate a conductive hearing loss?

acoustic reflectometry

Which hearing test tests how much fluid is in the inner ear to diagnose otitis media?

tricuspid valve

Which heart valve is typically damaged by injection drug use?

asbestosis

Which interstitial lung disease is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos?

pia mater

Which layer contains blood vessels that nourish the nervous tissue?

arachnoid mater

Which layer is loosely attached to other meninges to allow space for fluid to flow between the layers?

frontal

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for emotions, personality, morality, intellect, and speech?

temporal

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing?

parietal

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for senses, motor actions, pain, heat, and touch?

occipital

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision?

soleus

Which muscle is most powerfully used during jumping up from a standing position?

lingual muscle

Which muscle is used to speak, chew, and swallow?

diaphragm

Which muscle separates the pleural and peritoneal cavities?

extraocular muscles

Which muscles control the movement of the eyes?

median nerve

Which nerve controls sensation in the middle of the hand?

phrenic nerve

Which nerve influences the movements of the diaphragm?

olfactory nerve

Which nerve mediates the sense of smell?

peroneal nerve

Which nerve runs down the outside of the lower legs?

splanchnic nerves

Which nerve type innervates visceral organs?

sensory nerves

Which nerves detect pressure?

motor nerves

Which nerves make muscles twitch?

sympathetic

Which nerves prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure and reward?

plaque rupture in a coronary artery

Which of the following is an accepted pathological explanation for an acute myocardial infarction?

flexor carpi radialis

Which of the following muscles is not found in the lower extremity- flexor carpi radialis, gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, or semitendinosis?

specific gravity

the weight of a substance compared to the weight of distilled water, in equal volumes

saphenous vein

Which of the following veins is found in the lower extremity- jugular vein, antecubital vein, saphenous vein, or the vena cava?

liver

Which organ manufactures most clotting factors?

spleen

Which organ removes blood cells that are old, damaged, or coated with antibodies from the circulation?

kidneys

Which organs constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water?

Part C

Which part of Medicare allows private health insurance companies to provide Medicare benefits?

Part B

Which part of Medicare covers doctor's visits, preventative care, medical equipment, lab tests, and mental health care?

Part A

Which part of Medicare covers hospital care?

Part D

Which part of Medicare provides prescription drug coverage?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

syphilis

Which sexually transmitted disease can be detected through the VDRL blood test before the lesions appear?

Tennessee

Which state submitted with official HOSA emblem design at the first HOSA National Leadership Conference?

liver

Which structure secretes bile?

rubber band ligation

Which technique involves using rubber bands to cut off the circulation at the base of hemorrhoids, causing them to eventually fall off, and used more often than surgery to remove hemorrhoids?

causalgia

Which term describes persistent severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve?

nephroptosis

Which term describes prolapse of the kidney?

hepatomegaly

Which term means abnormal enlargement of the liver?

Western Blot Test

Which test is used to confirm an HIV infection?

EKG

Which test measures the electrical activity of the heart?

BUN

Which test would be performed to test for kidney failure? (acronym)

hemodialysis

Which treatment removes waste products directly from the bloodstream of patients whose kidneys no longer function?

diaphragm and bell

Which two parts of a stethoscope comprise the chest piece?

monocytes

Which type of WBC migrates into the tissues and becomes macrophages?

spinal anesthesia

Which type of anesthesia is typically used for abdominal surgery because it produces good muscle relaxation?

bacilli

Which type of bacteria have the ability to form spores (thick-walled capsules) when conditions for growth are poor?

natural killer cells (NK cells)

Which type of lymphocyte plays an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses?

B cells

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

opportunistic

Which type of pathogen is likely to cause infection in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer? (weakened immunity)

venules

Which type of vessel normally has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?

mitral valve

Which valve is open during diastole?

subclavian vein

Which vein is sometimes used for intravenous access when large volumes of fluid need to be rapidly infused into the central circulation?

pulmonary vein

Which vessel has the highest concentration of oxygen?

Walter Reed

Who demonstrated that mosquitos carry yellow fever in 1900?

Louis Pasteur

Who established the germ theory of disease?

Louis Pasteur

Who gave the first rabies vaccine?

William DeVries

Who implanted the first artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, in 1982?

Lillian Wald

Who is credited with the start of public health nursing?

first responder

Who is the first person to arrive at the scene of an illness or injury?

health care provider

Who owns health care records?

Thomas Starzl

Who performed the first liver transplant in 1963?

James Hardy

Who performed the first lung transplant in 1964?

president-elect

Who presides over a meeting if the president is absent?

Laennec

Who was the first person to recognize cirrhosis of the liver as a disease entity?

sergeant at arms

Whose role is to preserve order during a meeting?

Sigmund Freud

Whose studies formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry?

Hindu

Yoga is a discipline related to which culture?

myoma

a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

hemophilia

a bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process; more common in males

obstruction

a blockage within a structure that prevents it from functioning normally

cross-match

a blood test that checks the compatibility of the donor's blood and the recipient's blood before a transfusion

meatus

a body opening or passage, especially the external opening of a canal

tract

a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

clavus (corn)

a callus in the keratin layer of the skin covering the joints of the toes, usually caused by ill-fitting shoes

mast cell

a cell found in connective tissue that contains numerous basophilic granules and releases substances such as histamine and heparin in response to injury/inflammation

enzyme

a chemical substance that causes or increases the rate of a chemical reaction

heart failure

a chronic condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives

therapeutic touch

therapy based on an ancient healing practice with the belief that illness is an imbalance in an individual's energy field

lymph

a clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content

cyst

a closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a body cavity or structure; usually filled with a semisolid material

myelin

a coating found on nerve axons that helps insulate them and speed the transmission of nervous impulses

standing committee

a committee appointed for a long period of time, often a year

special committee

a committee formed for a particular purpose; typically has a limited number of members and is established for a limited time

vertigo

a condition in which a person feels as though their environment is spinning; form of dizziness

arteriosclerosis

a condition in which the walls of blood vessels become thick and lose their elasticity

Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

a condition that causes severe developmental delays due to an extra chromosome 18

ulcer

a deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding and formation of scars

tritanopia

a deficiency of color perception in which the blue-sensitive pigment in cones is decreased; rare

deuteranopia

a deficiency of color perception in which the green-sensitive pigment in cones is decreased

protanopia

a deficiency of color perception in which the red-sensitive pigment in cones is decreased

stent

a device used to maintain an artery in an open position

bland diet

a diet that consists of easily digested foods that do not irritate the digestive tract; avoids coarse foods, fried foods, highly seasoned foods, pastries, candies, etc; typically used for gastric disorders

degenerative disease

a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time; includes osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and Alzheimers

coniosis

a disease state caused by the inhalation of dust

terminal illness

a disease that cannot be cured and will result in death

autophobia

a fear of being by oneself or alone

endoplasmic reticulum

a fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm; allows for transport of materials into and out of the nucleus and aids in the synthesis and storage or proteins

bridge

a fixed dental prosthesis used to replace one or several missing teeth by joining an artificial tooth definitively to adjacent teeth or dental implants

mesentery

a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

omentum

a fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs

oncogene

a gene that is a mutated form of a gene involved in normal cell growth-may cause the growth of cancer cells

