HOSA Bowl 2017-2018
strabismus
"cross eyed"; a condition in which a person cannot align both eyes simultaneously under normal conditions
unami
"fifth taste"; detects meaty or savory sensations
taenia solium
"pork tapeworm"; contracted by eating inadequately cooked pork
sudoriferous glands
"sweat glands"; coiled tubes that extend through the dermis and open on the surface of the skin at pores
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
"Father of Microbiology"- discovered bacteria and other microscopic organisms
René Laennec
"Father of Pulmonary Diseases"- French physician who invented the stethoscope in 1816
no
Are most incidental motions debatable?
no
Are the cranial nerves a part of the central nervous system?
name of HOSA
Article 1 of HOSA bylaws states
purpose of HOSA
Article 2 of HOSA bylaws states
membership composition
Article 3 of HOSA bylaws regards
officers
Article 4 of HOSA bylaws regards
meetings
Article 5 of the HOSA bylaws regards
Jeff Koeninger
Assistant Director
Jan Mould and Carie Staub
Assistant Directors of Competitive Events
Nancy Allen
Associate Director
pain, suffering
-algia
pregnancy
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
inflammation
-itis
tissue death
-necrosis
lack of, deficiency
-penia
surgical fixation
-pexy
rupture
-rrhexis
to crush
-tripsy
underweight
10-15% under recommended weight
overweight
10-20% over ideal body weight
reading and approval of minutes
1st order of business
papillary, reticular
2 layers of dermis
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
2 parts of integumentary system
obesity
20% over ideal body weight
reports of officers, boards, and standing committees
2nd order (item of business)
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
3 layers of the uterus (innermost to outermost)
offer, acceptance, consideration
3 parts of a contract
spastic, athetoid, atactic
3 types of cerebral palsy
cardiac, smooth (visceral), skeletal
3 types of muscle
reports of special committees
3rd order (item of business)
sweet, salty, sour, bitter
4 senses that taste buds allow people to detect
main motion, subsidiary motion, privileged motion, incidental motion
4 types of motions
connective, epithelial, neural, muscular
4 types of tissue
special orders
4th order (item of business)
unfinished business and general orders
5th order (item of business)
new business
6th order (item of business)
tuberculosis
A Mantoux screening tests for what disease?
bylaws
Besides the corporate charter, what is the highest body of rules in a society?
Teen use of Social Media Should be Limited
Biomedical Debate Topic 2017-2018
liver cancer
A liver transplant is an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than what?
aortic valve
A loud murmur heard at the base of the heart which radiates to the sternal notch and the carotid arteries is most likely produced by which valve?
regional anesthesia
A nerve block is also known as what?
incidental
A request to be excused from a duty is what type of motion?
xenograft
A surgical graft of tissue taken from a donor of one species and grafted into a recipient of a different species is what type of transplant?
Parkinson's disease
A thalamotomy is primarily performed to quiet the tremors of which disease?
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIDS
200
About how many quarts of blood are processed every day by the kidneys?
100,000
About how many times per day does the heart contract?
(acute) myocardial infarction
Acute S-T segment elevation on an electrocardiogram is likely to indicate with disease/condition?
potassium
Addison's disease causes an increase level of what mineral in the blood?
January 1
Affiliation fees for Fall semester students must be received by National HOSA on or before __________ of the membership year
second
Blistering is a key sign of which degree of burn?
portal vein
Blood flows into the liver from organs in the gastrointestinal tract via the _____
cardiac contusion, aortic dissection
Blunt force injury to the chest is likely to cause which two injuries/events?
autoimmune
Although the exact cause is unknown, myasthenia gravis is thought to be what type of disease?
Jason Huff
Alumni Director-at-Large
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
An Rh incompatibility between a pregnant woman and the fetus can cause what disorder to develop?
inflammation
An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicates the presence of what in the body?
vitamin D
Calciferol is more commonly known as what?
faint
An individual suffering from orthostatic hypotension is likely to do what upon standing up?
opportunistic
Candidiasis, Kaposi's Sarcoma, and Pneumocystis jiroveci are examples of what type of infection?
Susan Readnower
Central Region Local Advisor
Dana Stringer
Central Region State Advisor
Joey Greenstein (Michigan)
Central Region Vice President
closing the eyelid
An injury to the orbicular oculi muscle causes problems doing what?
37
An neonate is considered premature if it is born before what week of gestation?
superficial femoral vein
An ultrasonographer finds a deep venous thrombosis in the leg of a patient. Which vein is most likely to be clotted?
John Hunter
English surgeon who established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding in 1778
Cushing's Syndrome
Excess use of injectable corticosteroids can cause what disease to develop?
Jim Koeninger
Executive Director
Parkinson's disease
Fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait are all symptoms of what progressive condition?
biceps
Flexion of the elbow primarily involves contraction of which muscles?
Ambroise Paré
French surgeon known as the Father of Modern Surgery
Alcmaeon
Greek biochemist who identified the brain as the physiological site of the senses in the 6th century BC
deontological ethics
Greek theory of ethics; judges morality based on rules, duties, and obligations
teleological ethics
Greek theory of ethics; rightness of an act is determined by its end
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV
Health Maintenance Organization
HMO
10% parliamentary procedure, 15% HOSA related, 75% health related
HOSA Bowl guidelines
Janet Villareal
HOSA Chair-Elect
Brock Rops
HOSA Immediate Past Chairman
NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness)
HOSA National Service Project 2017-2018
Jason Huff
HOSA Secretary
www.HOSA.org
HOSA URL
2/3
HOSA bylaws can be amended by what percentage of votes at ILC?
Peg Enslen
HOSA chairman
navy blue, medical white, maroon
HOSA colors
The hands of HOSA mold the health of tomorrow
HOSA motto
1-800-321-HOSA
HOSA phone number
Health Science and HOSA: A Healthy Partnership
HOSA slogan
HOSA E-MAGAZINE
HOSA's magazine published twice a year
uterine cancer
HPV (human papillomavirus) is the most common cause of what type of cancer in women?
Joanne Clovis
HSE Supervisor/Teacher Educator Representative
Thomas Pryor
Health Care Industry Representative
105F (40.6C)
Heat stroke occurs when the internal body temperature rises to what value?
shingles
Herpes zoster is better known as what?
serotonin
High levels of which neurotransmitter are often associated with serenity and optimism?
helminths
Hookworms, ascariasis, trichinella spiralis, enterobiasis, and taenia solium are all examples of what?
streptococci
Cocci that occur in chains are called what?
yes
Does the privileged motion to adjourn require a second?
vasopressor
Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine can all be used as a ______
trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
Charmane Freeman-Greene
Eastern Region Local Advisor
Peg Enslen
Eastern Region State Advisor
Olivia Datta (Georgia)
Eastern Region Vice President
Bell's Palsy
Effacement of the nasolabial fold is found in what disease?
2, 30
The AHA recommends that ____ separate blood pressure readings be taken and averaged, with a minimum wait of _____ seconds between readings
5
The AHA recommends that patients sit quietly for at least how many minutes before blood pressure is taken?
13-17
The Board of Directors is composed of how many members?
aortic arch
The brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian vein all arise from which structure?
9th
In what century were medical universities created?
Arlington, TX
In what city was the Constitutional Convention that HOSA was officially organized at held?
hertz, decibels
In what two ways is sound measured?
executive session
In what type of session are the proceedings kept secret?
1983
In what year was HIV identified?
1920
In what year was the Band-Aid invented?
chemical digestion
In which phase of digestion do enzymes break down food into particles cells can absorb?
no
Is calling a meeting to order a part of the order of business?
Vitruvian man
Leonardo da Vinci's famous anatomical man drawing is called what?
10
Medical care should be obtained if more than what percentage of a CHILD'S body is burned?
15
Medical care should be obtained if more than what percentage of an ADULT'S body is burned?
small intestine
Most nutrients are absorbed where?
1 year
National President term length
trichromatic
People who have any ability to see all three primary colors of light (normal color vision) are said to have what type of vision?
dichromatic
People who only have two types of cones which are able to perceive color (total absence of function of one cone type) are said to have what type of vision?
LeAna Truong (Oregon)
Postsecondary/Collegiate Board Representative
Irfan Khan (Florida)
Postsecondary/Collegiate Vice President
Sarah Fleischman (Florida)
President Elect of HOSA
90
Proposed amendments must be submitted in writing at least _____ days before the National HOSA Conference
Preventing Teen Dating Violence
Public Health Topic 2017-2018
Prediabetes (Stopping a Runaway Train)
Public Service Announcement Topic 2017-2018
2
How many acetabula are present on the pelvic girdle?
100-174.9
How many approved hours for Bronze level of BJSA?
250 (or more)
How many approved hours for Gold level of BJSA?
175-249.9
How many approved hours for Silver level of BJSA?
206
How many bones does the average adult have?
126
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?
80
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
8
How many bones make up the cranium?
20
How many deciduous teeth do humans have?
4 (HOSA Poster, Extemporaneous Speaking, Informative Speaking, and Job Interview)
How many events were implemented during the First Annual Leadership Conference?
14
How many facial bones are there?
1
How many gavel taps to adjourn a meeting?
2
How many gavel taps to call a meeting to order?
3
How many gavel taps to make the assembly stand?
42
How many lifetime members are there?
2
How many lobes does the left lung have?
3
How many lobes does the right lung have?
5
How many lumbar vertebrae?
17
How many members are currently on the HOSA Board of Directors?
3
How many members represent state HOSA?
5
How many nasal bones?
12
How many pairs of cranial nerves?
3
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
31
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
2
How many phalanges are in the hallux (great toe)?
56
How many phalanges in the human body?
4
How many pulmonary veins?
3
How many sets of tonsils are present in the back of the mouth?
1000
How many students are needed to affiliate a chapter?
32
How many teeth do grown adults have?
7
How many times is "I believe" stated in the HOSA Creed?
4
How many ventricles are in the brain?
26
How many vertebrae compose the spinal column?
9 (calories/gram)
How much energy does fat store?
Ignaz Semmelweis
Hungarian physician known as the "savior of mothers" and "father of infection control"; emphasized importance of handwashing
95F (35C)
Hypothermia occurs when the rectal temperature is below what temperature?
gram positive
If organisms retain the purple color of the gentian violet or crystal violet stain, they are said to be what?
gram negative
If organisms retain the red color of the saffron solution, they are said to be what?
raise a point of order
If the chair makes a mistake in assigning the floor, what should a member do?
the motion is lost
If there is a tie vote on a main motion, what happens to the main motion?
as needed
If you are taking a PRN medication, when are you taking it?
bubonic plague
In the 1300s, a major epidemic of what disease killed almost 75% of the population of Europe and Asia
African Americans
In the United States, the incidence of hypertension is highest among which ethnic group?
first
Redness (erythemia) is a key sign of which degree of burn?
Ancient Chinese
Religious prohibitions again dissection limited the knowledge of body structure of which ancient group?
vitamin A
Retinol is more commonly known as what?
severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS
James Lind
Scottish physician who conducted one of the first ever clinical trials; developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy
Alexander Fleming
Scottish physician who discovered penicillin in 1928
Arjun Keshava (North Carolina)
Secondary Board Representative
African Americans
Sickle cell anemia occurs almost exclusively among what race?
Christiaan Barnard
South African cardiac surgeon who performed the first human-to-human heart transplant in December 1967
streptococcus pyogenes
Strep A, or flesh-eating strep, that causes necrotizing fasciitis that destroys tissues and can result in amputation or death
secondary motions
Subsidiary, privileged, and incidental motions are all considered what?
allograft
Tissue that is surgically transplanted from one person to another (not genetically identical) person is what type of transplant?
isograft
Tissue transplanted between genetically identical twins is what type of transplant?
autograft
Tissue transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual is what type of transplant?
2/3
To limit or extend limits of debate (reduce time for debate)a requires what proportion of votes?
vitamin E
Tocopherol is more commonly known as what?
true
True or false: the brain has no nerves that sense its own pain
England, 1967
The first hospice was founded in what country and in what year?
portal vein
The gastric veins, the inferior mesenteric vein, and the splenic vein all supply blood to which vein?
grasping
The intrinsic muscles of the hands perform what action?
2
The kidneys produce approximately how many quarts of urine per day?
chewing
The masseter muscles are involved in what?
majority
The motion to amend requires what vote?
5
The sacrum is composed of how many bones that are fused together?
alkaline
The small intestine requires what type of conditions?
myelin
The speed of transmission of nervous impulses in axons is increased by _____
right atrium
The superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus all feed blood into which heart chamber?
axons and dendrites
The white matter of the brain is composed of what?
nephrosclerosis
kidney disorder in which involves the hardening of the walls of the arterioles of the kidney; typically caused by hypertension
renal calculus
kidney stone
nephrolithiasis
kidney stone (n)
rhazes
known as the "Arab Hippocrates"; developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles in 910 AD and began the use of animal gut for suture matieral
Florence Nightingale
known as the founder of modern nursing; began the professional education of nurses
ataxia
lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movement
afebrile
lacking fever
abdomen
lapar/o-
foramen magnum
large opening in the base of the skull that the spinal cord and other critical soft tissues pass through; passage between the cranial vault and the base of the skull
ecchymosis
large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin
aorta
largest artery in the body
spleen
largest lymphatic organ
scoliosis
lateral deviation of the spine
reticular
layer of dermis with collagen and elastic fibers
stratum granulosum
layer of epidermis that contains large quantities of keratin
visceral pleura
layer of serous membrane attached to the surface of lungs
parietal pleura
layer of serous membrane of the lungs attached to the chest wall
muscularis
layer of the digestive tract that contracts and relaxes to propel food forward
epidermis
layer of the skin that protects against chemical and mechanical injuries
diabetic retinopathy
leading cause of blindness
epiglottis
leaf-life piece of cartilage that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing; preventing food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract
dyslexia
learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly
first degree (superficial)
least severe type of burn that involves only the epidermis and typically heals in 5-6 days without permanent scarring; redness, mild swelling, and pain may occur
lymphocytes
leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells; work together with the body's organs to defend the body against antigens
bronze, silver, gold
levels of Barbara James Service Award
cystic fibrosis
life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus; this results in damage to the lungs, poor growth, and nutritional deficiencies
$150
lifetime membership fee
endocardium
lines the heart's chambers, covers the vessels, and continues into the vessels; consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells
cheil/o-
lip
medulla, pons, midbrain
list the components of the brain stem from inferior to superior
inflammation
localized tissue or cellular reaction resulting from injury, irritation, or infection
soft palate
located behind the hard palate in the mouth; separates the mouth from the nasopharynx
centrosome
located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus; contains two centrioles that separate during mitosis
right upper quadrant
location of liver
upper left quadrant (inferior to diaphragm)
location of spleen
humerus
long bone of the upper arm
alimentary canal
long muscular tube that begins at the mouth and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
diaphysis
long shaft of a bone
spirochetes
long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
saphenous vein
longest vein in the body
femur
longest, heaviest bone
mucolytics
loosen mucus secretions; can treat COPD
anorexia
loss of appetite
dementia
loss of mental ability characterized by a decrease in intellectual ability, loss of memory, impaired judgement, personality change, and disorientation
cachexia
loss of skeletal muscle mass and dramatic weight loss; often a result of serious illness
aphonia
loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
apraxia
loss or impairment of the ability to execute complex coordinated movements; inability to form purposeful movements
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
dysthymia (persistant depressive disorder)
low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for two or more years
lumbago
lower back pain
fibula
lower leg bone that helps stabilize the ankle; does not bear any weight
main motion
lowest ranking motion
lordosis
lumbar curvature; can be temporary; result of spdylolisthesis
chyle
lymph mixed with lipids; transported to the bloodstream by lacteals to the thoracic duct
axillary lymph nodes
lymph nodes clustered in the armpit
inguinal lymph nodes
lymph nodes found in the groin
cervical lymph nodes
lymph nodes found in the neck
away from tissues
lymphatic vessels only carry fluid in one direction, which is what?
agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes are classified as which type of WBC?
Langerhahns Cells (dendritic cells)
macrophages in the epidermis that are part of the immune system
cardiovascular disease
main cause of death in the US
macular degeneration
major cause of vision loss and blindness; disease of the macula; age related disorder caused by damage to the blood vessels that nourish the retina
glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter often associated with learning and memory; thought to be associated with Alzheimer's disease
urea
major nitrogenous waste resulting from protein metabolism
Hodgkin's lymphoma
malignant condition distinguished by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
sarcoma
malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee
apocrine sweat
mammary glands are a type of ____ glands
thymus
mass of lymph tissue that atrophies (wastes away) after puberty and is replaced by fat and connective tissue; function taken over by lymph nodes
osteocyte
mature bone cell
certification
means that a person has fulfilled the requirements of education and performance and meets the standards and qualifications established by the professional association or government agency that regulates a particular career
ileostomy
medical procedure to create a surgical passage of the small intestine through the abdominal wall
anesthetist
medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician (ex. nurse anesthetist)
Every Patient Tells a Story (Lisa Sanders) Wonder (RJ Palacio) The Deadly Dinner Party (Jonathan A. Edlow)
medical reading books for middle school competitors 2017-2018 (3)
Into the Magic Shop (James Dotty) Idiot Brain (Dean Burnett) The Happiness Advantage (Shawn Achor) Bubonic Panic (Gail Jarrow) Losing Face (Kathie Torpie)
medical reading books for secondary and postsecondary/collegiate 2017-2018 (5)
tinea pedis
medical term for athlete's foot
cheiloschisis
medical term for cleft lip
myocardial infarction
medical term for heart attack
icterus
medical term for jaundice
hypoxia
medical term for lack of oxygen
pediculosis
medical term for lice infestation
conjunctivitis
medical term for pink eye
syncope
medical term for the condition commonly known as fainting
pertussis
medical term for whooping cough; contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, breathlessness, and a noisy inspiration
general anesthesia
medication given intravenously or inhaled through a mask that causes unconsciousness; common post-op symptoms include nausea and vomiting
local anesthesia
medication is injected into the area around the operative site to stop the sensation of pain; patient is awake when this type of anesthesia is used
spinal anesthesia
medication is injected into the spinal canal and causes loss of sensation in all areas below the injection (no feeling in legs); headaches are a common symptom and should be reported
palliative
medication or treatment that eases pain/severity of a disease, but does not cure it
mydriatic drops
medication placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light
psychotropic drug
medication that acts primarily on the central nervous system; produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior; used to control pain and to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders
atropine
medication that blocks acetylcholine (used as a muscle relaxant); found in the deadly nightshade plant
antineoplastic
medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
stimulant
medication that works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness; used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy; overuse can lead to sleeplessness and heart palpitations
perfusionists (extracorporeal circulation technologists)
members of the open-heart surgical teams who operate the heart-lung machines used in coronary bypass surgery; monitors blood gases and vital signs, administers blood products, anesthetic agents, and/or drugs as needed; induces hypothermia
ballot
members write their vote on a slip of paper or computer program; permits secrecy; usually used for election of officers or other sensitive motions
endosteum
membrane that lines the medullary cavity and keeps the yellow marrow intact; produces some bone growth
oval window
membrane that separates the inner ear from the middle ear
amnesia
memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences; can be caused by a brain injury, illness, or psychological disturbance
menstruation, menses
men/o-
dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder)
mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual
gait
method or manner of walking
uterus
metr/o-
rickettsiae
microorganism responsible for typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
nonpathogens
microorganisms that are part of the normal flora of the body and are beneficial in maintaining certain body processes
anaerobic
microorganisms that live and reproduce in the absence of oxygen
aerobic
microorganisms that require oxygen to live
nephron
microscopic functional unit of each kidney; it is here that urine is produces through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
conductive
middle ear implants and bone conduction hearing aids treat what type of hearing loss?
choroid coat
middle layer of the eye interlaced with many blood vessels that nourish the eyes
myometrium
middle layer of the uterus; muscle layer that allows for expansion of the uterus during pregnancy and contracts to expel a fetus during birth
anomic aphasia
mild form of aphasia marked by an inability to name objects; loss of memory for words
iodine
mineral needed for the production of thyroid hormones (thyroxine)
therapeutic diets
modifications of the normal diet; used to improve specific health conditions
malaria
mosquito-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium
West Nile virus
mosquito-borne flavivirus that first infected birds but now infects humans; can be only a mild febrile illness; but can cause severe neurologic illnesses (encephalitis, meningitis) which can lead to death in older individuals
keratinocytes
most abundant cells in the epidermis
intussusception
most common abdominal emergency affecting children under 2 years old; occurs when one portion of the bowel slides into the next, like pieces of a telescope
urticaria
most common allergic reaction; also called hives
embolism
most common cause of myocardial ischemia
hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage; found in nose, ribs, and sternum
spastic
most common type of cerebral palsy
red/green
most common type of color blindness
androgenic alopecia
most common type of hair loss; called male pattern baldness when it occurs in males and female pattern baldness when it occurs in females; rarely leads to total hair loss
dry macular degeneration
most common type of macular degeneration; occurs as fatty deposits decrease that blood supply to the retina, resulting in a gradual thinning of the retina; progresses slowly and results in blurred, distorted vision, with an absence of central vision (PERIPHERAL NOT AFFECTED)
melanoma
most dangerous type of skin cancer; develops in the melanocytes of the epidermis
neutrophils
most numerous WBC in peripheral circulation
third degree (full thickness)
most severe type of burn that involves injury to all layers of the skin plus underlying tissue; can be life threatening due to fluid loss, infection, and shock; white or charred appearance of skin and extreme pain or no pain if nerve endings are destroyed
unclassified motion
motion that brings questions back before the assembly
motion to commit or refer
motion that sends the main motion to a committee for study
abduction
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
chemotaxis
movement of cells or organisms in response to chemical signals (can be attracted to or repelled by the substances)
helminths
multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called "worms" or "flukes"; transmitted to humans when they ingest meat contaminated with the worms or get bitten by infected insects
bruit
murmur; abnormal sound heard in auscultation typically due to arterial narrowing or valve abnormalities
rectus abdominis
muscle found from the ribs to the pelvis that compresses the abdomen and flexes vertebral column
gastrocnemius
muscle found on the back of lower leg that flexes and supinates sole of the foot; calf muscle
gluteus maximus
muscle found on the buttocks that extends and rotes the thigh; can be an injection site
sartorius
muscle found on the front of the thigh that adducts thigh and flexes leg
trapezius
muscle found on the upper back and neck that extends head and moves shoulder
pectoralis major
muscle located in the upper chest that adducts and flexes upper arm
quadriceps femoris
muscle located on the front of the thigh that extends the leg; injection site
latissimus dorsi
muscle located on the spine around to the chest that extends and adducts upper arm
triceps brachii
muscle of the upper arm that extends and adducts lower arm
biceps brachii
muscle of the upper arm that flexes lower arm and supinates head
tibialis anterior
muscle on the front of the lower leg that flexes and inverts foot
deltoid
muscle on the shoulder that abducts arm; common site for injections
sternocleidomastoid
muscle on the side of the neck that turns and flexes the head
myalgia
muscle pain
heat cramps
muscle pains and spasms that result from the loss of water and salt through perspiration; caused by exposure to heat
arrector pili
muscle responsible for goose bumps
triceps
muscle that extends the elbow
extrinsic muscles
muscles responsible for moving the eye within the socket; attached to the outside of the sclera
cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)
muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach; relaxes during swallowing to allow food to enter the stomach
interventricular septum
muscular structure that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart
esophagus
muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
pylorus
muscular valve between the stomach and duodenum; holds food in stomach until it is ready for the next stage in the digestive process
polyp
mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
tympanic membrane
myring/o-
HOSA Happenings
name of the HOSA chapter newsletter event
malleus, incus, stapes
name the three auditory ossicles (AKA hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
phimosis
narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glands penis; condition can be present at birth or become apparent during childhood
2.0
national officers must have a GPA of at least
antrum
natural chamber or cavity in a bone or other anatomical structure; ex. gastric ___
myopia
nearsightedness; light rays focus in front of the retina
ganglion
nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system; also describes a benign, tumor-like
cholinergic fibers
nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine
neuralgia
nerve pain experienced without stimulation of a nerve receptor
plexus
network of intersecting spinal nerves; also used to describe a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels
chorea
neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that functions at neuromuscular connections and stimulates muscle contractions; can be excitatory or inhibitory; imbalances can contribute to myasthenia gravis
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are classified as which type of WBC?
metastasis
new cancer site that results from the spreading process
neoplasm
new tissue growth or tumor
DMDD (Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder)
newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable
nyctalopia
nightblindness; inability to see well at night or in poor light; typically a symptom of underlying medical problem
cerebral palsy
non progressive, noncontagious disturbance in voluntary muscle action and is caused by brain damage
eczema
noncontagious inflammatory dermatitis caused by an allergen or irritant
comedo
noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle often associated with acne vulgaris
phytochemicals
nonnutritive plant chemicals that store nutrients and provide aroma and color in plants
ketosis
normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking; excessively high level may indicate that the body is not producing enough insulin to convert glucose into energy
eupnea
normal respiration
cicatrix
normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound
20-120 million (per milliliter)
normal sperm count
epistaxis
nosebleed
8
number of carpals on one wrist
quorum
number of members required to conduct business
5
number of metacarpals on each palm
fomites
objects contaminated with infectious material that contains the pathogens; common examples include doorknobs, bedpans, urinals, linens, instruments, and specimen containers
implied contracts
obligations that are understood without verbally expressed terms
cryptogenic
obscure or unknown origin
sporadic
occurring irregularly and rarely
dislocation
occurs when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint; frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips
general consent
occurs when a motion is not likely to be opposed; "if there are no objections..."; agreement shown by silence; if anyone objects the motion must be put to vote
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
occurs when a thrombus forms in a vein deep within a muscle; often a result of prolonged sitting or immobility
thrombophlebitis
occurs when a thrombus or clot forms in a vein near the surface of the skin
heat exhaustion
occurs when a victim is exposed to heat and experiences a loss of fluids through sweating: symptoms include diaphoresis, fatigue, weakness, headache, nausea, and/or dizziness or fainting
ruptured disk
occurs when an intervertebral disk (pad of cartilage in between vertebrae) ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve; aka herniated/slipped disk
cerebrovascular accident (brain attack, stroke, or apoplexy)
occurs when blood flow to the brain is impaired, resulting in lack of oxygen and destruction of brain tissue; can be caused by cerebral hemorrhage
mixed hearing loss
occurs when both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss are present
epistaxis
occurs when capillaries in the nose become congested and bleed
defamation
occurs when false statements either cause a person to be ridicule or damage the person's reputation
constipation
occurs when fecal matter remains in the colon too long, causing excessive reabsorption of water
ischemic colitis
occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood; this can lead to inflammation and permanent damage of the affected area
sensorineural hearing loss
occurs when the cochlea and/or auditory nerve is damaged so electoral information cannot be sent to the brain; almost always permanent
atrial fibrillation
occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
conductive hearing loss
occurs when there are issues with the outer or middle ear that interfere with passing sound to the inner ear; earwax/fluid buildup, ear infections, abnormal bone growth, punctured ear drum; permanent or temporary
Awards Unlimited
official HOSA supplier
pharmacopoeia
official drug directory
sebaceous gland
oil gland
ether
one of the first successful anesthetics
cauterization
using heat to remove a body part or close an opening
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
vaccine for tuberculosis
bicuspid/mitral valve
valve located between the left ventricle and the left atrium
tricuspid valve
valve located between the right ventricle and right atrium
hemorrhoids
varicose veins of the anal canal or anus
nitroglycerin
vasodilator used to treat and prevent symptoms of angina
subclavian vein
vein found beneath the clavicle
inferior mesenteric vein
vein found within the peritoneum
brachial vein
vein in the arm commonly used for intravenous access during advances cardiac life support
vitelline vein
vein only present during embryonic development
inferior sagittal vein
vein that drains blood from the anatomical structures of the head
slander
verbal defamation
sagittal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
epicardial coronary arteries
vessels that feed blood to major segments of the myocardium
concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function
SARS
viral disease that is characterized by flu-like symptoms that can lead to respiratory failure and death
rubella
viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash
H5N1
virus that causes avian or bird flu
ophthalmologist
vision specialist who must be a medical doctor
pernicious anemia
vitamin B12 deficiency caused by an inability to absorb the vitamin B12 needed to make enough healthy red blood cells
riboflavin
vitamin B2
vitamin D
vitamin essential for calcium absorption
vitamin D
vitamin formed in skin when exposed to sunlight
vitamin K
vitamin that interferes with the effects of the anticoagulant warfarin
water soluble vitamins
vitamins that are excreted by the kidney through urine and must be replaced daily
larynx
voice box
hematemesis
vomiting blood
creatinine
waste product of muscle metabolism
vernix
waxy white substance found coating the skin of newborn babies
myasthenia
weakness in a muscle
-asthenia
weakness, lack of strength
dandruff
what does seborrheic dermatitis cause?
thymus
what gland is located in the mediastinum, just beneath the sternum?
homeostasis
when the body is maintained in a state of balance and equilibrium
red bone marrow
where are all types of blood cells produced?
liver
where is bile produced?
duodenum
where is most fat digested?
amylase
which enzyme acts in the mouth to begin the breakdown of starch?
ceruminous
which glands produce ear wax?
acinar cells
which pancreatic cells secrete digestive enzymes?