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

a government agency responsible for the safety of our foods, cosmetics, and medicines

cystocele

a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

cannula

a hollow tube with a sharp, retractable inner core that can be inserted into an artery, vein, or other body cavity

insulin

a hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; essential for the metabolism of glucose

bolus

a large dose of a substance given for the purpose of rapidly achieving the needed therapeutic condition in the bloodstream

impaction

a large, hard mass of fecal material lodged in the intestine or rectum/ a tooth that does not erupt into the mouth

fundus

a larger part, base, or body of a hollow organ; dome-shaped top of the bladder; uterus above the fallopian tubes; rounded, most superior part of the stomach

androgen

a male sex hormone, such as testosterone

hertz

a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is

mortality rate

a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval

Adams test

a measurement of lateral spinal curvature (scoliosis) after the patient bends forward the the waist

expectorant

a medication that helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea

adjourned meeting

a meeting in continuation of the session of the immediately preceding meetings

triage

a method of prioritizing medical treatment where those with life threatening emergencies are treated first

second

a motion requires a _____ to be considered

alveolar gland

a multicellular gland in which the cells secrete specific molecules into an oval or flask-shaped sac

infectious agent

a pathogen, such as bacteria or virus, that can cause a disease

sequela

a pathological condition resulting from a prior disease, injury, or attack

Bell's palsy

a peripheral nerve palsy that paralyzes one half of the face

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a grandiose sense of importance and preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, or beauty; people often exhibit a need for attention/admiration and lack of sympathy and empathy

disability

a physical or mental defect that interferes with normal functions

autoclave

a piece of equipment that uses steam under pressure or gas to sterilize equipment and supplies

moxibustion

a powdered substance placed on the skin and burns to cause blisters; used bu the ancient Chinese to treat disease

irrigation and debridement

a procedure in which pressurized fluid is used to clean out wound debris

incomplete protein

a protein that lacks one or more essential amino acids

borborygmus

a rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of gas or fluid in the intestine

absolute scale

a scale used for indicating low temperatures based on absolute zero; used in thermodynamic calculations of heat/energy transfer

blackhead

a sebum plug that is exposed to air often oxidizes and becomes this

baroreceptor

a sensory nerve ending (especially in the walls of large arteries) that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure

nociceptor

a sensory receptor that sends signals that cause the perception of pain in response to a potentially damaging stimulus

contracture

a severe tightening of a flexor muscle resulting in bending of a joint; "foot drop" is common

falx

a sickle-shaped part or structure

McBurney's Point

a site of extreme sensitivity in acute appendicitis; point over the right side of the abdomen that roughly corresponds to the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

diverticulum

a small pouch or sac found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

fovea centralis

a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye

rickets

a softening and weakening of bones in children, usually due to inadequate vitamin D

wheezing

a sound caused by a partially obstructed airway

ombudsman

a specially trained individual who works with the elderly and their families; health care providers, and other concerned individuals to improve quality of care and life

golgi apparatus

a stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm; produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

torticollis

a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

carcinogen

a substance or agent that causes cancer

antigen

a substance, usually a protein, that causes the body to produce a protein (antibody), that reacts against the antigen

stroke

a sudden death of brain tissue caused by a lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply

subjective symptom

a symptom apparent to the afflicted individual but not observed by others

callus

a thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing

Foley

a type of catheter made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder is known as a ______ catheter

hospital acquired

a type of pneumonia contracted during stay in the hospital when the patient's defenses are impaired is known as _______ pneumonia

adjuvant therapy

therapy sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

hantavirus

a virus spread by contact with rodents (rats or mice) and/or their excretions

chloropsia

a visual defect in which all objects appear green

impulse

a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons

portal of exit

a way for an infectious agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing; examples include urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions, and draining wounds

mode of transmission

a way that infectious agents can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live

multiparous

a woman who has given birth two or more times

primipara

a woman who has had one pregnancy that resulted in a fetus weighing 500 grams or gestational age of 20 weeks, regardless of if baby survived birth

avulsion

a wound that occurs when tissue is separated from the body

empathy

able to identify with and understand another person's feelings

motile

able to move by itself

ascites

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

hematoma

abnormal collection of blood outside of a blood vessel; occurs due to damage to vessel walls causing blood to leak into surrounding tissue

anhidrosis

abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat

tracheostenosis

abnormal constriction or narrowing of the windpipe

clubbing

abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips; can be hereditary but is usually caused by changes associated with oxygen deficiencies related to coronary or pulmonary diseases

dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells

lethargy

abnormal drowsiness or sluggishness; state of indifference or stupor

claustrophobia

abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces

endometriosis

abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus; can be transferred by fallopian tubes, blood, lymph, or during surgery; typically becomes embedded in a structure in the pelvic area and constant grows and shed; can causes sterility if the fallopian become blocked with scar tissue

heart murmur

abnormal heart sound that is most commonly a sign of defective heart valves; describes by volume and stage of heartbeat in which it is heard

polycythemia

abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow

stenosis

abnormal narrowing of a body channel

fistula

abnormal passage between two internal organs

exophthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit; common in those with Graves Disease

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of bones in adults

bruit

abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery

leukoplakia

abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops inside the mouth in response to chronic irritation (maybe from tobacco)

dyskinesia

abnormal, uncontrolled, involuntary movement

keloid

abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision

hyperventilation

abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute

hyperventilation

abnormally rapid, deep breathing resulting in decreased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

emaciated

abnormally thin

poikilocytes

abnormally/irregularly shaped red blood cells

asepsis

absence of disease-producing microorganisms or pathogens

anuria

absence of or defective urine secretion

large intestine

absorbs water and some other nutrients and collects food residue for excretion

pyosalpinx

accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube

nosocomial

acquired or originating in a hospital (typically referring to infections)

thalamus

acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum; allows conscious recognition of pain and temperature

appendicitis

acute inflammation of the appendix

shingles

acute inflammation of the nerve cells caused by the herpes virus

paronychia

acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail

croup

acute respiratory infection characterized in children and infants by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough

epinephrine

adrenaline

flatus

air or gas in the intestines

advance directives

aka legal directives; legal documents that allow individuals to state what medical treatment they want or do not want in the event that they become incapacitated and are unable to express their wishes regarding medical care

melanin

albinos lack the ability to produce this pigment

albuminuria

albumin (blood protein) in the urine

antiseptics

alcohol and betadine are examples of what?

orthodontics

alignment or straightening of the teeth

glucose

all ingested carbohydrates are first converted to

incidental motion

allows a member to question the procedure concerning other motions; MUST BE CONSIDERED BEFORE VOTING ON THE MAIN MOTION; ex. point of order calling on the chairperson for enforcement of the rules

LADA (Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults)

also known as Type 1.5 Diabetes; condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults

rosacea

also known as adult acne; characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels; chronic condition of unknown cause that usually develops in individuals with fair skin between 30-60 years of age

koilonychia

also known as spoon nail; malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon; often indicates iron-deficiency anemia

nonessential amino acids

amino acids the body can synthesize, making them nonessential in the diet

scotoma

an abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision

dysrhythmia

an abnormal rhythm in the electrical activity of the brain or heart

mumps

an acute viral infection characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands

rabies

an acute viral infection transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal

chyme

thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion

contract

an agreement between two or more parties

ABO incompatibility

an antigen-antibody immune response to infusion of another's red blood cells; commonly occurs on individuals with type O blood

dermatome

an area of skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root

reservoir

an area where infectious agents can live; common areas include humans bodies, animals, the environment, and fomites

diminished

an arterial obstruction usually causes ______ blood flow

dura mater

thick, tough, outer membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

acclamation

an election by unanimous consent

myocardium

thickest layer of tissue that forms the heart; muscular middle layer

diaphragm

thin, flexible disk on the chest piece of a stethoscope

plaque

thin, tenacious, film like deposit that adheres to the teeth and can lead to decay; contains microorganisms and a protein substance

hemocytoblast

an embryonic or stem cell for blood cells

varix

an enlarged and convoluted vein, artery, or lymphatic vessel

osteopenia

thinner than average bone density; condition causes the patient to be at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis

I believe in education

third line of HOSA creed

-dipsia

thirst

kyphosis

thoracic curvature of the spine; possibly result of osteoporosis

voice vote

those in favor say "yes" or "aye", those against say "nay" or "no"; provides an approximate count of votes

greenstick

an incomplete break in a bone where the out shell remains intact; typically occur in children s their bones are more flexible

hyperpnea

an increased respiratory rate

agnostic

an individual who believes that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved

epidemic

an infectious disease that affects a large number of people within a population, community, or region at the same time

celiac disease

an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods contains gluten

enema

an injection of fluid into the large intestine through the rectum

contusion

an injury that results in a hemorrhage (bleeding) beneath intact skin; bruise

goniometer

an instrument that measures the angle of a joint's range of motion (ROM)

tuning fork

an instrument with two prongs that is used to test hearing acuity

reflex

an involuntary response to a stimulus

diabetic coma

an unconscious condition caused by an increased level of glucose (sugar) in and ketones in the bloodstream of a person with diabetes mellitus

macrocyte

an unusually large red blood cell

acupuncture

ancient Chinese therapy that involves the insertion of very thin needles into specific points along the body to stimulate and balance the flow of energy