A, D, E, K
which vitamins are fat-soluble?
B and C
which vitamins are water soluble?
flagellum
whip-like appendage on the cell body of certain cells that allow a cell to move
closed comedo
whitehead
exanthem
widespread rash (breaking out or eruption that changes the color or texture of the skin) that usually occurs in children
Ayer blade
wooden or plastic blade used to scrape cells from the cervix of the uterus; used for pap tests
laceration
wound or injury with jagged, irregular edges
libel
written defamation
tort
wrongful act that does not involve a contract; civil wrong; occurs when a person is harmed or injured because a provider does not meet proper standards of care
yellow
xantho-
dry
xer/o-
candidiasis
yeast infection
jaundice
yellow skin coloring
club foot
talipes
sprain
tears or breaks in ligaments
strain
tears or injury in muscles and tendons
dorsiflexion
technical term for the movement of lifting the toes up from the ground when the foot is placed flat on the ground
Gram's stain
technique of staining organisms to identify specific types of bacteria present
imagery
technique of using imagination and as many senses as possible to visualize a pleasant and soothing image; used to decrease tension, stress, or pain
Crede's Maneuver
technique used to evacuate the bladder of someone who cannot do so without aid
incisors, canines (cuspids)
teeth that are used for biting and tearing (2 types)
premolars (bicuspids), molars
teeth that are used for chewing and grinding (2 types)
lay on the table
temporarily postpones a discussion or vote on a motion; allows members to obtain more information; REQUIRES A SECOND, DOES NOT ALLOW FOR DISCUSSION, CANNOT BE AMENDED, REQUIRES MAJORITY VOTE
placenta
temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy; acts as a link between the mother and infant, provides nutrition for developing infant, and promotes lactation; expelled after birth
ischemia
temporary interruption of blood flow to tissue
3 years
term length for local HOSA advisors
3 years
term length for state representatives
3 years
term length of health science technology teacher educator
2 years
term length of the Director-at-Large or Alumni member
2 years
term length of the representative of the health care industry
remission
term referring to the absence of disease activity within a patient in the setting of a chronic disease or illness
diabetic retinopathy
term that describes an eye disorder that can develop as a complication of diabetes
trismus
term that describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer
menometrorrhagia
term that describes excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
onychocryptosis
term that describes the condition commonly known as an ingrown toenail
lymphadenitis
term that describes the condition commonly known as swollen glands
cognition
term that describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
areata
term that means occurring in patches
hemostasis
term that means to stop or control bleeding
blood dyscrasia
term used to describe any pathological condition of cellular elements or abnormal material in the blood
delirium
term used when confusion or disorientation is a temporary condition caused by a treatable condition
eponyms
terms used in medicine that are named after people, places, or things; typically the person who identified or discovered a disease or structure; ex. Achille's tendon, Holter monitor, Parkinson's disease
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
test that evaluates how well a person metabolizes a calculated amount of glucose
glycohemoglobin test (A1C)
test that measures the amount of glucose that attaches to the hemoglobin on red blood cells
blood urea nitrogen test (BUN)
test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea; performed to obtain an indication of kidney function
somatic
the _____ nervous system gives voluntary control over skeletal muscles
azoospermia
the absence of sperm in the semen
pericardial effusion
the accumulation of excess fluid in the double-layered, sac-like structure around the heart
auscultation
the act of listening, directly or with a stethoscope or another instrument, to the sounds within the body as a method diagnosis
deglutition
the act or process of swallowing
calorie
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
purpura
the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin
epidural space
the area between the dura mater and the vertebral wall, containing fat and blood vessels
perineum
the area between the vagina and anus in the female body; can also be used to describe the entire pelvic floor in both the male and female individual
inter proximal space
the area between two adjoining teeth
protoplasm
the basic substance of all life; the material that makes up all living things
brain
the basilar, carotid, and vertebral arteries all supply blood to the _____
glycolysis
the breakdown of carbohydrates for energy
call to order
the chairperson announces that the meeting is starting; alerts members that they must be quiet and orderly
agglutination
the clumping together of red blood cells or bacteria, usually in response to a particular antibody
somnambulism
the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening
cesarean section
the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls
hemolysis
the destruction of red blood cells
pathogenesis
the development of a disease and the chain of events leading to the disease
lower
the diastolic BP is always ____ than the systolic BP
mydriasis
the dilation of the pupil
prolapse
the downward displacement or movement to an abnormal position of a body part or tissue
origin
the end of a muscle that does not move during contraction
effusion
the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity
internal respiration
the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream
menarche
the first occurrence of menstruation
cytoplasm
the fluid inside of a cell; contains water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and salts
blood pressure
the force exerted by the blood against the arterial walls when the heart contracts or relaxes
morbidity rate
the frequency or proportion with which a disease appears in a population
sonogram
the image created by ultrasonography
chlamydia
one of the most frequently occurring STIs; can be spread from mother to baby during childbirth and cause serious eye infections or pneumonia
nerve
one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
protozoa
one-celled animal-like organisms often found in decayed materials, animal or bird feces, and contaminated water; many have flagella; some are pathogenic
tibia
only lower leg bone that bears weight; aka shinbone
obturator foramen
opening between the ischium and pubis that allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels to and from the legs
foramen ovale
opening in the septum between the right and left atria; typically closes after birth, isolating the deoxygenated blood that returns to the heart from the oxygenated blood that returns from the lungs
foramina
openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
carotene
orange pigment of the epidermis
testicles
orchid/o-
organ of Corti
organ located within the cochlea that receives the sound vibrations and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers
thymus
organ that has roles in both the immune and endocrine systems
contamination
organisms and pathogens are present
parenteral
other than by mouth
pneumatic otoscope
otoscope with the attachment of a bulb filed with air; during an exam the bulb is pressed to visualize whether or not the tympanic membrane is immobile, indicating possible otitis media
pandemic
outbreak of disease occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population
perimetrium
outer layer of the uterus; serous membrane
cortex
outer portion of an organ
renal cortex
outer region of the kidney that contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons
epineurium
outermost layer of connective tissue which surrounds individual axons of peripheral nerves
sclera
outermost layer of the eye; tough connective tissue that maintains the shape of the eye; "white" of the eye
lysosomes
oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm; contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials
seborrhea
overactivity if the sebaceous glands that results in the production of an excessive amount go sebum
Ken and Nora Smith
owners/managers for HOSA's first management
shin splint
pain caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia
cystalgia
pain in the bladder
arthralgia
pain in the joints
priapism
painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
lunula
pale crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail
pallor
paleness
trypsin
pancreatic enzyme that breaks down protein in the duodenum
cholera
pandemic that occurred in 1832
facioplegia
paralysis of the face
paraplegia
paralysis of the legs and lower body
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
botulism
paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin produced by bacteria "clostridium botulinum"; caused by eating foods that contain the toxin, presence of the toxin in a wound or skin injury, or can occur in infants who eat the spores that then grow in the intestine and release the toxin; toxin rapidly causes muscle paralysis
toxoplasmosis
parasite most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces; pregnant woman should avoid such contact because it can cause microcephalous or hydrocephalus in the developing child
rickettsiae
parasitic microorganisms that cannot live outside the cells of another living organism; commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites; transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects; antibiotics are effective against them
cortex/cuticle
part of hair composed of hard keratin
axial skeleton
part of the skeleton that consists of the head and vertebrae; includes skull, ossicles, hyoid, rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column
appendicular skeleton
part of the skeleton that consists of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
subluxation
partial dislocation of a bone from its joint
ileus
partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine that is caused by the stopping of normal intestinal peristalsis
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
parts of the sternum (top to bottom)
melena
passage of dark tarry stools containing decomposing blood that is usually indicative of bleeding in the upper part of the digestive tract
Francis Clarke and MG Foster
patented the first electrical hearing aid in 1880
acidosis
pathological condition resulting from a disturbance in the acid-base balance in the blood and body tissues
30
percent of members that represent the quorum
registration
performed by a regulatory body (professional association/state board) that administers examinations and maintains a current list of of qualified personnel in a given health care area
plantar flexion
performed by curling or flexing the toes toward the floor
in vivo
performed or taking place in a living organism
in vitro
performed or taking place in a test tube, laboratory, or elsewhere outside of a living organism
Dr. Jessee Bennet
performed the first successful Cesarean section operation in 1794
rhytidectomy
performed to remove excess skin and fat for the elimination of wrinkles
exacerbation
period of time during which the signs and symptoms of a chronic disease become more severe
Raynaud's disease
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress; symptoms include pallor, cyanosis, and redness of fingers and toes
bronchiectasis
permanent dilatation of the bronchi caused by chronic infection and inflammation
raise a question of privilege
permits a member to secure immediate action regarding someone's rights or comfort; ex. adjust sound, adjust temperature, lack of chairs; NO SECOND REQUIRED, CHAIRPERSON DECIDES
CT scan
permits physicians to see clear, cross-sectional views of both bone and body tissues and to find abnormalities such as tumors or bleeding
phobia
persistent, irrational fear of a specific thing or situation that is strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with functioning, and to lead to avoidance of the thing or situation
My Plate
personalized plan that allows an individual to make healthy food choices
members-at-large
persons otherwise qualified for membership where active HOSA chapters are not yet established
honorary members
persons who have made significant contributions to the development of HOSA and/or have rendered outstanding service to the organization
caudal
pertaining to any tail or tail-like structure
gustatory
pertaining to the sense of taste
cutaneous
pertaining to the skin
adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils
gavel
the instrument used for maintaining order during a meeting
cones
photoreceptor cells that function in bright light and are responsible for color vision and detail; located IN THE CENTER OF THE RETINA
rods
photoreceptor cells that function in low light but cannot distinguish colors; located at PERIPHERY OF RETINA
physiatrist
physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
plastic surgeon
physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures
iris
pigmented portion of the eye
petechiae
pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding; commonly occur in clusters and may look like a rash
state the question
place the motion before the assembly
projection
placing blame for one's own actions or inadequacies on someone else or on circumstances rather than accepting responsibility themselves
verrucae
plantar warts
cosmetic surgeons
plastic surgeons who perform operations such as breast augmentation, liposuction, and facelifts that are usually done for aesthetic rather than medical reasons
pneumocystis jiroveci
pneumonia in individuals with AIDS
sacroiliac joint
point where the sacrum and the ilium meet
belladonna (atropine)
poisonous European plant of the nightshade family; purple/red bell-shaped flowers and shiny black berries
epitope
portion of an antigen that distinguishes it from other antigens
Fowler's position
positions used to facilitate breathing, relieve distress, encourage drainage, and examine the head, neck and chest
Ayurvedic practitioners
practitioners who use an ancient philosophy developed in India to determine a person's predominant dosha (body type) and prescribe diet, herbal treatment, exercise, yoga, massage, minerals, and living practices to restore and maintain harmony in the body
prognosis
prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease or disorder
old age
presby/o-
pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity that can impair oxygenation or ventilation
glycosuria
presence of an abnormal amount of sugar in the urine
hematospermia
presence of blood in the seminal fluid
congenital
present at birth
latent
present but not visible
asymptomatic
presenting no symptoms of disease
antisepsis
prevent or inhibit growth of pathogenic organisms but are not effective against spores and viruses
anesthesia
prevention of pain by way of loss of sensation
aortic valve
prevents back flow of blood to the left ventricle
pulmonary valve
prevents back flow of blood to the right ventricle
electroconvulsive therapy (electroshock therapy)
procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses
tubal ligation
procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy; female sterilization
carotid endarterectomy
procedure performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by a disruption of the blood flow to the brain
cytoscopy
procedure that allows physicians to examine the lining of the bladder and urethra
mammography
procedure that involves radiographic studies of the breast
thoracentesis
procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space (excess fluid present)
liposuction
procedure where adipose tissue is removed through a tube inserted deep into the skin
licensure
process by which government agency authorizes individuals to work in a given occupation after completing an approved education program and passes state board test
meiosis
process by which sex cells divide; uses two separate cell divisions to produce four new cells
reduction
process in which a bone is put back into its proper alignment; required for a fracture to heal
electroencephalography
process of recording the electrical activity of the brain
sterilization
process that destroys all microorganisms, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic
disinfection
process that destroys or kills pathogenic organisms
B lymphocytes
produce antibodies against specific antigens
cortisol
produced by the adrenal glands; regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress response; promotes development of osteoporosis
small intestine
produces enzymes, prepares foods for absorption
apoptosis
programmed cell death
dystrophy
progressive weakening (atrophy) of a body part (muscle)
carpal tunnel syndrome
progressively painful hand and arm condition that occurs when the medial nerve and tendons that pass through a canal on their way from the forearm to the hands and fingers are pinched
olecranon process
projection on the upper end of the ulna forming the elbow, "funny bone"
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
paralysis
the loss of voluntary muscle movement and coordination in some part of the body resulting from a brain or spinal cord injury that destroys neurons
aphasia
the loss or impairments of the power to use or comprehend words, usually as a result of injury or damage to the brain
mastoid process
prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to external auditory meatus
Roger Bacon
promoted chemical remedies to treat disease and researched optics and refraction (bending of light rays)
insulin
promotes the transport of fatty acids and amino acids (proteins) into the cells
gladiolus
proper name for sternum part "body"
thoracic duct
the main lymph duct of the body
melanin
protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV
proteinuria
protein in the urine
surfactant
protein-fat compound that reduces surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveolus from collapsing inward with each inhalation
hernia
protrusion of an organ or tissue through an opening in its surrounding walls, especially in the abdominal region
hiatal hernia
protrusion of part of the stomach upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm
take a recess
provides a break during a meeting; REQUIRES A SECOND, DOES NOT ALLOW FOR DISCUSSION, CAN BE AMENDED, REQUIRES MAJORITY VOTE
Erik Erikson
psychoanalyst who identified eight stages of psychosocial development
withdrawal
psychological or physical syndrome caused by the abrupt cessation of the use of alcohol or drugs in an addicted individual
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances
Andreas Vesalius
published the first anatomy book
apical pulse
pulse count taken with a stethoscope at the apex of the heart where the actual heartbeat is heard and counted
brachial
pulse taken at the inner aspect of forearm at the antecubital space (crease of elbow)
femoral
pulse taken at the inner aspect of the upper thigh where the thigh joins with the trunk of the body
radial
pulse taken at the inner aspect of the wrist, above the thumb
carotid
pulse taken at the neck on either side of the trachea
dorsalis pedis
pulse taken at the top of the foot arch
popliteal
pulse taken behind the knee
posterior tibial
pulse taken just below and behind the medial malleolus (bony part of the ankle that sticks out on the inner side of the leg)
temporal
pulse taken on either side of the forehead
-cente
puncture
pyogenic
pus forming
pyuria
pus in the urine
pustules
pus-filled sacs such as those seen in acne, or pimples
renal pelvis (/bowl of kidney)
pyel/o-
nodule
raised lesion detectable by touch; typically 1 cm or more in diameter
Tetralogy of Fallot
rare condition caused by a combination of four congenital heart defects
giantism
rare disorder resulting from an over secretion of somatotropin before puberty; commonly caused by benign pituitary tumor; causes excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development, and sometimes mental retardation
progeria (Hutchison-Gilford Syndrome/HGPS)
rare, fatal genetic condition characterized by an appearance of accelerated aging in children; mutation in the gene LMNA; name is Greek and translates to "prematurely old"
balo disease
rare, rapidly progressing form of multiple sclerosis; differs from other variants of MS because it is not characterized by relapses and remissions
enanthem
rash found on the inside of the mouth
hematocrit
ratio of volume of erythrocytes to the total volume of blood; determined by separation of erythrocytes from the plasma through centrifugation
acetabula
recessed areas, or sockets, on the pelvis girdle that provide for the attachment of the smooth rounded head of the femur
Ancient Chinese
recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
erythropoietin
red blood cell production is regulated by which hormone?