Ancient Egyptians

ancient civilization that utilized leeches and bloodletting to open "channels"

reflexology

ancient healing art based on the concept that the body is divided into 10 equal zones that run from the head to the toes

andropause

androgen decline in the aging male; marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone; usually begins when a man is in his late 40s and progresses very gradually over several decades

aplastic anemia

anemia that is a result of injury to or destruction of the bone marrow, leading to poor or no formation of red blood cells; caused by chemotherapy, radiation, toxic chemicals, and viruses; frequently fatal

iron deficiency anemia

anemia that results when there is an inadequate amount of iron to form hemoglobin in erythrocytes; eating green leafy vegetables may correct this condition

Virginia Apgar

anesthesiologist who developed the APGAR test in 1952

pyrexia

another term for fever

local, state, national

three levels of organization within HOSA

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

three pairs of salivary glands

red, green, and blue

three types of cones

2

thumbs have how many phalanges?

epididymis

tightly coiled tube approximately 20 feet in length located in the scrotum above the testes; stores sperm while they mature and become motile; produces a fluid that becomes part of the semen

apex

tip of a pyramidal or rounded structure, such as the lung or heart

infarct

tissue death

arterionecrosis

tissue death of an artery or arteries

table

to _____ a discussion is to lay aside the business at hand in such a manner that it will be considered later in the meeting or at another time

adjourn

to close a meeting

postpone indefinitely

to kill a motion is to...

resuscitation

to remove from apparent death or unconsciousness

expectorate

to spit; to expel mucus, phlegm, or sputum form the throat or respiratory passages

abstain

to verbally refrain from voting, perhaps due to a conflict of interest

pharyngeal tonsils

tonsils located in the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat); aka adenoids

palatine tonsils

tonsils located on each side of the soft palate

lingual tonsils

tonsils located on the back of the tongue

nevus

another word for mole

micturate

another word for urinate; to expel urine

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways and limitation of air flow

disease

any condition that interferes with the normal function of the body

coagulopathy

any defect in blood clotting

pyrogen

any fever producing substance

pneumoconiosis

any fibrosis of the lung tissue caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact

teratogen

any substance or agent that can cause a birth defect or malformation to a developing fetus

fomite

any substance or object that adheres to and transmits infectious material

stimulus

anything that excites (activates) a nerve and causes an impulse

dry cold

application that provides cold temperature but is dry against skin

dry heat

application that provides warm temperature but is dry against the skin

ergonomics

applied science used to promote the safety and well-being of a person by adapting the environment and using techniques to prevent injuries

caries

tooth decay; an infectious disease that destroys tooth tissue

crusts

areas of dried pus and blood; commonly called scabs

sutures

areas where the cranial bones have joined together

brachialgia

arm pain

subclavian arteries

arteries that carry blood to the arms

digital arteries

arteries that carry blood to the fingers and toes

arteries

arteriography is used to identify problems that develop within _____

crutches

artificial supports that assist a patient in walking

factitious

artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring

Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci

artists who used dissection to draw the human body more realistically

emphysema

as this disease progresses, the chest sometimes assumes an enlarged barrel shape

convention

assembly of delegates

luxation

total displacement of a bone from its joint

alopecia universalis

total loss of hair on all parts of the body

periosteum

tough membrane that covers the outside of bone; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts

fascia

tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects tissue

medial

toward or nearer the midline

uremia (azotemia)

toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream

convection

transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter, such as heat rising from the body

APGAR test

assessment of overall newborn well being; completed 1 and 5 minutes after delivery; rated on a 0-10 scale (each subsection rated on a 0-2 scale)

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissues and joints; onset typically occurs between 35-45; progressive attacks can cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue

Hashimoto's disease (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis)

autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland; inflammation often leads to hypothyroidism

lupus

autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk; also attacks the connective tissue in other body systems, especially joints

scleroderma

autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen; this can also affect the joints and internal organs; commonly affects middle aged women

alopecia areata

autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body; often begins in childhood

photopupillary reflex

automatic constriction of pupils when exposed to bright light

4 months (120 days)

average life span of a red blood cell

Barbara James Service Award

awards those who have completed at least 100 hours of community service

popliteal

back of the knee

cocci

bacteria that are round or spherical in shape

spirilla

bacteria that are spiral or corkscrew in shape; includes vibrio and spirochete; cause diseases such as syphilis and cholera

endocarditis

bacterial infection of the lining of the heart is known as bacterial _______

E. coli (escherichia coli)

bacterium that is part of the natural flora of the large intestine, but can cause infection if it enters the urinary system

halitosis

bad breath

alopecia

baldness

aneurysm

ballooning out of, or sacklike formation on, an artery wall; common sites are cerebral, aortal, and abdominal arteries

neuron

basic cell of the nervous system that allows different parts of the body to communicate with each other

enuresis

bedwetting; loss of bladder control while sleeping

Philippe Pinel

began humane treatment for mental illness

Ancient Romans

began public health and sanitation systems

Arabs

began requiring that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses in the Middle Ages

salivary glands

begin chemical digestion as salivary amylase begins to change starch into maltose

catatonic

behavior characterized by lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed position

retrolingual

behind the tongue

cornea

transparent portion of the eye

homeopaths

believe in the ability of the body to heal itself through actions of the immune system

probiotics

beneficial bacteria

adenoma

benign (noncancerous) tumor of the pituitary gland

quinine

bitter compound that comes from the bark of the cinchona tree; originally used to fight malaria; now present in tonic water

open comedo

blackhead

disinfectants

bleach solutions and zephirin are examples of what?

otorrhagia

bleeding from the ear

pneumorrhagia

bleeding from the lungs

tracheorrhagia

bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea

eyelid

blephar/o-

vesicles

blisters or fluid-filled sacs such as those seen chickenpox

thrombus

blood clot

thrombus

blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery

occult blood

blood from areas of the intestinal tract that can be found in the stool (not visibly apparent)

hematochezia

blood in the feces/stool

hematuria

blood in the urine

differential count

blood test that determines the percentage of each kind of leukocyte

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

blood test that determines the rate at which red blood cells settle out of the blood

ELISA

blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies; acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

veins

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart

arteries

blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

capillaries

blood vessels that take up metabolic waste products and carbon dioxide from tissues and provide oxygen to the tissues in which they are found

cyanosis

bluish skin color due to decreased oxygen levels

buccal cavity (mouth)

body cavity that contains the teeth and tongue

apocrine

body odor is the result of bacterial metabolism of the secretions produced by which glands?

Sims position

body position in which patient lies on their left side with right leg bent up near the abdomen

furuncle

boil

Paget's disease

bone disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue

metatarsal

bone of the foot between the instep and each toe

alveolar process

bone tissue of the maxilla and mandible that surrounds the roots of the teeth

phalanges

bones of the digits

ossicles

bones of the middle ear are referred to collectively as what?

metacarpals

bones of the palm

carpals

bones of the wrists

nasal septum

bony and cartilaginous partition that separates the nasal cavity into two sections

hard palate

bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and separates the mouth from the nasal cavities

periodontics

treatment and prevention of diseases of the gums, bones, and structures supporting teeth

gamma radiation

treatment characterized by high energy and a short wavelength; used in nuclear medicine

endodontics

treatment of diseases of the pulp, nerves, blood vessels, and roots of teeth (root canals)

sclerotherapy

treatment of spider veins by injecting a saline sclerosing solution into the vein

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

treatment that uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain

prophylaxis

treatment, such as vaccination, intended to prevent a disease or stop it from spreading

trepanation

boring a hole in the skull; used to treat insanity and epilepsy in primitive times

epilepsy

brain disorder associated with abnormal surges in electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain

prosthodontics

branch of dentistry that focuses on replacement of natural teeth with artificial teeth or dentures

pathology

branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues, and autopsies

bariatrics

branch of medicine that deals with prevention, control, and treatment of obesity

Colles fracture

breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand

rennin

breaks down milk proteins in children's stomachs

privileged motion

brings up items that are urgent or important matters unrelated to the pending motion; ex. motion to recess the meeting to secure additional information

cerebral contusion

bruising of the brain tissue as a result of head injury

rales

bubbly or noisy breath sounds; may indicate bronchitis

pleural effusion

build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

ascites

buildup of abnormal amount of fluid inside the abdomen; common in patients with cirrhosis

celiac plexus

bundle of nerves that innervates the upper gastrointestinal tract

hallux valgus

bunion

3rd degree

burn that may require a skin graft

-rhagia

bursting forth

heel spur

calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone (can be a cause of plantar fasciitis)

no

can a person with a legal disability form a contract?

basal cell carcinoma

cancer of the basal cells in the epidermis

myeloma

cancer of the plasma cells; these cells prevent the normal production of antibodies, leaving the body's immune system weakened and susceptible to infection

Kaposi sarcoma

cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels; usually appears as tumors on the skin or on mucosal surfaces (inside mouth); tumors can also develop in the lymph nodes, lungs, and digestive tract

carcinoma

cancerous tumor

sinusoids

capillary-like structures that surround liver cells and bathe them in blood

prophylactic care

care intended to prevent disease; aka preventative care

preoperative care

care provided before a surgery

operative care

care provided during a surgery

postoperative care

care provided following a surgery

hemoglobin

carres oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium from the lungs

beriberi

caused by a deficiency in vitamin B1/thiamin

wet macular degeneration

caused by abnormal growth of blood vessels that leak blood and fluids that damage the retina; laser treatment coagulates or or seals the leaking blood vessels and can preserve sight

transient ischemic attacks ("ministrokes")

caused by atherosclerosis; result in temporary periods of diminished blood flow to the brain

diabetes insipidus

caused by decreased secretion of vasopressin, or ADH, preventing water from being reabsorbed in the kidneys; symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, weakness, constipation, and dry skin

Cushing's Syndrome

caused by over secretion of cortisol. Symptoms include upper body obesity, round face, easy brushing, and weekend bones. May be the side effect of steroid usage

trichomoniasis

caused by parasitic protozoan "trichomonas vaginalis"; main symptom is large amount of frothy, yellow-green, foul-smelling discharge; men may experience urethral itching; anti parasitic oral medication Flagyl is used to treat the infection in both partners to prevent infection

hepatitis B (serum hepatitis)

caused by the HBV virus and is transmitted by blood, serum, and other body secretions; affects the liver and can lead to the destruction and scarring of liver cells; vaccine has been developed

doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO)

treats diseases/disorders, placing special emphasis on the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems, and the relationship between the body, mind, and emotions; may specialize

analgesic

trying to create a lack of pain sense

trachea

tube extending form the larynx to the center of the chest; carries air between the pharynx and the bronchi

eustachian tube

tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx

pronation

turning a body part downward

eversion

turning a body part outward

fibrinogen and prothrombin

two blood plasma proteins necessary for clotting

epiphysis

two extremities (ends) of a bone

Cowper's (bulbourethral) glands

two small glands located below the prostate and connected by small tubes to the urethra; secrete mucus which serves as a lubricant for intercourse; secrete an alkaline fluid which decreases the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra, providing a more favorable environment for the sperm

Bartholin's glands (vestibular glands)

two small glands located one on each side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus for lubrication during intercourse

ligation

tying off of blood vessels or ducts

closed reduction

type of bone reduction that involves positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or splint to maintain the position

open reduction

type of bone reduction that involves surgical repair of the bone; pins, plates, or other devices can be surgically implanted to maintain correct position of the bone

second degree (partial thickness)

type of burn that involves injury to both the epidermis and dermis and takes 3-4 weeks to heal; blisters, redness, mottled appearance, and pain may occur

Wilms Tumor

type of cancer that starts in the kidneys; most common type of kidney cancer in children

fibroblasts

type of cell produces mobile cells that invade deep areas of extensive wounds

myoepithelial cells

type of cell that can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands

active euthanasia

type of euthanasia that occurs when death is brought on by an act, such as administering a lethal drug to bring about death

passive euthanasia

type of euthanasia that occurs when death is brought on by an omission, such as when someone lets the person die

halon

type of fire extinguisher most effective on class C fires

water

type of fire extinguisher used on a class A fire

dry chemical

type of fire extinguisher used on class A, B, or C fires

carbon dioxide

type of fire extinguisher used on class B or C fires

impacted fracture

type of fracture that occurs when broken bone ends jam into each other

cretinism

type of hypothyroidism that develops in infancy or early childhood resulting in lack of physical and mental growth

myxedema

type of hypothyroidism that occurs in later childhood or adulthood

amputation

type of injury that occurs when a body part is cut off and separated from the body

hamstring

type of injury that occurs when posterior femoral muscles are torn

hinge joint

type of joint that allows movement in only one direction (elbow and knee)

amphiarthrosis

type of joint that is slightly immovable

afferent

type of nerve that feeds sensations to the central nervous system

efferent

type of neuron that carries impulses away from the brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands

afferent

type of neuron that carries impulses from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord

concierge medicine (retainer medicine)

type of personalized health care; enhanced level of care is provided by a primary care physician in exchange for an annual or monthly fee; physicians care for fewer patients while having more availability

ectopic pregnancy

type of pregnancy that occurs when the fertilized egg attached itself to a place other than the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube

gamma knife surgery

type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision; surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue while preserving the healthy tissue around the tumor

septic shock

type of shock caused by an acute infection; poisons or toxins in blood cause vasodilation, BP drops, and less oxygen is delivered to body cells

neurogenic shock

type of shock caused by injury and trauma to brain and/or spinal cord; nervous system loses ability to control size of blood vessels, blood vessels dilate and BP drops, leading to decreased blood flow to body cells

metabolic shock

type of shock caused by loss of body fluid from severe vomiting, diarrhea, or heat illness or disruption in acid-base balance (diabetes); dehydration, low BP, and less blood circulating for body cells occurs

sinuses

cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area; lined with mucous membrane that warms and moistens air; provide resonance for the voice

zygote

cell produced by the union of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum

osteoclasts

cells that dissolve bone matrix during growth and healing

Alpha (A) cells

cells that produce the hormone glucagon

glial cells

cells that surround neurons and provide support and insulation between them; most abundant cell types in the CNS

macula

central area of the retina; functional center of the retina

mediastinum

central area within the thoracic cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, and heart

subsidiary motion

changes or affects how the main motion is handled; may change or modify the main motion or postpone of table it; MUST BE SECONDED AND ADOPTED BEFORE BEFORE VOTING CAN OCCUR ON THE MAIN MOTION

ischemic stroke

type of stroke that results from a blockage or reduction of blood flow to an area of the brain

hemorrhagic stroke

type of stroke that results from a weakened vessel that rupture and bleeds into surrounding brain; blood accumulates and compresses brain tissue

aural

type of temperature taken in the ear that detects and measures the thermal, infrared energy radiating from vessels to the tympanic membrane; measurement of body core temperature (similar to rectal)

areolar

type of tissue that makes up the papillary layer of skin

puncture

type of wound that is caused by a sharp object such as a pin, nail, or pointed instrument; includes gunshot wounds; damage is typically hidden under skin with little external bleeding

B and T

types of lymphocytes

fetus

unborn infant from the end of the third month of pregnancy until birth

alopecia totalis

uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp

defense mechanisms

unconscious acts that help a person deal with an unpleasant situation or socially unacceptable behavior (indirect method of satisfying human needs)

zygomatic bones

cheek bones

metabolism

chemical processes occurring in cells that transform nutrients into energy or into materials the body can use or store

neurotransmitters

chemicals secreted by nerves that influence the activity of other nerves

mastication

chewing

myasthenia gravis

chronic condition where nerve impulses are not properly transmitted to the muscles leading to progressive muscular weakness and paralysis

cirrhosis

chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue; liver can repair mild damage, but in advanced cases scar tissue can prevent proper functioning of the liver