caruncle
red triangle in the corner of the eye next to the lacrimal duct
carbuncle
red, swollen, painful cluster of boils that are connected to each other; caused by infected hair follicles; aka staph infections
erythema
redness of the skin
peptidase
reduces proteins to amino acids
infestation
referes to the dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue
body mechanics
refers to the way in which the body moves and maintains balance while making the most efficient use of all its parts
hypothalamus
regulates and controls the autonomic nervous system, temperature, appetite, water balance, and blood vessel constriction and dilation
interstitial
relating to spaces within or around a tissue or organ
histamine
released in response to allergens; causes the signs of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion
compulsions
repeatedly feeling compelled to do things, like wash or pray
obsessions
repetitive, intrusive, distressing thoughts or impulses
rhinoplasty
reshaping of the nose; "nose job"
bone marrow
the medullary cavity contains the ______
synovial membrane
the membrane lining a capsule of the joint
paradoxical reaction
result of medical treatment that yields the exact opposite of normally expected results
dwarfism
results from an under secretion of somatotropin; can be caused by random genetic mutation, tumor, infection, or injury; characterized by adult height less than 4'10''; somatotropin hormone injections can be given if diagnosed early
chronic bronchitis
results from frequent attacks of acute bronchitis and long-term exposure to pollutants or smoking; characterized by chronic inflammation, damaged cilia, and enlarged mucous glands
take from the table
resume consideration of a main motion
prepuce (foreskin)
retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis
peristalsis
rhythmic, wavelike motion of involuntary muscles
thoracic
ribs attach to the ______ vertebrae
true ribs
ribs that attach directly to the sternum
false ribs
ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum
Circle of Willis
ring-like arterial structure located at the base of the brain that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures
tinnitus
ringing in the ears; symptom of hearing loss, ear injury, or circulatory disorder
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
rule of nines
rule used to calculate the percentage of body surface burned
standard precautions
rules developed by the CDC to prevent the spread of infection
flesh, connective tissue
sarc/o-
gerontology
scientific study of aging and the problems of the elderly
antibody screen
screening performed by most blood banks prior to a transfusion; performed to check for unexpected antibodies that may be present in the blood and that could lead to an incompatibility reaction
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months
basophils
secrete histamine, a substance that causes blood vessels to leak, which attracts WBCs
diencephalon
section located between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus
subcutaneous tissue
section of skin that contains many blood vessels and adipose tissue
albumins
the most abundant proteins in blood plasma
aura
sensation perceived by a patient that precedes a condition affecting the brain (migraine or seizure); may consist of flashing lights, blurred vision, numbness, or difficulty speaking
merocrine sweat
sensible perspiration is produced by the ____ glands
hallucination
sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimuli
proprioceptors
sensory receptors that monitor positions of joints
gigantism
serious condition that is almost always caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland; secretes too much growth hormone
pericardium
serous membrane enclosing the heart and great vessels
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
pleura
serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs
cerebrospinal fluid
serves as a shock absorber to protect the brain and spinal cord
cisterna chyli
serves as a storage area for purified lymph before this lymph returns to the bloodstream; also receives chyle from the intestinal lacteals; enlarged suchlike structure at the start of the thoracic duct
obstipation
severe constipation
orthopnea
severe dyspnea in which breathing is very difficult in any position of that sitting erect or standing
pruritus vulvae
severe itching of the external female genitalia
Legionnaires disease
severe, often lethal, form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella
gametes
sex cells
acute
sharp or severe; having rapid onset; not chronic
pleurodynia
sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
lancet
sharp, pointed instrument used to pierce the skin to obtain blood
visual acuity
sharpness of visual perception
hypovolemic/hemmorhagic shock
shock that occurs when a person loses more than 20% (one fifth) of their blood or fluid supply; life threatening
dendition
the number, type, and arrangement of teeth in the mouth
division
similar to a voice vote but members stand or raise their hands so an accurate count can be obtained
disaccharides
simple sugars that are broken down into monosaccharides during the digestive process; sucrose, lactose, maltose
monosaccharides
simple sugars that can be absorbed by the small intestine without being broken down; glucose, fructose, galactose
bacteria
simple, one-celled organisms that multiply rapidly; classified by shape and arrangement
fungi
simple, plantlike organisms that live on dead organic matter; can be pathogenic; examples include yeast and mold
receptors
sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation and send the stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation
convection
sitting on the cold ground causes heat loss through
NJ, AL, NC, NM, OK, TX
six HOSA charter states
squamous cell carcinoma
skin cancer that affects the thin cells of the epithelium but can spread quickly to other areas of the body; lesions start as small, firm, red, flat sores that later scale and crust
chloasma
skin condition commonly known as the mask of pregnancy
xanthelasma
skin condition that develops flat yellow growths (cholesterol deposits) on the eyelids; typically seen in people with high cholesterol levels
tinea
skin diseases caused by a fungus; ringworm
scabies
skin infection caused by infestation of itch mites that cause small, itchy bumps and blisters by burrowing into the top layer of human skin to lay their eggs
abrasion
skin scrape
bradycardia
slow heart rate
athetosis
slower form of chorea; symptom of a brain disorder that causes repetitive, slow, and involuntary muscle movements
AV node (atrioventricular node)
slows the electrical activity of the heart before it reaches the ventricles
bursae
small fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints
joint cavity
small space between the bones that allows for freedom of movement
pineal body
small structure attached to the roof of the third ventricle in the brain
anal fissure
small tear in the thin, moist tissue (mucosa) that lines the anus
fimbriae
small, fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes, through which eggs move from the ovaries to the uterus
microorganism (microbe)
small, living organism not visible to the naked eye; must be viewed under microscopes
gallbladder
small, muscular sac located under the liver and attached to it by connective tissue; stores and concentrates bile
pustule
small, pus filled lesion
Brushfield spots
small, white or gray/brown spots on the periphery of the iris due to aggregation of connective tissue; very common in children and those with Down Syndrome
terminal bronchioles
smallest bronchioles
virus
smallest microorganism visible only through electron microscope; cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell
lymphocytes
smallest type of WBC
endocardium
smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart and is continuous with the insides of blood vessels; allows for smooth flow of blood
medulla
soft core of hair
fontanelle
soft spot between the skull bones of an infant
pulp
soft tissue located in the innermost area of the tooth; made of blood vessels and nerves held in place by connective tissue
vellus
soft, short, thin hair covering body
midbrain
the portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center for impulses
gastroduodenostomy
the procedure in which an anastomosis is created between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum is a/an ______
scope of practice
the procedures, processes, and actions that health care providers are legally permitted to perform in keeping with the terms of their professional license or registration
accommodation
the process by which the lens and the pupil adjust to focus light rays on the retina
absorption
the process in which blood or lymph capillaries pick up the digested nutrients
erythropoiesis
the process of RBC production is called
enucleation
the removal of the eyeballs, leaving the eye muscles intact
ablation
the removal or destruction of a body part or tissue, abnormal growths, or harmful substances
composite
the restorative material used most frequently in the repair of anterior teeth, but can be used to restore posterior teeth as well
regurgitation
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
reabsorption
the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration
myorrhexis
the rupture or tearing of a muscle
kinesiology
the science of human movement involving the studies of biology, exercise, and athletics
dactyloscopy
the scientific study of fingerprints
mesial surface
the side surface of the teeth that is toward the midline of the mouth
subdural space
the space between the arachnoid and dura matter
lumen
the space in the interior of a hollow tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine
antecubital
the space located on the inner part of the arm and near the elbow
nucleolus
the spherical body in the nucleus of a cell that is important in reproduction of the cell
metastasis
the spread of tumor or cancer cells from the site of origin
wellness
the state of being in optimum health with a balanced relationship between physical, mental, and social health
nucleus
the structure in a cell that controls cell activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction
pharmacology
the study of drugs
Montgomery straps
special adhesive strips that are applied when dressings must be changed frequently at a surgical site
osteoblasts
special cells that form new bone tissue
Snellen Charts
special charts that use letters or symbols in calibrated heights to check visual acuity
ad hoc committee
special committee
hemostat
special group of curved or straight instruments, usually striated at the ends; used to compress blood vessels to stop bleeding or grasp tissues
obstetrician
specialist who provides medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
melanocytes
specialized cells in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin
thrombocytes
specialized cells that play an important role in blood clotting
colostrum
specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that newborns can digest; first milk produced by the mammary glands during pregnancy
lacteals
specialized lymphatic capillaries that pick up digested fats or lipids in the area of the small intestine
oligospermia
sperm count below 20 million/ml; this is known as a low sperm count and is a common cause of male infertility
ileocecal valve
sphincter muscle valve that separates the small and large intestine
vertebrae
spondyl/o-
pathophysiology
the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes
odontology
the study of the anatomy, growth, and diseases of the teeth
etiology
the study of the cause of disease
muscle tone
state of partial contraction of muscles (always present); sometimes described as a state of readiness to act
expressed contracts
stated in district and clear language, either orally or in writing; ex. surgery permit
ankylosis
stiffness or fixation of a joint
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth; triggers the release of milk from the breasts during lactation
cystolith
stone located within the urinary bladder
yellow marrow
storage area for fat cells; contains cells that form leukocytes
gallbladder
stores bile and releases it through the bile duct into the small intestine to emulsify fats
rectum
stores waste products for excretion
orth/o-
straight
plasma
straw colored liquid that carries blood components throughout the body and transport nutrients, hormones, and proteins to various parts of the body
volume
strength, force, quality, or intensity of the pulse
anatomy
the study of the form and structure of an organism
Ancient Chinese
strongly believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the entire body
physiology
the study of the processes of living organisms, or why and how they work
phrenology
the study of variations in the size, shape, and proportion of the cranium; pseudoscience of the Ancient Greeks
Chiari malformation
structural defects in the base of the skull and cerebellum, may develop when the skull is smaller than normal or misshapen
frenulum
structure that attaches the lower side of the tongue to the gum
choroid plexus
structure that produces cerebrospinal fluid
periodontium
structures that surround and support the teeth
forensic scientists
study cells, fibers, and other evidence to obtain information about a crime
histology
study of the structure, composition, and function of body tissue
biochemists
study the chemical composition of living things
physiologists
study the life functions of plants and animals
TRICARE
US government health insurance plan for all military personnel (provides care for all active duty members and their families)
twice on the same question (on the same day)
Unless there is a rule stating otherwise, how often may a member speak?
biophysicists
study the response and interrelationship of living cells and organisms to the principles of physics, such as electrical or mechanical energy
Asperger's syndrome
subgroup of the autism spectrum; affected individuals usually have normal or above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication
antiemetic
substance used to prevent vomiting
paroxysmal
sudden or spasm-like
laryngospasm
sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx sometimes associated with GERD
spasm
sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
-ptosis
suffix meaning prolapse or drooping forward
-malacia
suffix meaning softening/abnormal softening of tissue
-cide
suffix that means "causing death"
-emia
suffix that means blood or blood condition
-pexy
suffix that means surgical fixation
glycemia
sugar in the blood
nephrolysis
the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
anastomosis
the surgical union of normally separate parts; blood vessels, parts of the intestine, or other body channels
chicken pox
Varicella is better known as what?
irregular
Vertebrae are classified as what type of bone?
eosinophils
WBC involved in allergic reactions and the killing of parasites
basophils
WBC that secretes heparin, which prevents clotting in the infected area, allowing WBCs to enter
347 million
WHO estimates that approximately how many people worldwide have diabetes?