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

chronic disease of the digestive tract that occurs when acid from the stomach flows back up into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter

osteoarthritis

chronic disease that usually occurs as a result of aging; frequently affects hips and knees; symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, aching, and limited ROM

acne vulgaris

chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands

asthma

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, animals, medications, or food; stress, overexertion, and infection can cause attacks

diabetes mellitus

chronic metabolic disease caused by a decreased secretion of insulin or utilization of insulin; leads to increased amount of glucose in the blood and urine

psoriasis

chronic non-contagious skin disease with periods of exacerbations and remission; classified by thick, red areas of white/silver scales

personality disorder

chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work; pattern is pervasive and inflexible, has on onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment

diverticulosis

chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon; often has no symptoms and is believed to be related to a low-fiber diet

emphysema

chronic respiratory condition in which alveoli lose their elasticity

ALS

chronic, degenerative neuromuscular disease; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease

sickle cell anemia

chronic, inherited anemia resulting in the production of abnormal, crescent-shaped erythrocytes that carry less oxygen, break easily, and block blood vessels

fibromyalgia

chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain

cornea

circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera; allows light rays to enter the eye

Carl Landsteiner

classified ABO blood groups in 1901

serum

clear fluid that remains from blood plasma after clotting factors have been removed

cerebrospinal fluid

clear, colorless fluid that continually circulates between the ventricles and and through the subarachnoid space

aqueous humor

clear, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and iris; helps maintain forward curvature of the eyeball and refracts light rays

epidermoid cyst

closed sac associated with a sebaceous gland that contains yellow, fatty material

cataract

clouding of the lens making vision cloudy or blurry

glomerulus

cluster of capillaries in the kidney

anthrac/o-

coal

staphylococci

cocci that occur in clusters; most common pyogenic microorganisms

diplococci

cocci that occur in pairs; cause diseases such as gonorrhea, meningitis, and pneumonia

atelectasis

collapsed lung

hemothorax

collection of blood in the pleural cavity

empyema

collection of pus in the pleural cavity

empyema

collection of pus within a body cavity (most commonly in pleural cavity)

superior vena cava

collects blood from all the veins of the upper body and carries that blood to the right atrium of the heart

Ishihara test

color perception test for red-green color deficiencies

whole blood

combination of plasma and formed elements

whitehead

comedo with an obstructed opening

vibrio

comma-shaped spirilla

impetigo

common and highly contagious infection that mainly affects infants and children; usually appears as red sores on the face, especially around the nose and mouth

psoriasis

common skin condition that causes skin cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin; extra skin cells form scale and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful

Kanner's autism

commonly called autism disorder; developmental disorder characterized by decreased social and communicative function and the presence of repetitive behaviors; typically onset before the age of 3

enterobiasis

commonly called pinworm; mainly affects young children

acetylsalicylic acid

commonly known as aspirin

cryptorchidism

commonly known as undescended testicle; developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum

love

complete the following sentence from the HOSA Creed "I will treat each individual with respect and _____"

polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates that consist of the starches found in vegetables, grains, potatoes, and rice; cellulose

tourette syndrome

complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities

iodophor

complex of iodine and a surface-active agent that releases iodine gradually; serves as a disinfectant and antiseptic

preeclampsia

complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria; begins after about 20 weeks of pregnancy

zinc

component of enzymes and insulin; essential for growth and wound healing; commonly found in seafood and eggs

dendrites

components of all nerves that relay information to the nerve cell body

cardiac tamponade

compression of the heart due to an accumulation of blood or fluids in the pericardium

privileged communication

comprise all information given to health care personnel by a patient; must be kept confidential and shared only with members of the patient's health care plan; INCLUDE HEALTH CARE RECORDS

pulmonary edema

condition caused by excessive fluid in the lungs; fluid collects in air sacs and impairs breathing; typically caused by heart problems

scurvy (scorbutus)

condition caused by severe lack of vitamin C

otosclerosis

condition characterized by ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear that causes a conductive hearing loss

bipolar disorder

condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs (manic behavior or euphoria) and severe lows (depression) that affect a person's attitude, energy, and ability to function

angina

condition characterized by episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

osteoarthritis

condition commonly known as "wear and tear" arthritis

pancytopenia

condition in which a person's body has too few red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

galactorrhea

condition in which an excess of prolactin causes breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

sleep apnea

condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels

atherosclerosis

condition in which arteries are narrowed by the accumulation of fatty substances on their inner surfaces

fibrosis

condition in which normal tissue is replaces by fibrotic (hardened) tissue

volvulus

condition in which the bowel twists on itself, causing obstruction to the flow of material through the bowel

thrombocytosis

condition in which there is an excessive number of platelets in the blood; can lead to stroke, heart attack, or blood clots

ischemia

condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body

immunity

condition of being protected against a particular disease

edentulous

condition of being without teeth

acrocyanosis

condition of blueness of the extremities

presbyopia

condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging

glaucoma

condition of increased pressure caused by an excess amount of aqueous humor

orthostatic hypotension

condition often caused by a lowering of blood pressure that occurs with postural change

Barrett's esophagus

condition often diagnosed in individuals with long-term GERD; caused by tissue changed from the chronic inflammation; precancerous condition

hypercapnia

condition that occurs when there is excess carbon dioxide (waste product of respiration) in the bloodstream

acanthosis nigricans

condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches; can be a sign of disease such as cancer or type 2 diabetes or a reaction to a medication

uvula

cone-shaped muscular structure that hangs from the middle of the soft palate; prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing

epispadias

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening (e)

hypospadia

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening (h)

athelia

congenital absence of one or both nipples

anorchism

congenital absence of one or both testicles

spina bifida

congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it; sometimes due to lack of folic acid

ligament

connects bone to bone

tendon

connects muscle to bone

secondary hypertension

consistent elevation in blood pressure that results from another disease or condition

periodontal ligament

consists of dense fibers of connective tissue that attach to the cementum of the tooth and to the alveolus; supports and suspends the tooth in the socket; acts as a shock absorber

peripheral nervous system

consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

autonomic nervous system

consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

athlete's foot

contagious fungal infection that usually affects the feet; skin itches, blisters, and cracks into open sores

miosis

contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light, but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs

sulfur

contributes to healthy skin, hair, and nails; activates energy-producing enzymes; commonly found in meat, fish, and eggs

medulla oblongata

controls heart rate and blood pressure

lactase

converts lactose in the small intestine

maltase

converts maltose in the small intestine

sucrase

converts sucrose to simple sugars in the small intestine

spirochete

corkscrew-shaped spirilla

antitussive

cough suppressant

hemoptysis

coughing up blood from the respiratory tract

olfactory

cranial nerve I

optic

cranial nerve II

ocular motor

cranial nerve III

facial nerve

cranial nerve VII

vestibular cochlear

cranial nerve VIII

vagus nerve

cranial nerve X

Edward Jenner

created small pox vaccine in 1976

Gabriel Farenheit

created the first mercury thermometer in 1714

salpingostomy

creation of an opening in an otherwise blocked fallopian tube; can repair damaged tube or remove ectopic pregnancy; can restore fertility

meniscus

crescent-shaped bands of thick cartilage attached to the tibia that act as shock absorbers and stabilize the knee

nail

ungu/o-

lithotripsy

crushing of stone

hidden, obscure

crypt-

lens

crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye that refracts or bends light rays onto the retina

neurogenic bladder

urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

nocturia

urination at night

95

urine is approximately ___% water

defibrillate

use of an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm

recreational therapists (therapeutic recreation specialists)

use recreational and leisure activities as forms of treatment to minimize patient's symptoms and improve physical, emotional, and mental well-being

Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped membrane that surrounds a glomerulus

incision

cut or injury caused by a sharp object such as a knife, scissors, or razor blade; smooth and regular edges

eponychium

cuticle of nail

tear duct/tear

dacry- (o)

senile lentigines

dark yellow or brown spots that develop on the skin as aging occurs

April 10

deadline for applying for HOSA scholarships

criminal law

deals with the wrongs against a person, property, or society; ex. practicing without a license, possession of drugs, theft, sexual assault, murder

atrophy

decrease in size or wearing away of a body part or tissue

oliguria

decreased or less than normal amounts of urine secretion

antidiuretic drug

decreases urine secretion

flexion

decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb

phagocytosis

defense mechanism against infection typically performed by white blood cells in which bacteria, cell debris, and other foreign bodies are engulfed and destroyed

leukopenia

deficiency of white blood cells

dual x-ray absorptiometry

definitive test performed to determine if a patient has osteoporosis

hypotension

dehydration is most likely to cause _____

arachnoid mater

delicate and weblike middle layer covering the brain and spinal cord

coronary arteries

deliver blood to the myocardium

custom tray

dental impression tray specially made to fit in a particular patient's mouth

pedodontics

dental treatment of children and adolescents

William Harvey

described the circulation of blood to and from the heart

occlusion

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth (as used in dentistry)

hydrochloric acid

destroys pathogens in the stomach

cryosurgery

destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells, such as warts or tumors, through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen

Abraham Maslow

developed a hierarchy of needs that is frequently used to classify and define the needs experienced by human beings

Harry Plots

developed a vaccine against typhoid in 1903

Emile Roux

developed a vaccine for diphtheria in 1894

Charles Darwin

developed theory of evolution

doctor of medicine (MD)

diagnoses, treats, and prevents diseases or disorders; may specialize

percussion

diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers

pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

dysphagia

difficult swallowing

dysphonia

difficulty in speaking which may include any impairment in vocal quality (hoarseness, weakness, cracking)

T lymphocytes

directly attack an infected or cancerous cell

Frederick Banting and Charles Best

discovered and used insulin to treat diabetes in 1992

Sir Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin in 1928

Wilhelm Roentgen

discovered roentgenograms (X-Rays) in 1895

Watson and Crick

discovered structure of DNA

Louis Pasteur

discovered the process known as pasteurization, vaccination, and fermentation

Dimitri Ivanofski

discovered viruses in 1892

Addison's disease

disease caused by a decrease secretion of aldosterone on the part of the adrenal cortex; this interferes with reabsorption of sodium and water

trichinosis

disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game infected with the larvae of a parasitic worm Trichinella spiralis

lymphadenopathy

disease of the lymph nodes

aspiration pneumonia

disease that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

pathogens

disease-producing organisms

oppositional defiant disorder

disorder characterized by a child or adolescent's persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directed toward authority figures, which daily activities

ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)

disorder characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for a child's developmental age

somatic symptom disorder

disorder characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

kleptomania

disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value

fibromyalgia

disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue and memory and mood issues

placental abruption (abruptio placentae)

disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

Conns syndrome

disorder of the adrenal glands due to an excessive production of aldosterone

Meniere's disease

disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and feelings of pressure/fullness in the ear

compartment syndrome

disorder that involves compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles

Cushing's syndrome

disorder that results from an over secretion of glucocorticoids on the part of the adrenal cortex; causes can include a tumor of the adrenal cortex, excess ACTH production (pituitary), or overuse of corticosteroids

Aristotle (Ancient Greece)

dissected animals and is called the father of comparative anatomy

dyskinesia

distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into a front section and a back section

sympathetic and parasympathetic

divisions of the autonomic nervous system

floating ribs

do not attach to the sternum or to another rib

living wills

documents that allow individuals to state what measures should or should not be taken to prolong life when their conditions are terminal; must be signed when the individual is competent and witnessed by two adults who cannot benefit from the death

diaphragm

dome-shaped muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

prostate

donut-shaped gland surrounding the neck of the male bladder and urethra; produces fluid components of semen

diplopia

double vision

blepharoptosis

drooping or abnormal relaxation of the upper eyelid

antidepressant

drug administered to prevent or relieve depression; can also be used to treat obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorders and to help relieve chronic pain

anxiolytic

drug administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension

antipsychotic (neuroleptic)

drug administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses (schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders)

cyclosporine

drug used to suppress the immune system after organ transplants; approved in 1983

beta blockers

drugs that decrease heart rate and strengthen the heart

diuretics

drugs that increase urine output; "water pills"

antipyretic drugs

drugs that reduce fever

antipruritic drugs

drugs that relieve/inhibit itching

mood stabilizing drugs

drugs used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

xerostomia

dry mouth resulting from reduced or absent saliva flow

3

each finger has how many phalanges?

14

each hand and foot has ____ phalanges

roll call

each member says "yes" or "no" as his or her name is called; provide for an accurate count of votes

cerumen

ear wax

apothecaries

early pharmacists

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance; leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain healthy body weight; may express voluntary starvation and/or excessive exercising

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications

binge eating disorder (BED)

eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of eating large quantities of food, accompanied by a sense of loss of control and feelings of guilt or shame afterward

pica

eating disorder that involves eating items that are not typically thought of as food or do not contain significant nutritional value, such as hair, dirt, and paint chips

sound

ech/o-

seizure

eclamps/o-

cabrera sign

electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block or ventricular pacing

audiometer

electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a set frequency and intensity

gyri

elevated folds of gray meter in the cerebral cortex

Death with Dignity Act

enacted by Oregon in 1997 to allow terminally ill individuals to end their lives

insertion

end or area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts

angioplasty

endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores normal blood flow

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

energy needed to maintain life when completely relaxed

dilate

enlarge or expand; to make bigger

cardiomegaly

enlarged heart; typically sign of underlying condition

prostatic hypertrophy

enlargement of the prostate gland

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hyperactive thyroid, iodine deficiency, over secretion of TSH, or a tumor; symptoms indulge thyroid enlargement, dysphagia, dyspnea, cough, and choking sensation

pinna (auricle)

entire ear structure that surrounds the opening of the ear canal

-ase

enzyme

sucrase

enzyme that acts in the intestine to digest sucrose (table sugar)

pepsin

enzyme that acts in the stomach to digest protein

antioxidants

enzymes or organic molecules that help protect from harmful radicals

stratum lucidum

epidermal layer found only on the palms and soles

fat-soluble vitamins

essential organisms substances needed in small amounts for normal function, growth, and maintenance of body tissues

Claudius Galen (Roman)

established the belief that the body is regulated by four fluids/humors- blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile- and that an imbalance in the humors resulted in illness

doctor of podiatric medicine (DPM)

examines, diagnoses, and treats diseases/disorders of the feet or of the leg below the knee

hemorrhoid

example of a diseased venous structure

lithium

example of a mood-stabilizing drug

hydrocephalus

excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles; "water on the brain"

bronchorrhea

excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi; often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma

agoraphobia

excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur; individuals affected often do not leave their homes due to the fear

hirsutism

excessive growth and/or abnormal distribution of hair

polyphagia

excessive hunger/increased appetite

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive urination

biopsy

excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination

macular degeneration

eye condition that causes the loss of central vision, but not total blindness

ptosis

failure of the muscles of the eyelids to stay fully open, resulting in a partly closed eye

delusion

false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

presbyopia

farsightedness caused by a loss of lens elasticity; light rays focus behind the retina; results from normal aging process and is treated by the use of corrective lenses or "reading glasses"

hyperopia

farsightedness; light rays focus beyond the retina

tachycardia

fast heart rate

30%

fat should comprise no more that what percentages of an adult's daily intake?

Claudius Galen

father of experimental physiology

atheroma

fatty deposit that develops on the inside of arteries; sometimes occurs due to atherosclerosis

steatorrhea

fecal matter that is frothy with a foul smell due to a high fat content; loose fat present in stool

Patient Self-Determination Act

federal law passed in 1990 that ensures that patients are informed of their rights and have the opportunity to determine the care they will receive

axon

fiber extending from a neuron's cell body that conducts impulses

capsulitis

fibrosis surrounding a joint that severely limits movement; can result from arthritis, inflammation, or trauma

adhesions

fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues

gomphosis

fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint; only example is that between a tooth and the mandible or maxilla

cellulose

fibrous, indigestible form of plant carbohydrate

geriatrics

field focused on the eldery

I believe in myself

fifth line of HOSA creed

ileum

final section of the small intestine; connects jejunum and large intestine

lanugo

fine, soft hair that covers the body of a fetus or newborn

Class C fire

fire caused by electrical issues (wiring, outlets, appliances)

Class B fire

fire caused by flammable liquid (oil, grease, paint)

Class D fire

fire caused by flammable metals (magnesium, aluminum)

Class A fire

fire caused by ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, cloth)

papules

firm, raised areas such as pimples and the eruptions seen in some stages of chickenpox and syphilis

Wilmington, Delaware

first National HOSA office was established here

Netherlands

first country to legalize euthanasia

I believe in the healthcare profession

first line of HOSA creed

Lynn McGee (North Carolina)

first national HOSA president

Joseph Lister

first person to use disinfectants and antiseptics to prevent infection during surgery

Ancient Romans

first to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers

sulci

fissures (normally occurring deep groves) of the cerebral cortex

scales

flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells

macules

flat spots on the skin; freckles

rhinorrhea

flow or discharge form the nose

bulla

fluid-filled blister more than 5 mm in diameter with thin walls

doctor of chiropractic medicine (DC)

focuses on ensuring proper alignment of the spine and optimal operation of the nervous and muscular systems to maintain health

civil law

focuses on the legal relationships between people and the protection of a person's rights; involves torts and contracts

frenulum

fold of skin or mucous membrane that limits or restricts the movement of an organ or body part

rugae

folds in the stomach that allow for expansion

18

fontanels, made of membrane and cartilage, typically turn into solid bone by approximately how many months of age?

embolus

foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream; can be air, a blood clot, bacterial clumps, or a fat globule; can block blood vessels

mitosis

form of asexual reproduction where cells divide into two identical cells

Peyronie's disease

form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection

operative permit

form signed by the patient to give permission for the anesthesia and surgery

cholelithiasis

form when substances in bile harden; gallstones

debate

formal discussion on a motion

glycogenesis

formation/production of sugar

fusiform

formed like a spindle; wider in the middle and tapering toward the ends; ex. fusiform aneurysm

foramen ovale

found only in the fetus; allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs

Dr. Robert Smith and William Wilson

founded Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935

parathyroid glands

four small glands located behind and attached to the thyroid gland

comminuted (multifragmentary)

fracture that breaks a bone into more than two pieces

epiphyseal

fracture that may affect future bone growth

spiral

fracture type that results from twisting; results in one or more breaks; common in skiing and snowboarding accidents

depressed

fracture type where broken piece of skull bone moves inward; common with severe head injuries

open/compound

fracture where some part of the fractured bone protrudes through the skin

closed/simple

fractured bone that does not break through the skin

sterile

free from all organisms both pathogenic and nonpathogenic

diarthrosis

freely movable joint

colic

frequent, prolonged and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant

hypothalamus

functions of this brain part include regulation of sleep/wake cycles, hunger and thirst sensations, and body temperature

onychomycosis

fungal infection of the nail; depending on the type of fungus involved, this condition can cause the nails to turn white, yellow, green, or black and to become thick or brittle

aortic hiatus

gap in the diaphragm through which the aorta runs

inflammatory bowel disease

general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines; include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease

dermatosis

general term to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation

muscular dystrophy

genetic disease that causes progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass

cystic fibrosis

genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system

pancreas

gland that is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

thyroid

gland that synthesizes hormones that regulate the body's metabolism and control the level of calcium in the blood

sebaceous glands

glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

government agency concerned with the causes, spread, and control of diseases in populations

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

government agency that establishes and enforces standards that protect workers from job-related injuries and illnesses

presbycusis

gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

crepitation

grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

meconium

greenish material that forms the first stools of a newborn

bruxism

grinding of teeth, especially during sleep

fissure

groove or crack-like break in the skin

interstitial lung disease

group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their surrounding structures; leads to a reduction of oxygen being transferred to the blood

arthritis

group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints

intercostals

group of muscles found between the ribs that move the ribs for breathing

impulse control disorders

group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences; includes compulsive shopping and gambling

septicemia

growth of bacteria in the blood; blood poisoning or sepsis

gingiva

gums

club hair

hair that has stopped growing

cilia

hairlike projections

Murphy's Sign

hand is firmly placed at the costal margin in the upper right abdominal quadrant and patient is asked to breathe deeply; POSITIVE SIGN ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

cementum

hard, bonelike tissue that covers the outside of the root; provides a thin layer of protection and helps hold the tooth in place

enamel

hardest tissue in the body; covers the outside of the crown of a tooth

ganglion cyst

harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist; can be caused by repeated minor injuries, usually painless, and usually doesn't require treatment

stridor

harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage in the throat or larynx when breathing in

cephalgia

headache

medigap policy

health insurance plan that helps pay medical expenses not covered by Medicare; offered by private insurance companies and require the enrollee to pay a premium

sensorineural

hearing aids and cochlear implants treat what type of hearing loss?

monaural

hearing test that involved one ear

binaural

hearing test that involves both ears

acoustic reflectometry

hearing test that measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum

left ventricle

heart chamber that pumps blood into the aorta

right atrium

heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body

left atrium

heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

digitalis

heart medication obtained from the foxglove plant

terminal hair

heavy, more darkly pigmented hair

calcaneus

heel bone

red bone marrow

hemopoietic tissue found in the ends of long bones and flat irregular bones such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and pelvis

lymphatic tissue

hemopoietic tissue found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland

prokinetics

used in individuals with GERD to strengthen the sphincter and speed gastric emptying

ultrasonic units

used in many dental and medical offices to remove dirt, debris, blood, saliva, and tissue from a large variety of instruments before sterilizing them; uses sound waves to clean

scoliometer

used to measure the degree of spinal curvature

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

ringworm

highly contagious fungal infection of the skin or scalp; characteristic symptom is the formation of a flat or raised circular area with a healthy-looking inner area surrounded by an itchy, scaly, or crusty outer ring

smallpox

highly contagious infectious disease caused by a variola virus; vaccines were made not mandatory after several years with no reported cases, now a new vaccination program has been started in the US with the threat of bioterrorism

impetigo

highly contagious skin infection typically caused by streptococci or staphylococci organisms

granulation

highly vascular tissue that forms at the base of a healing wound

3/4

honorary membership may be conferred for life by a _____ vote of the Board of Directors

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half

acromegaly

hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland releases too much somatotropin during adulthood, causing bones to increases in size (including bones of hands, feet, and face)

vasopressin (ADH)

hormone produced in the posterior lobe of the pituitary that promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys and constricts blood vessels

leptin

hormone secreted by fat cells

lactogenic/prolactin (LTH)

hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary that stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands after delivery of an infant

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hormone that acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to prevent water loss by reducing urine output and helping kidneys reabsorb water

peptide yy

hormone that signals satiety and therefore serves as a prompt to stop eating

leptin

hormone that signals the brain that the body has enough energy stored, therefore suppressing appetite; levels are higher in those who are overweight; obese people have built up resistance to the effects

glucagon

hormone that stimulates the breakdown of the stored form of glucose for release into the bloodstream

insulin

hormone that stimulates the movement of glucose from the bloodstream into cells

ghrelin

hormone that stimulates/increases appetite

mandible

horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw

hyoid

horseshoe-shaped bone that lays at the base of the tongue; only unarticulated bone in the body

7

how many cervical vertebrae?

anaphylactic shock

hypersensitive or allegoric reaction to a substance such as food, medications, or insect/snake bites

pituitary gland

hypophysis

Gabriel Fallopius

identified the fallopian tubes in the female; described the tympanic membrane in the ear

Dr. Elisabeth Kubler Ross

identified the five stages that dying patients and their families may experience before death

epidemiologists

identify and track diseases as they occur in a group of people; determine risk factors, evaluate situations, and develop methods to prevent or control the spread of new diseases

right

images from from the left visual are handled by which cerebral hemisphere?