World Health Organization
WHO; international agency that constantly monitors health problems throughout the world and takes steps to prevent pandemics
Schwann cells
support neurons in the peripheral nervous system; wrap around axons to form the myelin sheath
Mae Dorado
Western Region Local Advisor
Janet Villareal
Western Region State Advisor
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
What 5 things does the APGAR test evaluate?
140/90
What BP is usually regarded as hypertension?
shape and arrangement
What are bacteria classified by?
insert (add), strike out, strike out and insert
What are the 3 basic processes of amendment?
asymmetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving
What are the ABCDEs of melanoma?
staphylococci
What are the most common pyogenic microorganisms?
cranial
What body cavity protects the brain?
HOSA Marketing Challenge
What competitive event was retired as of 2016-2017?
alimentary canal and accessory structures
What components make up the digestive/gastrointestinal system?
placental abruption (abruptio placentae)
What condition is the leading cause of fetal death?
oral surgery (maxillofacial surgery)
surgery on the teeth, mouth, jaw, and facial bones
caring of each HOSA member
What do the hands on the HOSA emblem signify?
Rhesus monkey (where is was first found)
What does "Rh" stand for when referring to blood?
automated external defibrillator
What does AED stand for?
centers for disease control and prevention
What does CDC stand for?
computerized tomography
What does CT stand for?
career and technology student organization
What does CTSO stand for?
HOSA History
What does HOSA Handbook section "A" address?
Competitive Events
What does HOSA Handbook section "B" address?
Chapter Management
What does HOSA Handbook section "C" address?
magnetic resonance imaging
What does MRI stand for?
nothing by mouth
What does NPO stand for?
positron emission tomography
What does PET scan stand for?
compassion of HOSA members
What does maroon represent?
purity of purpose
What does medical white represent?
loyalty to the healthcare profession
What does navy blue represent?
continuity of healthcare
What does the circle in the HOSA emblem represent?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
What does the disease ALS stand for?
facial droop, arm drift, speech abnormality, time
What does the pneumatic FAST (used by first responders and the general public to see if a stroke is occurring) stand for?
social, physical, and mental wellbeing
What does the triangle in the HOSA emblem represent?
hepatitis B
What is HBV?
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
What is a chronic, malignant disease of the lymph nodes, and is known as the most common form of lymphoma?
congestive heart failure
What is a condition that occurs when the heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply the blood needs of the body?
lymphangitis
What is an inflammation of lymphatic vessels, usually resulting from pathogenic organisms entering a lymphatic vessel through skin wound, or complication from an infection elsewhere?
gastroenteritis
What is an inflammation of the mucous membrane the lines the stomach and intestinal tract (commonly called the stomach flu)?
pleurisy
What is an inflammation of the pleura, or membranes, of the lungs?
pneumonia
What is an inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by exudate (a buildup of fluid) in alveoli?
otitis media
What is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear that is caused by bacteria or virus?
allopathic
What is another term for conventional, or Western, medical practices and systems of health care?
fovea centralis
What is the area of sharpest vision?
atlas
What is the first cervical vertebrae?
acetaminophen
What is the generic name for Tylenol?
thyroid
What is the largest endocrine gland?
lung cancer
What is the leading cause of cancer death in the US?
hordeolum
What is the medical term for a sty/stye?
talipes
What is the medical term for the congenital condition commonly known as clubfoot?
presiding officer and secretary (clerk)
What is the minimum essential officers for the conduct of business?
thyroid carcinoma
What is the most common cause of cancer of the endocrine system?
hemorrhage
What is the most common side effect of warfarin?
lumbar-sacral area
What is the most common site of ruptured disks on the spinal column?
osteoarthritis
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
What is the most common type of muscular dystrophy that is caused by a genetic defect and occurs more in boys than girls?
handwashing
What is the most important method used to practice aseptic technique and the most effective way to prevent the spread of infection?
multipolar
What is the most numerous type of neuron?
thyroid carcinoma
What is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the United States?
acrophobia
What is the official name for an excessive fear of heights?
social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
What is the official name for an excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing themselves in front of others?
mandible
What is the only moveable bone of the skull?
succedaneous teeth
What is the proper term for permanent teeth?
tympanic membrane
What is the proper term for the ear drum?
axis
What is the second cervical vertebrae?
they must obtain the floor (by being recognized)
What must happen before a member begins speaking?
unfinished business
What order of business comes before new business?
spleen
What organ stores erythrocytes to release into the bloodstream if excessive bleeding occurs?
protozoa
What organisms are responsible for causing malaria, amebic dysntery, trichomonas, and African sleeping sickness?
fungi
What organisms are responsible for diseases such as athlete's foot, histoplasmosis, yeast vaginitis, and thrush?
kidneys and adrenal glands
What organs/glands are located in the retroperitoneal space?
60%
What percentage of the body is made up of water?
2/3
What percentage vote is required to amend something previously adopted?
2
What region is Wisconsin in?
dentin
What tissue makes up the main bulk of the tooth?
manic
What type of behavior includes an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior?
capillaries
What type of blood vessel is only one cell thick?
ancillary
What type of care refers to the wide range of healthcare services provided to support the work of a primary physician?
blast cell
What type of cell gives rise to more differentiated cells?
antihypertensive
What type of drug is given to treat high blood pressure?
physiologic
What type of heart murmur is only heard during atypical stresses such as anemia, fever, or exercise, and does not indicate structural diseases of the heart?
subcutaneous
What type of injection is made into the fatty layer just below the skin?
stratified squamous
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
absentee voting
What type of voting is done by a person who is not in attendance at the meeting?
sheep
What was the first animal cloned?
penicillin (1928, Alexander Fleming)
What was the first antibiotic discovered?
privileged
When a motion to recess is made while another motion is pending, it is what type of motion?
Nissen fundoplication
surgery performed on individuals with GERD if other treatments are not effective; tightens sphincter by wrapping the upper stomach around it; can be done laparoscopically
colostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface; can be temporary to divert feces from an area that needs to heal
hypophysectomy
surgical excision of the pituitary gland
proctoplexy
surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
arthrodesis
surgical immobilization of a joint to allow the bones to grow together
myringotomy
surgical incision into the eardrum to relieve pressure or to drain fluid
thalamotomy
surgical incision into the thalamus to destroys brain cells
episiotomy
surgical incision made to enlarge the vaginal orifice to facilitate childbirth
vasectomy
surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception
fenestration
surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing
salpingectomy
surgical procedure to remove the fallopian tube; can prevent ovarian cancer or ectopic pregnancy
arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction or creation of an artificial joint; purpose is to restore function of the joint
lobectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication
costectomy
surgical removal of a rib
hepatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the liver
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
simple mastectomy
surgical removal of the breast
radical mastectomy
surgical removal of the breast tissue, underlying muscles, and axillary lymph nodes
oophorectomy
surgical removal of the ovaries
orchiectomy
surgical removal of the testis
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
panhysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
myoplasty
surgical repair of a muscle
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve or nerves
colporrhaphy
surgical repair of the vaginal wall
-desis
surgical union or fixation
neurorrhaphy
surgically suturing together of the ends of a severed nerve
sagittal
suture that forms between the parietal bones
electrolytes
sweat tastes salty because of what?
meningocele
swelling ot tumor of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord
abscess
swollen area within body tissue containing an accumulation of pus
bursa
synovial fluid that facilitates moment and ease friction in areas where muscles and tendons pass over bony prominences
parliamentary procedure
the term "rules of order" refers to what?
tenolysis
the term ______ means to free a tendon from adhesions
effacement
the thinning or obliteration of tissue or narrowing of an internal anatomical space
diaphragm
the thoracic aorta becomes the abdominal aorta after it passes through the _____
genome
the total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents
curettage
the use of a curette to remove tissue by scraping or scooping
tympanometry
the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear; used to test for middle-ear fluid buildup or eustachian tube obstruction
audiometry
the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity
bioterrorism
the use of microorganisms or biologic agents as weapons to infect humans
brachytherapy
the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated
when it makes its final report
When does a special committee cease to exist?
when it has been stated by the chair
When is a motion open to debate?
first week of January
When is the annual meeting of board directors held?
2009
When was H1N1, or swine flu, declared a global pandemic?
November 1976
When was HOSA founded?
1863
When was the International Red Cross founded?
1947
When was the Zika virus first discovered?
October 1979
When was the first National HOSA office established?
1813
When was the first federal vaccination legislation enacted?
Spring 1978
When was the first national HOSA conference held?
1999
When was the human chromosome sequenced?
2009
When was the virus H1N1 discovered?
lymphatic tissue
Where are lymphocytes produced?
palms and soles of feet
Where are merocrine glands most concentrated?
nerve synapse
Where are neurotransmitters secreted?
above each kidney
Where are the adrenal glands located?
apex of the heart
Where is a holosystolic murmur heard?
beta cells of the pancreas
Where is insulin produced?
right atrium (upper right hand corner)
Where is the SA node located?
groin
Where is the pudendal nerve located?
liver
Where is vitamin A stored?
Oklahoma City
Where was the first HOSA national conference held?
Raleigh, NC
Where was the first national HOSA Headquarters?
Trenton, NJ
Where was the second national HOSA Headquarters?
Dallas TX
Where will 2017-2018 National Leadership Conference be held?
Medical Reserve Corps
Which US government agency provides partnership opportunities that allow HOSA members to take an active role in contributing to their schools'/communitys' emergency preparedness?
Clinton
Which US president passed HIPAA in 1996?
George W Bush
Which US president received an Honorary Life Membership in HOSA?
Ancient Chinese
Which ancient group carefully monitored pulse to determine condition of the body?
type A
Which blood type contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies?
type B
Which blood type contains B antigens and anti-A antibodies?
type AB
Which blood type contains both A and B antigens and no antibodies to type A or type B?
O negative
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
AB positive
Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?
lymphatic
Which body system contains the thymus, tonsils, and spleen?
clavicle
Which bone is commonly known as the collar bone?
ependymal cells
Which cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and create CSF?
left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium in a healthy person?
anabolism
Which component of metabolism builds up smaller molecules into more complex ones?
catabolism
Which component of metabolism is responsible for breaking complex molecules down into smaller molecules? (this process also releases energy)
autism
Which condition of a young child is characterized by the inability to develop normal social relationships?
Graves disease
Which disease is characterized by exophthalmos?
Lyme disease
Which disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected blacklegged tick?
pyromania
Which disorder is characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting?
fluoroscopy
Which examination technique is the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen?
sickle cell
Which form of anemia is a genetic disorder?
pituitary
Which gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormone?
pituitary
Which gland secretes ADH?
hamstrings
Which group of muscles help flex the knee?
tympanometry
Which hearing test can be used to evaluate a conductive hearing loss?
acoustic reflectometry
Which hearing test tests how much fluid is in the inner ear to diagnose otitis media?
tricuspid valve
Which heart valve is typically damaged by injection drug use?
asbestosis
Which interstitial lung disease is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos?
pia mater
Which layer contains blood vessels that nourish the nervous tissue?
arachnoid mater
Which layer is loosely attached to other meninges to allow space for fluid to flow between the layers?
frontal
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for emotions, personality, morality, intellect, and speech?
temporal
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing?
parietal
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for senses, motor actions, pain, heat, and touch?
occipital
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision?
soleus
Which muscle is most powerfully used during jumping up from a standing position?
lingual muscle
Which muscle is used to speak, chew, and swallow?
diaphragm
Which muscle separates the pleural and peritoneal cavities?
extraocular muscles
Which muscles control the movement of the eyes?
median nerve
Which nerve controls sensation in the middle of the hand?
phrenic nerve
Which nerve influences the movements of the diaphragm?
olfactory nerve
Which nerve mediates the sense of smell?
peroneal nerve
Which nerve runs down the outside of the lower legs?
splanchnic nerves
Which nerve type innervates visceral organs?
sensory nerves
Which nerves detect pressure?
motor nerves
Which nerves make muscles twitch?
sympathetic
Which nerves prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles?
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure and reward?
plaque rupture in a coronary artery
Which of the following is an accepted pathological explanation for an acute myocardial infarction?
flexor carpi radialis
Which of the following muscles is not found in the lower extremity- flexor carpi radialis, gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, or semitendinosis?
specific gravity
the weight of a substance compared to the weight of distilled water, in equal volumes
saphenous vein
Which of the following veins is found in the lower extremity- jugular vein, antecubital vein, saphenous vein, or the vena cava?
liver
Which organ manufactures most clotting factors?
spleen
Which organ removes blood cells that are old, damaged, or coated with antibodies from the circulation?
kidneys
Which organs constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water?
Part C
Which part of Medicare allows private health insurance companies to provide Medicare benefits?
Part B
Which part of Medicare covers doctor's visits, preventative care, medical equipment, lab tests, and mental health care?
Part A
Which part of Medicare covers hospital care?
Part D
Which part of Medicare provides prescription drug coverage?
cerebellum
Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
syphilis
Which sexually transmitted disease can be detected through the VDRL blood test before the lesions appear?
Tennessee
Which state submitted with official HOSA emblem design at the first HOSA National Leadership Conference?
liver
Which structure secretes bile?
rubber band ligation
Which technique involves using rubber bands to cut off the circulation at the base of hemorrhoids, causing them to eventually fall off, and used more often than surgery to remove hemorrhoids?
causalgia
Which term describes persistent severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve?
nephroptosis
Which term describes prolapse of the kidney?
hepatomegaly
Which term means abnormal enlargement of the liver?
Western Blot Test
Which test is used to confirm an HIV infection?
EKG
Which test measures the electrical activity of the heart?
BUN
Which test would be performed to test for kidney failure? (acronym)
hemodialysis
Which treatment removes waste products directly from the bloodstream of patients whose kidneys no longer function?
diaphragm and bell
Which two parts of a stethoscope comprise the chest piece?
monocytes
Which type of WBC migrates into the tissues and becomes macrophages?
spinal anesthesia
Which type of anesthesia is typically used for abdominal surgery because it produces good muscle relaxation?
bacilli
Which type of bacteria have the ability to form spores (thick-walled capsules) when conditions for growth are poor?
natural killer cells (NK cells)
Which type of lymphocyte plays an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses?
B cells
Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?
opportunistic
Which type of pathogen is likely to cause infection in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer? (weakened immunity)
venules
Which type of vessel normally has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?
mitral valve
Which valve is open during diastole?
subclavian vein
Which vein is sometimes used for intravenous access when large volumes of fluid need to be rapidly infused into the central circulation?
pulmonary vein
Which vessel has the highest concentration of oxygen?
Walter Reed
Who demonstrated that mosquitos carry yellow fever in 1900?
Louis Pasteur
Who established the germ theory of disease?
Louis Pasteur
Who gave the first rabies vaccine?
William DeVries
Who implanted the first artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, in 1982?
Lillian Wald
Who is credited with the start of public health nursing?
first responder
Who is the first person to arrive at the scene of an illness or injury?
health care provider
Who owns health care records?
Thomas Starzl
Who performed the first liver transplant in 1963?
James Hardy
Who performed the first lung transplant in 1964?
president-elect
Who presides over a meeting if the president is absent?
Laennec
Who was the first person to recognize cirrhosis of the liver as a disease entity?
sergeant at arms
Whose role is to preserve order during a meeting?
Sigmund Freud
Whose studies formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry?
Hindu
Yoga is a discipline related to which culture?
myoma
a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
hemophilia
a bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process; more common in males
obstruction
a blockage within a structure that prevents it from functioning normally
cross-match
a blood test that checks the compatibility of the donor's blood and the recipient's blood before a transfusion
meatus
a body opening or passage, especially the external opening of a canal
tract
a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
clavus (corn)
a callus in the keratin layer of the skin covering the joints of the toes, usually caused by ill-fitting shoes
mast cell
a cell found in connective tissue that contains numerous basophilic granules and releases substances such as histamine and heparin in response to injury/inflammation
enzyme
a chemical substance that causes or increases the rate of a chemical reaction
heart failure
a chronic condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives
therapeutic touch
therapy based on an ancient healing practice with the belief that illness is an imbalance in an individual's energy field
lymph
a clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content
cyst
a closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a body cavity or structure; usually filled with a semisolid material
myelin
a coating found on nerve axons that helps insulate them and speed the transmission of nervous impulses
standing committee
a committee appointed for a long period of time, often a year
special committee
a committee formed for a particular purpose; typically has a limited number of members and is established for a limited time
vertigo
a condition in which a person feels as though their environment is spinning; form of dizziness
arteriosclerosis
a condition in which the walls of blood vessels become thick and lose their elasticity
Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
a condition that causes severe developmental delays due to an extra chromosome 18
ulcer
a deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding and formation of scars
tritanopia
a deficiency of color perception in which the blue-sensitive pigment in cones is decreased; rare
deuteranopia
a deficiency of color perception in which the green-sensitive pigment in cones is decreased
protanopia
a deficiency of color perception in which the red-sensitive pigment in cones is decreased
stent
a device used to maintain an artery in an open position
bland diet
a diet that consists of easily digested foods that do not irritate the digestive tract; avoids coarse foods, fried foods, highly seasoned foods, pastries, candies, etc; typically used for gastric disorders
degenerative disease
a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time; includes osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and Alzheimers
coniosis
a disease state caused by the inhalation of dust
terminal illness
a disease that cannot be cured and will result in death
autophobia
a fear of being by oneself or alone
endoplasmic reticulum
a fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm; allows for transport of materials into and out of the nucleus and aids in the synthesis and storage or proteins
bridge
a fixed dental prosthesis used to replace one or several missing teeth by joining an artificial tooth definitively to adjacent teeth or dental implants
mesentery
a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place
omentum
a fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs
oncogene
a gene that is a mutated form of a gene involved in normal cell growth-may cause the growth of cancer cells
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
a government agency responsible for the safety of our foods, cosmetics, and medicines
cystocele
a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
cannula
a hollow tube with a sharp, retractable inner core that can be inserted into an artery, vein, or other body cavity
insulin
a hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; essential for the metabolism of glucose
bolus
a large dose of a substance given for the purpose of rapidly achieving the needed therapeutic condition in the bloodstream
impaction
a large, hard mass of fecal material lodged in the intestine or rectum/ a tooth that does not erupt into the mouth
fundus
a larger part, base, or body of a hollow organ; dome-shaped top of the bladder; uterus above the fallopian tubes; rounded, most superior part of the stomach
androgen
a male sex hormone, such as testosterone
hertz
a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is
mortality rate
a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval
Adams test
a measurement of lateral spinal curvature (scoliosis) after the patient bends forward the the waist
expectorant
a medication that helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea
adjourned meeting
a meeting in continuation of the session of the immediately preceding meetings
triage
a method of prioritizing medical treatment where those with life threatening emergencies are treated first
second
a motion requires a _____ to be considered
alveolar gland
a multicellular gland in which the cells secrete specific molecules into an oval or flask-shaped sac
infectious agent
a pathogen, such as bacteria or virus, that can cause a disease
sequela
a pathological condition resulting from a prior disease, injury, or attack
Bell's palsy
a peripheral nerve palsy that paralyzes one half of the face
narcissistic personality disorder
a personality disorder marked by a grandiose sense of importance and preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, or beauty; people often exhibit a need for attention/admiration and lack of sympathy and empathy
disability
a physical or mental defect that interferes with normal functions
autoclave
a piece of equipment that uses steam under pressure or gas to sterilize equipment and supplies
moxibustion
a powdered substance placed on the skin and burns to cause blisters; used bu the ancient Chinese to treat disease
irrigation and debridement
a procedure in which pressurized fluid is used to clean out wound debris
incomplete protein
a protein that lacks one or more essential amino acids
borborygmus
a rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of gas or fluid in the intestine
absolute scale
a scale used for indicating low temperatures based on absolute zero; used in thermodynamic calculations of heat/energy transfer
blackhead
a sebum plug that is exposed to air often oxidizes and becomes this
baroreceptor
a sensory nerve ending (especially in the walls of large arteries) that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure
nociceptor
a sensory receptor that sends signals that cause the perception of pain in response to a potentially damaging stimulus
contracture
a severe tightening of a flexor muscle resulting in bending of a joint; "foot drop" is common
falx
a sickle-shaped part or structure
McBurney's Point
a site of extreme sensitivity in acute appendicitis; point over the right side of the abdomen that roughly corresponds to the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
diverticulum
a small pouch or sac found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
fovea centralis
a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye
rickets
a softening and weakening of bones in children, usually due to inadequate vitamin D
wheezing
a sound caused by a partially obstructed airway
ombudsman
a specially trained individual who works with the elderly and their families; health care providers, and other concerned individuals to improve quality of care and life
golgi apparatus
a stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm; produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
torticollis
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
carcinogen
a substance or agent that causes cancer
antigen
a substance, usually a protein, that causes the body to produce a protein (antibody), that reacts against the antigen
stroke
a sudden death of brain tissue caused by a lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply
subjective symptom
a symptom apparent to the afflicted individual but not observed by others
callus
a thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing
Foley
a type of catheter made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder is known as a ______ catheter
hospital acquired
a type of pneumonia contracted during stay in the hospital when the patient's defenses are impaired is known as _______ pneumonia
adjuvant therapy
therapy sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur
hantavirus
a virus spread by contact with rodents (rats or mice) and/or their excretions
chloropsia
a visual defect in which all objects appear green
impulse
a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons
portal of exit
a way for an infectious agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing; examples include urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions, and draining wounds
mode of transmission
a way that infectious agents can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live
multiparous
a woman who has given birth two or more times
primipara
a woman who has had one pregnancy that resulted in a fetus weighing 500 grams or gestational age of 20 weeks, regardless of if baby survived birth
avulsion
a wound that occurs when tissue is separated from the body
empathy
able to identify with and understand another person's feelings
motile
able to move by itself
ascites
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
hematoma
abnormal collection of blood outside of a blood vessel; occurs due to damage to vessel walls causing blood to leak into surrounding tissue
anhidrosis
abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat
tracheostenosis
abnormal constriction or narrowing of the windpipe
clubbing
abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips; can be hereditary but is usually caused by changes associated with oxygen deficiencies related to coronary or pulmonary diseases
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells
lethargy
abnormal drowsiness or sluggishness; state of indifference or stupor
claustrophobia
abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces
endometriosis
abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus; can be transferred by fallopian tubes, blood, lymph, or during surgery; typically becomes embedded in a structure in the pelvic area and constant grows and shed; can causes sterility if the fallopian become blocked with scar tissue
heart murmur
abnormal heart sound that is most commonly a sign of defective heart valves; describes by volume and stage of heartbeat in which it is heard
polycythemia
abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
stenosis
abnormal narrowing of a body channel
fistula
abnormal passage between two internal organs
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit; common in those with Graves Disease
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bones in adults
bruit
abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery
leukoplakia
abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops inside the mouth in response to chronic irritation (maybe from tobacco)
dyskinesia
abnormal, uncontrolled, involuntary movement
keloid
abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid, deep breathing resulting in decreased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute
emaciated
abnormally thin
poikilocytes
abnormally/irregularly shaped red blood cells
asepsis
absence of disease-producing microorganisms or pathogens
anuria
absence of or defective urine secretion
large intestine
absorbs water and some other nutrients and collects food residue for excretion
pyosalpinx
accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube
nosocomial
acquired or originating in a hospital (typically referring to infections)
thalamus
acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum; allows conscious recognition of pain and temperature
appendicitis
acute inflammation of the appendix
shingles
acute inflammation of the nerve cells caused by the herpes virus
paronychia
acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail
croup
acute respiratory infection characterized in children and infants by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough
epinephrine
adrenaline
flatus
air or gas in the intestines
advance directives
aka legal directives; legal documents that allow individuals to state what medical treatment they want or do not want in the event that they become incapacitated and are unable to express their wishes regarding medical care
melanin
albinos lack the ability to produce this pigment
albuminuria
albumin (blood protein) in the urine
antiseptics
alcohol and betadine are examples of what?
orthodontics
alignment or straightening of the teeth
glucose
all ingested carbohydrates are first converted to
incidental motion
allows a member to question the procedure concerning other motions; MUST BE CONSIDERED BEFORE VOTING ON THE MAIN MOTION; ex. point of order calling on the chairperson for enforcement of the rules
LADA (Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults)
also known as Type 1.5 Diabetes; condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults
rosacea
also known as adult acne; characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels; chronic condition of unknown cause that usually develops in individuals with fair skin between 30-60 years of age
koilonychia
also known as spoon nail; malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon; often indicates iron-deficiency anemia
nonessential amino acids
amino acids the body can synthesize, making them nonessential in the diet
scotoma
an abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision
dysrhythmia
an abnormal rhythm in the electrical activity of the brain or heart
mumps
an acute viral infection characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands
rabies
an acute viral infection transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal
chyme
thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion
contract
an agreement between two or more parties
ABO incompatibility
an antigen-antibody immune response to infusion of another's red blood cells; commonly occurs on individuals with type O blood
dermatome
an area of skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root
reservoir
an area where infectious agents can live; common areas include humans bodies, animals, the environment, and fomites
diminished
an arterial obstruction usually causes ______ blood flow
dura mater
thick, tough, outer membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
acclamation
an election by unanimous consent
myocardium
thickest layer of tissue that forms the heart; muscular middle layer
diaphragm
thin, flexible disk on the chest piece of a stethoscope
plaque
thin, tenacious, film like deposit that adheres to the teeth and can lead to decay; contains microorganisms and a protein substance
hemocytoblast
an embryonic or stem cell for blood cells
varix
an enlarged and convoluted vein, artery, or lymphatic vessel
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density; condition causes the patient to be at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis
I believe in education
third line of HOSA creed
-dipsia
thirst
kyphosis
thoracic curvature of the spine; possibly result of osteoporosis
voice vote
those in favor say "yes" or "aye", those against say "nay" or "no"; provides an approximate count of votes
greenstick
an incomplete break in a bone where the out shell remains intact; typically occur in children s their bones are more flexible
hyperpnea
an increased respiratory rate
agnostic
an individual who believes that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved
epidemic
an infectious disease that affects a large number of people within a population, community, or region at the same time
celiac disease
an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods contains gluten
enema
an injection of fluid into the large intestine through the rectum
contusion
an injury that results in a hemorrhage (bleeding) beneath intact skin; bruise
goniometer
an instrument that measures the angle of a joint's range of motion (ROM)
tuning fork
an instrument with two prongs that is used to test hearing acuity
reflex
an involuntary response to a stimulus
diabetic coma
an unconscious condition caused by an increased level of glucose (sugar) in and ketones in the bloodstream of a person with diabetes mellitus
macrocyte
an unusually large red blood cell
acupuncture
ancient Chinese therapy that involves the insertion of very thin needles into specific points along the body to stimulate and balance the flow of energy
Ancient Egyptians
ancient civilization that utilized leeches and bloodletting to open "channels"
reflexology
ancient healing art based on the concept that the body is divided into 10 equal zones that run from the head to the toes
andropause
androgen decline in the aging male; marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone; usually begins when a man is in his late 40s and progresses very gradually over several decades
aplastic anemia
anemia that is a result of injury to or destruction of the bone marrow, leading to poor or no formation of red blood cells; caused by chemotherapy, radiation, toxic chemicals, and viruses; frequently fatal
iron deficiency anemia
anemia that results when there is an inadequate amount of iron to form hemoglobin in erythrocytes; eating green leafy vegetables may correct this condition
Virginia Apgar
anesthesiologist who developed the APGAR test in 1952
pyrexia
another term for fever
local, state, national
three levels of organization within HOSA
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
three pairs of salivary glands
red, green, and blue
three types of cones
2
thumbs have how many phalanges?