left

images from the right visual field are handled by which cerebral hemisphere?

synarthrosis

immovable joint

acquired immunity

immunity developed either after exposure to an antigen or to the passive injection of immunoglobulins

incontinence

inability to control urination; may result from treatment of enlargement of the prostate gland or for prostate cancer

retention

inability to empty the bladder

anemia

inadequate number of red blood cells, low hemoglobin levels, or both; characterized by pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, and rapid heart rate

choledocholithotomy

incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone

personal protective equipment (PPE)

includes gloves, gowns, lab coats, masks, and ace shields

hyperemia

increased amount of blood in the vessels of an organ or tissue

osteoporosis

increased porosity or softening of the bones; metabolic disorder caused by a hormone deficiency (estrogen in women), prolonged lack of calcium, and a sedentary lifestyle

dyspepsia

indigestion

histoplasmosis

infection caused by breathing in spores of a fungus often found in bird and bat droppings

sialadenitis

infection of the salivary glands; typically caused by a virus or bacteria

endogenous

infection that originates inside the body

exogenous

infection that originates outside the body

opportunistic infections

infections that occur when the body's defenses are weak; typically do not occur in individuals with in tact immune systems

hemorrhagic fever

infectious disease caused by a filovirus; 2 flioviruses have been identified (Ebola, Marburg); common belief is that viruses are transmitted from bats; disease spreads rapidly by contact with body fluids; 50-90% of infected individuals die

plague

infectious disease caused by bacteria "yersinia pestis"; typically transmitted through bites of infected fleas; rats, rock squirrels, prairie dogs, and chipmunks are the most common sources for _____ in the US

tularemia

infectious disease caused by bacteria called "francisella tularensis"; bacteria is commonly found in rats, rabbits, and insects (ticks, deer flies); humans contract disease through the bite of an infected animal/insect or by eating/drinking contaminated food or water; vaccine in review

anthrax

infectious disease caused by the spores of bacteria "bacillus anthracis"; grazing animals eat contaminated soil and become infected; humans become infected by eating undercooked or infected meat, or by inhaling the spores; vaccine is available for prevention

salmonellosis

infectious disease transmitted by feces, either through direct contact or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked food

encephalitis

inflammation fo the brain caused by a virus, bacterium, chemical agent, or as a complication of measles, chicken pox, or mumps; virus typically contracted from a mosquito bite

stomatitis

inflammation inside of the mouth; sore can be in the cheeks, gums, lips, or tongue

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein, frequently in the leg

chondritis

inflammation of cartilage

dysentery

inflammation of intestines accompanied by bloody diarrhea

onychia (onychitis)

inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail

cholangitis

inflammation of the bile duct system that is usually related to a bacterial infection

osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone caused by an infecting organism; long bones of arms and legs are most commonly affected

bursitis

inflammation of the bursae; frequently affects joints that perform frequent repetitive motions such as shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees

cervicitis

inflammation of the cervix

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva

endometritis

inflammation of the endometrium of the uterus

blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelids

salpingitis

inflammation of the fallopian tubes

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

balanitis

inflammation of the glans penis (head of penis) that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision

glomerulonephritis (nephritis)

inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis

dacryoadenitis

inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords; can be caused by a viral infection, vocal cord strain, or irritation

cheilitis

inflammation of the lip

sinusitis

inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the sinuses

Guillain-Barre syndrome

inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis

rhinitis

inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane resulting in a runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness, and congestion; caused by viral respiratory infections or allergies

oophoritis

inflammation of the ovaries

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum often associated with shin splints

meningitis

inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

sciatica

inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

enteritis

inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens

pharyngitis

inflammation of the throat; medical term for sore throat; common symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra typically caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemicals (ex. bubble bath solutions)

cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder

metritis

inflammation of the uterus

adenitis

inflammation or infection of the lymph nodes

otosclerosis

inherited disease causing bony overgrowth of the footplate of the stapes; stapes becomes immobile, causing conductive hearing loss; symptoms include gradual hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo

endometrium

inner layer of the uterus; layer of specialized epithelium that provides for implantation of a fertilized ovum and aids in the development of a fetus

medulla

inner region of the kidney containing most of the urine-collecting tubules

pia mater

innermost layer covering the brain and spinal cord that is closely attached to them

retina

innermost layer of the eye made up of many layers of nerve cells, which transmit the light impulses to the optic nerve

minerals

inorganic elements found in all body tissue

speculum

instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior

otoscope

instrument used to examine the external ear canal

ophthalmoscope

instrument used to examine the interior of the eye

heat rash (prickly heat)

intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells

silicosis

interstitial lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting

sinoatrial node

intrinsic pacemaker of the heart

main motion

introduces a topic to the membership for their consideration; cannot be made when any other motion is on the floor for consideration

Benjamin Franklin

invented bifocals for glasses

microbiologists

investigate the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms

muscle spasm

involuntary contraction of a muscle that typically causes severe pain

nystagmus

involuntary, rapid, and repetitive movement of the eyes; these movements often result in reduce vision and depth perception and can affect balance and coordination

Cheyne Stokes respiration

irregular breathing pattern characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea; commonly occurs in comatose patients or those near death

excitability

irritability; the ability of muscles to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse

pruritis

itching

wheals

itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape; ex, hives and insect bites

vitreous humor

jellylike substance that fills the area behind the lens; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and also refracts light rays

temporomandibular joint

joint formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

symphysis pubis

joint where the 2 os coxae join together on the ventral part of the body

Hippocrates

Greek physician known as the "Father of Medicine"

Rod of Asclepius

Greek symbol associated with medicine and healing

Priya Rathakrishnan (Georgia)

President of HOSA

Karen Koeninger

Deputy Executive Director

Jeswin Vennatt (Texas)

Western Region Vice President of HOSA

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (1765)

What was the first medical school in the US, and the only medical school in the thirteen American Colonies?

September 1977 (1 of 2 organizations)

When was HOSA recognized by the US Office of Education?

linea nigra

a dark line across the abdomen that occurs during pregnancy

morphine

a pain management medication made from the poppy plant

Fifth disease

a viral disease that causes a rash looking as though one had been slapped on the cheeks

astigmatism

abnormal shape or curvature of the cornea that causes blurred vision. Can be treated with glasses or contact lenses

deductible

amount you must pay before you begin receiving any benefits from your insurance company

eructation

an act or instance of belching

heparin

anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

deciduous

baby teeth; teeth that will eventually be lost during adolescence

Elizabeth Blackwell

became the first female physician in the US in 1849; started the first Women's Medical College in New York in 1868

Grave's disease

common cause of hyperthyroidism

Jonas Salk

developed polio vaccine in 1955

idiopathic

disease of unknown cause

Ancient Egyptians

earliest people known to maintain accurate health records

Clara Barton

founder of American Red Cross during American Civil War (1881)

iatrogenic

illness or unfavorable response to a medical or surgical treatment that was induced by the treatment itself

telemedicine

involves use of video audio and computer systems to provide medicine and/or healthcare

condyle

large, round protuberance at the end of a bone

amblyopia

lazy eye; commonly occurs in early childhood, may result in blindness if not treated with therapy, corrective lenses, or surgery

Southlake, TX

location of current National HOSA Headquarters

Imhotep (Egyptian)

may have been the first physician

health science events, health professions events, emergency preparedness events, leadership events, teamwork events, recognition events

name the 6 categories of competitive events

diaphoresis

profuse sweating

Ancient Greeks

stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease

pasteurization

using heat to destroy germs

26

young adults can be covered by their parent's health insurance policy until what age?

women (3x)

Is rheumatoid arthritis more common in women or men?

Shiatsu

Japanese form of acupressure

mono (mononucleosis)

The Epstein-Barr virus causes what contagious illness?

25.8 million

The NIH approximates that how many people in the world have diabetes?

Laura Sheppard

Chief of Staff

Bergen Morehouse

Director of Competitive Events

Dennis Van Peeren

Director of Finance

Bobby Crandall

Director of Technology

George Sifakis