epididymis
tightly coiled tube approximately 20 feet in length located in the scrotum above the testes; stores sperm while they mature and become motile; produces a fluid that becomes part of the semen
apex
tip of a pyramidal or rounded structure, such as the lung or heart
infarct
tissue death
arterionecrosis
tissue death of an artery or arteries
table
to _____ a discussion is to lay aside the business at hand in such a manner that it will be considered later in the meeting or at another time
adjourn
to close a meeting
postpone indefinitely
to kill a motion is to...
resuscitation
to remove from apparent death or unconsciousness
expectorate
to spit; to expel mucus, phlegm, or sputum form the throat or respiratory passages
abstain
to verbally refrain from voting, perhaps due to a conflict of interest
pharyngeal tonsils
tonsils located in the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat); aka adenoids
palatine tonsils
tonsils located on each side of the soft palate
lingual tonsils
tonsils located on the back of the tongue
nevus
another word for mole
micturate
another word for urinate; to expel urine
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways and limitation of air flow
disease
any condition that interferes with the normal function of the body
coagulopathy
any defect in blood clotting
pyrogen
any fever producing substance
pneumoconiosis
any fibrosis of the lung tissue caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
teratogen
any substance or agent that can cause a birth defect or malformation to a developing fetus
fomite
any substance or object that adheres to and transmits infectious material
stimulus
anything that excites (activates) a nerve and causes an impulse
dry cold
application that provides cold temperature but is dry against skin
dry heat
application that provides warm temperature but is dry against the skin
ergonomics
applied science used to promote the safety and well-being of a person by adapting the environment and using techniques to prevent injuries
caries
tooth decay; an infectious disease that destroys tooth tissue
crusts
areas of dried pus and blood; commonly called scabs
sutures
areas where the cranial bones have joined together
brachialgia
arm pain
subclavian arteries
arteries that carry blood to the arms
digital arteries
arteries that carry blood to the fingers and toes
arteries
arteriography is used to identify problems that develop within _____
crutches
artificial supports that assist a patient in walking
factitious
artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring
Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
artists who used dissection to draw the human body more realistically
emphysema
as this disease progresses, the chest sometimes assumes an enlarged barrel shape
convention
assembly of delegates
luxation
total displacement of a bone from its joint
alopecia universalis
total loss of hair on all parts of the body
periosteum
tough membrane that covers the outside of bone; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts
fascia
tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects tissue
medial
toward or nearer the midline
uremia (azotemia)
toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream
convection
transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter, such as heat rising from the body
APGAR test
assessment of overall newborn well being; completed 1 and 5 minutes after delivery; rated on a 0-10 scale (each subsection rated on a 0-2 scale)
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissues and joints; onset typically occurs between 35-45; progressive attacks can cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue
Hashimoto's disease (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis)
autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland; inflammation often leads to hypothyroidism
lupus
autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk; also attacks the connective tissue in other body systems, especially joints
scleroderma
autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen; this can also affect the joints and internal organs; commonly affects middle aged women
alopecia areata
autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body; often begins in childhood
photopupillary reflex
automatic constriction of pupils when exposed to bright light
4 months (120 days)
average life span of a red blood cell
Barbara James Service Award
awards those who have completed at least 100 hours of community service
popliteal
back of the knee
cocci
bacteria that are round or spherical in shape
spirilla
bacteria that are spiral or corkscrew in shape; includes vibrio and spirochete; cause diseases such as syphilis and cholera
endocarditis
bacterial infection of the lining of the heart is known as bacterial _______
E. coli (escherichia coli)
bacterium that is part of the natural flora of the large intestine, but can cause infection if it enters the urinary system
halitosis
bad breath
alopecia
baldness
aneurysm
ballooning out of, or sacklike formation on, an artery wall; common sites are cerebral, aortal, and abdominal arteries
neuron
basic cell of the nervous system that allows different parts of the body to communicate with each other
enuresis
bedwetting; loss of bladder control while sleeping
Philippe Pinel
began humane treatment for mental illness
Ancient Romans
began public health and sanitation systems
Arabs
began requiring that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses in the Middle Ages
salivary glands
begin chemical digestion as salivary amylase begins to change starch into maltose
catatonic
behavior characterized by lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed position
retrolingual
behind the tongue
cornea
transparent portion of the eye
homeopaths
believe in the ability of the body to heal itself through actions of the immune system
probiotics
beneficial bacteria
adenoma
benign (noncancerous) tumor of the pituitary gland
quinine
bitter compound that comes from the bark of the cinchona tree; originally used to fight malaria; now present in tonic water
open comedo
blackhead
disinfectants
bleach solutions and zephirin are examples of what?
otorrhagia
bleeding from the ear
pneumorrhagia
bleeding from the lungs
tracheorrhagia
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
eyelid
blephar/o-
vesicles
blisters or fluid-filled sacs such as those seen chickenpox
thrombus
blood clot
thrombus
blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
occult blood
blood from areas of the intestinal tract that can be found in the stool (not visibly apparent)
hematochezia
blood in the feces/stool
hematuria
blood in the urine
differential count
blood test that determines the percentage of each kind of leukocyte
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
blood test that determines the rate at which red blood cells settle out of the blood
ELISA
blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies; acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
veins
blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
arteries
blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
capillaries
blood vessels that take up metabolic waste products and carbon dioxide from tissues and provide oxygen to the tissues in which they are found
cyanosis
bluish skin color due to decreased oxygen levels
buccal cavity (mouth)
body cavity that contains the teeth and tongue
apocrine
body odor is the result of bacterial metabolism of the secretions produced by which glands?
Sims position
body position in which patient lies on their left side with right leg bent up near the abdomen
furuncle
boil
Paget's disease
bone disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue
metatarsal
bone of the foot between the instep and each toe
alveolar process
bone tissue of the maxilla and mandible that surrounds the roots of the teeth
phalanges
bones of the digits
ossicles
bones of the middle ear are referred to collectively as what?
metacarpals
bones of the palm
carpals
bones of the wrists
nasal septum
bony and cartilaginous partition that separates the nasal cavity into two sections
hard palate
bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and separates the mouth from the nasal cavities
periodontics
treatment and prevention of diseases of the gums, bones, and structures supporting teeth
gamma radiation
treatment characterized by high energy and a short wavelength; used in nuclear medicine
endodontics
treatment of diseases of the pulp, nerves, blood vessels, and roots of teeth (root canals)
sclerotherapy
treatment of spider veins by injecting a saline sclerosing solution into the vein
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
treatment that uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain
prophylaxis
treatment, such as vaccination, intended to prevent a disease or stop it from spreading
trepanation
boring a hole in the skull; used to treat insanity and epilepsy in primitive times
epilepsy
brain disorder associated with abnormal surges in electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain
prosthodontics
branch of dentistry that focuses on replacement of natural teeth with artificial teeth or dentures
pathology
branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues, and autopsies
bariatrics
branch of medicine that deals with prevention, control, and treatment of obesity
Colles fracture
breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand
rennin
breaks down milk proteins in children's stomachs
privileged motion
brings up items that are urgent or important matters unrelated to the pending motion; ex. motion to recess the meeting to secure additional information
cerebral contusion
bruising of the brain tissue as a result of head injury
rales
bubbly or noisy breath sounds; may indicate bronchitis
pleural effusion
build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
ascites
buildup of abnormal amount of fluid inside the abdomen; common in patients with cirrhosis
celiac plexus
bundle of nerves that innervates the upper gastrointestinal tract
hallux valgus
bunion
3rd degree
burn that may require a skin graft
-rhagia
bursting forth
heel spur
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone (can be a cause of plantar fasciitis)
no
can a person with a legal disability form a contract?
basal cell carcinoma
cancer of the basal cells in the epidermis
myeloma
cancer of the plasma cells; these cells prevent the normal production of antibodies, leaving the body's immune system weakened and susceptible to infection
Kaposi sarcoma
cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels; usually appears as tumors on the skin or on mucosal surfaces (inside mouth); tumors can also develop in the lymph nodes, lungs, and digestive tract
carcinoma
cancerous tumor
sinusoids
capillary-like structures that surround liver cells and bathe them in blood
prophylactic care
care intended to prevent disease; aka preventative care
preoperative care
care provided before a surgery
operative care
care provided during a surgery
postoperative care
care provided following a surgery
hemoglobin
carres oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium from the lungs
beriberi
caused by a deficiency in vitamin B1/thiamin
wet macular degeneration
caused by abnormal growth of blood vessels that leak blood and fluids that damage the retina; laser treatment coagulates or or seals the leaking blood vessels and can preserve sight
transient ischemic attacks ("ministrokes")
caused by atherosclerosis; result in temporary periods of diminished blood flow to the brain
diabetes insipidus
caused by decreased secretion of vasopressin, or ADH, preventing water from being reabsorbed in the kidneys; symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, weakness, constipation, and dry skin
Cushing's Syndrome
caused by over secretion of cortisol. Symptoms include upper body obesity, round face, easy brushing, and weekend bones. May be the side effect of steroid usage
trichomoniasis
caused by parasitic protozoan "trichomonas vaginalis"; main symptom is large amount of frothy, yellow-green, foul-smelling discharge; men may experience urethral itching; anti parasitic oral medication Flagyl is used to treat the infection in both partners to prevent infection
hepatitis B (serum hepatitis)
caused by the HBV virus and is transmitted by blood, serum, and other body secretions; affects the liver and can lead to the destruction and scarring of liver cells; vaccine has been developed
doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO)
treats diseases/disorders, placing special emphasis on the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems, and the relationship between the body, mind, and emotions; may specialize
analgesic
trying to create a lack of pain sense
trachea
tube extending form the larynx to the center of the chest; carries air between the pharynx and the bronchi
eustachian tube
tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx
pronation
turning a body part downward
eversion
turning a body part outward
fibrinogen and prothrombin
two blood plasma proteins necessary for clotting
epiphysis
two extremities (ends) of a bone
Cowper's (bulbourethral) glands
two small glands located below the prostate and connected by small tubes to the urethra; secrete mucus which serves as a lubricant for intercourse; secrete an alkaline fluid which decreases the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra, providing a more favorable environment for the sperm
Bartholin's glands (vestibular glands)
two small glands located one on each side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus for lubrication during intercourse
ligation
tying off of blood vessels or ducts
closed reduction
type of bone reduction that involves positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or splint to maintain the position
open reduction
type of bone reduction that involves surgical repair of the bone; pins, plates, or other devices can be surgically implanted to maintain correct position of the bone
second degree (partial thickness)
type of burn that involves injury to both the epidermis and dermis and takes 3-4 weeks to heal; blisters, redness, mottled appearance, and pain may occur
Wilms Tumor
type of cancer that starts in the kidneys; most common type of kidney cancer in children
fibroblasts
type of cell produces mobile cells that invade deep areas of extensive wounds
myoepithelial cells
type of cell that can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands
active euthanasia
type of euthanasia that occurs when death is brought on by an act, such as administering a lethal drug to bring about death
passive euthanasia
type of euthanasia that occurs when death is brought on by an omission, such as when someone lets the person die
halon
type of fire extinguisher most effective on class C fires
water
type of fire extinguisher used on a class A fire
dry chemical
type of fire extinguisher used on class A, B, or C fires
carbon dioxide
type of fire extinguisher used on class B or C fires
impacted fracture
type of fracture that occurs when broken bone ends jam into each other
cretinism
type of hypothyroidism that develops in infancy or early childhood resulting in lack of physical and mental growth
myxedema
type of hypothyroidism that occurs in later childhood or adulthood
amputation
type of injury that occurs when a body part is cut off and separated from the body
hamstring
type of injury that occurs when posterior femoral muscles are torn
hinge joint
type of joint that allows movement in only one direction (elbow and knee)
amphiarthrosis
type of joint that is slightly immovable
afferent
type of nerve that feeds sensations to the central nervous system
efferent
type of neuron that carries impulses away from the brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands
afferent
type of neuron that carries impulses from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord
concierge medicine (retainer medicine)
type of personalized health care; enhanced level of care is provided by a primary care physician in exchange for an annual or monthly fee; physicians care for fewer patients while having more availability
ectopic pregnancy
type of pregnancy that occurs when the fertilized egg attached itself to a place other than the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube
gamma knife surgery
type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision; surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue while preserving the healthy tissue around the tumor
septic shock
type of shock caused by an acute infection; poisons or toxins in blood cause vasodilation, BP drops, and less oxygen is delivered to body cells
neurogenic shock
type of shock caused by injury and trauma to brain and/or spinal cord; nervous system loses ability to control size of blood vessels, blood vessels dilate and BP drops, leading to decreased blood flow to body cells
metabolic shock
type of shock caused by loss of body fluid from severe vomiting, diarrhea, or heat illness or disruption in acid-base balance (diabetes); dehydration, low BP, and less blood circulating for body cells occurs
sinuses
cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area; lined with mucous membrane that warms and moistens air; provide resonance for the voice
zygote
cell produced by the union of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum
osteoclasts
cells that dissolve bone matrix during growth and healing
Alpha (A) cells
cells that produce the hormone glucagon
glial cells
cells that surround neurons and provide support and insulation between them; most abundant cell types in the CNS
macula
central area of the retina; functional center of the retina
mediastinum
central area within the thoracic cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, and heart
subsidiary motion
changes or affects how the main motion is handled; may change or modify the main motion or postpone of table it; MUST BE SECONDED AND ADOPTED BEFORE BEFORE VOTING CAN OCCUR ON THE MAIN MOTION
ischemic stroke
type of stroke that results from a blockage or reduction of blood flow to an area of the brain
hemorrhagic stroke
type of stroke that results from a weakened vessel that rupture and bleeds into surrounding brain; blood accumulates and compresses brain tissue
aural
type of temperature taken in the ear that detects and measures the thermal, infrared energy radiating from vessels to the tympanic membrane; measurement of body core temperature (similar to rectal)
areolar
type of tissue that makes up the papillary layer of skin
puncture
type of wound that is caused by a sharp object such as a pin, nail, or pointed instrument; includes gunshot wounds; damage is typically hidden under skin with little external bleeding
B and T
types of lymphocytes
fetus
unborn infant from the end of the third month of pregnancy until birth
alopecia totalis
uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp
defense mechanisms
unconscious acts that help a person deal with an unpleasant situation or socially unacceptable behavior (indirect method of satisfying human needs)
zygomatic bones
cheek bones
metabolism
chemical processes occurring in cells that transform nutrients into energy or into materials the body can use or store
neurotransmitters
chemicals secreted by nerves that influence the activity of other nerves
mastication
chewing
myasthenia gravis
chronic condition where nerve impulses are not properly transmitted to the muscles leading to progressive muscular weakness and paralysis
cirrhosis
chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue; liver can repair mild damage, but in advanced cases scar tissue can prevent proper functioning of the liver
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
chronic disease of the digestive tract that occurs when acid from the stomach flows back up into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter
osteoarthritis
chronic disease that usually occurs as a result of aging; frequently affects hips and knees; symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, aching, and limited ROM
acne vulgaris
chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands
asthma
chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, animals, medications, or food; stress, overexertion, and infection can cause attacks
diabetes mellitus
chronic metabolic disease caused by a decreased secretion of insulin or utilization of insulin; leads to increased amount of glucose in the blood and urine
psoriasis
chronic non-contagious skin disease with periods of exacerbations and remission; classified by thick, red areas of white/silver scales
personality disorder
chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work; pattern is pervasive and inflexible, has on onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment
diverticulosis
chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon; often has no symptoms and is believed to be related to a low-fiber diet
emphysema
chronic respiratory condition in which alveoli lose their elasticity
ALS
chronic, degenerative neuromuscular disease; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease
sickle cell anemia
chronic, inherited anemia resulting in the production of abnormal, crescent-shaped erythrocytes that carry less oxygen, break easily, and block blood vessels
fibromyalgia
chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain
cornea
circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera; allows light rays to enter the eye
Carl Landsteiner
classified ABO blood groups in 1901
serum
clear fluid that remains from blood plasma after clotting factors have been removed
cerebrospinal fluid
clear, colorless fluid that continually circulates between the ventricles and and through the subarachnoid space
aqueous humor
clear, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and iris; helps maintain forward curvature of the eyeball and refracts light rays
epidermoid cyst
closed sac associated with a sebaceous gland that contains yellow, fatty material
cataract
clouding of the lens making vision cloudy or blurry
glomerulus
cluster of capillaries in the kidney
anthrac/o-
coal
staphylococci
cocci that occur in clusters; most common pyogenic microorganisms
diplococci
cocci that occur in pairs; cause diseases such as gonorrhea, meningitis, and pneumonia
atelectasis
collapsed lung
hemothorax
collection of blood in the pleural cavity
empyema
collection of pus in the pleural cavity
empyema
collection of pus within a body cavity (most commonly in pleural cavity)
superior vena cava
collects blood from all the veins of the upper body and carries that blood to the right atrium of the heart
Ishihara test
color perception test for red-green color deficiencies
whole blood
combination of plasma and formed elements
whitehead
comedo with an obstructed opening
vibrio
comma-shaped spirilla
impetigo
common and highly contagious infection that mainly affects infants and children; usually appears as red sores on the face, especially around the nose and mouth
psoriasis
common skin condition that causes skin cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin; extra skin cells form scale and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful
Kanner's autism
commonly called autism disorder; developmental disorder characterized by decreased social and communicative function and the presence of repetitive behaviors; typically onset before the age of 3
enterobiasis
commonly called pinworm; mainly affects young children
acetylsalicylic acid
commonly known as aspirin
cryptorchidism
commonly known as undescended testicle; developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum
love
complete the following sentence from the HOSA Creed "I will treat each individual with respect and _____"
polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates that consist of the starches found in vegetables, grains, potatoes, and rice; cellulose
tourette syndrome
complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities
iodophor
complex of iodine and a surface-active agent that releases iodine gradually; serves as a disinfectant and antiseptic
preeclampsia
complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria; begins after about 20 weeks of pregnancy
zinc
component of enzymes and insulin; essential for growth and wound healing; commonly found in seafood and eggs
dendrites
components of all nerves that relay information to the nerve cell body
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to an accumulation of blood or fluids in the pericardium
privileged communication
comprise all information given to health care personnel by a patient; must be kept confidential and shared only with members of the patient's health care plan; INCLUDE HEALTH CARE RECORDS
pulmonary edema
condition caused by excessive fluid in the lungs; fluid collects in air sacs and impairs breathing; typically caused by heart problems
scurvy (scorbutus)
condition caused by severe lack of vitamin C
otosclerosis
condition characterized by ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear that causes a conductive hearing loss
bipolar disorder
condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs (manic behavior or euphoria) and severe lows (depression) that affect a person's attitude, energy, and ability to function
angina
condition characterized by episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
osteoarthritis
condition commonly known as "wear and tear" arthritis
pancytopenia
condition in which a person's body has too few red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
galactorrhea
condition in which an excess of prolactin causes breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
sleep apnea
condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
atherosclerosis
condition in which arteries are narrowed by the accumulation of fatty substances on their inner surfaces
fibrosis
condition in which normal tissue is replaces by fibrotic (hardened) tissue
volvulus
condition in which the bowel twists on itself, causing obstruction to the flow of material through the bowel
thrombocytosis
condition in which there is an excessive number of platelets in the blood; can lead to stroke, heart attack, or blood clots
ischemia
condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body
immunity
condition of being protected against a particular disease
edentulous
condition of being without teeth
acrocyanosis
condition of blueness of the extremities
presbyopia
condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging
glaucoma
condition of increased pressure caused by an excess amount of aqueous humor
orthostatic hypotension
condition often caused by a lowering of blood pressure that occurs with postural change
Barrett's esophagus
condition often diagnosed in individuals with long-term GERD; caused by tissue changed from the chronic inflammation; precancerous condition
hypercapnia
condition that occurs when there is excess carbon dioxide (waste product of respiration) in the bloodstream
acanthosis nigricans
condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches; can be a sign of disease such as cancer or type 2 diabetes or a reaction to a medication
uvula
cone-shaped muscular structure that hangs from the middle of the soft palate; prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing
epispadias
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening (e)
hypospadia
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening (h)
athelia
congenital absence of one or both nipples
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testicles
spina bifida
congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it; sometimes due to lack of folic acid
ligament
connects bone to bone
tendon
connects muscle to bone
secondary hypertension
consistent elevation in blood pressure that results from another disease or condition
periodontal ligament
consists of dense fibers of connective tissue that attach to the cementum of the tooth and to the alveolus; supports and suspends the tooth in the socket; acts as a shock absorber
peripheral nervous system
consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
autonomic nervous system
consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
athlete's foot
contagious fungal infection that usually affects the feet; skin itches, blisters, and cracks into open sores
miosis
contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light, but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs
sulfur
contributes to healthy skin, hair, and nails; activates energy-producing enzymes; commonly found in meat, fish, and eggs
medulla oblongata
controls heart rate and blood pressure
lactase
converts lactose in the small intestine
maltase
converts maltose in the small intestine
sucrase
converts sucrose to simple sugars in the small intestine
spirochete
corkscrew-shaped spirilla
antitussive
cough suppressant
hemoptysis
coughing up blood from the respiratory tract
olfactory
cranial nerve I
optic
cranial nerve II
ocular motor
cranial nerve III
facial nerve
cranial nerve VII
vestibular cochlear
cranial nerve VIII
vagus nerve
cranial nerve X
Edward Jenner
created small pox vaccine in 1976
Gabriel Farenheit
created the first mercury thermometer in 1714
salpingostomy
creation of an opening in an otherwise blocked fallopian tube; can repair damaged tube or remove ectopic pregnancy; can restore fertility
meniscus
crescent-shaped bands of thick cartilage attached to the tibia that act as shock absorbers and stabilize the knee
nail
ungu/o-
lithotripsy
crushing of stone
hidden, obscure
crypt-
lens
crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye that refracts or bends light rays onto the retina
neurogenic bladder
urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
nocturia
urination at night
95
urine is approximately ___% water
defibrillate
use of an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm
recreational therapists (therapeutic recreation specialists)
use recreational and leisure activities as forms of treatment to minimize patient's symptoms and improve physical, emotional, and mental well-being
Bowman's capsule
cup-shaped membrane that surrounds a glomerulus
incision
cut or injury caused by a sharp object such as a knife, scissors, or razor blade; smooth and regular edges
eponychium
cuticle of nail
tear duct/tear
dacry- (o)
senile lentigines
dark yellow or brown spots that develop on the skin as aging occurs
April 10
deadline for applying for HOSA scholarships
criminal law
deals with the wrongs against a person, property, or society; ex. practicing without a license, possession of drugs, theft, sexual assault, murder
atrophy
decrease in size or wearing away of a body part or tissue
oliguria
decreased or less than normal amounts of urine secretion
antidiuretic drug
decreases urine secretion
flexion
decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb
phagocytosis
defense mechanism against infection typically performed by white blood cells in which bacteria, cell debris, and other foreign bodies are engulfed and destroyed
leukopenia
deficiency of white blood cells
dual x-ray absorptiometry
definitive test performed to determine if a patient has osteoporosis
hypotension
dehydration is most likely to cause _____
arachnoid mater
delicate and weblike middle layer covering the brain and spinal cord
coronary arteries
deliver blood to the myocardium
custom tray
dental impression tray specially made to fit in a particular patient's mouth
pedodontics
dental treatment of children and adolescents
William Harvey
described the circulation of blood to and from the heart
occlusion
describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth (as used in dentistry)
hydrochloric acid
destroys pathogens in the stomach
cryosurgery
destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells, such as warts or tumors, through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen
Abraham Maslow
developed a hierarchy of needs that is frequently used to classify and define the needs experienced by human beings
Harry Plots
developed a vaccine against typhoid in 1903
Emile Roux
developed a vaccine for diphtheria in 1894
Charles Darwin
developed theory of evolution
doctor of medicine (MD)
diagnoses, treats, and prevents diseases or disorders; may specialize
percussion
diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
dysphagia
difficult swallowing
dysphonia
difficulty in speaking which may include any impairment in vocal quality (hoarseness, weakness, cracking)
T lymphocytes
directly attack an infected or cancerous cell
Frederick Banting and Charles Best
discovered and used insulin to treat diabetes in 1992
Sir Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin in 1928
Wilhelm Roentgen
discovered roentgenograms (X-Rays) in 1895
Watson and Crick
discovered structure of DNA
Louis Pasteur
discovered the process known as pasteurization, vaccination, and fermentation
Dimitri Ivanofski
discovered viruses in 1892
Addison's disease
disease caused by a decrease secretion of aldosterone on the part of the adrenal cortex; this interferes with reabsorption of sodium and water
trichinosis
disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game infected with the larvae of a parasitic worm Trichinella spiralis
lymphadenopathy
disease of the lymph nodes
aspiration pneumonia
disease that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
pathogens
disease-producing organisms
oppositional defiant disorder
disorder characterized by a child or adolescent's persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directed toward authority figures, which daily activities
ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
disorder characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for a child's developmental age
somatic symptom disorder
disorder characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease
kleptomania
disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value
fibromyalgia
disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue and memory and mood issues
placental abruption (abruptio placentae)
disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
Conns syndrome
disorder of the adrenal glands due to an excessive production of aldosterone
Meniere's disease
disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and feelings of pressure/fullness in the ear
compartment syndrome
disorder that involves compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
Cushing's syndrome
disorder that results from an over secretion of glucocorticoids on the part of the adrenal cortex; causes can include a tumor of the adrenal cortex, excess ACTH production (pituitary), or overuse of corticosteroids
Aristotle (Ancient Greece)
dissected animals and is called the father of comparative anatomy
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm
frontal/coronal plane
divides the body into a front section and a back section
sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the autonomic nervous system
floating ribs
do not attach to the sternum or to another rib
living wills
documents that allow individuals to state what measures should or should not be taken to prolong life when their conditions are terminal; must be signed when the individual is competent and witnessed by two adults who cannot benefit from the death
diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
prostate
donut-shaped gland surrounding the neck of the male bladder and urethra; produces fluid components of semen
diplopia
double vision
blepharoptosis
drooping or abnormal relaxation of the upper eyelid
antidepressant
drug administered to prevent or relieve depression; can also be used to treat obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorders and to help relieve chronic pain
anxiolytic
drug administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension
antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
drug administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses (schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders)
cyclosporine
drug used to suppress the immune system after organ transplants; approved in 1983
beta blockers
drugs that decrease heart rate and strengthen the heart
diuretics
drugs that increase urine output; "water pills"
antipyretic drugs
drugs that reduce fever
antipruritic drugs
drugs that relieve/inhibit itching
mood stabilizing drugs
drugs used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders
xerostomia
dry mouth resulting from reduced or absent saliva flow
3
each finger has how many phalanges?
14
each hand and foot has ____ phalanges
roll call
each member says "yes" or "no" as his or her name is called; provide for an accurate count of votes
cerumen
ear wax
apothecaries
early pharmacists
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance; leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain healthy body weight; may express voluntary starvation and/or excessive exercising
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications
binge eating disorder (BED)
eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of eating large quantities of food, accompanied by a sense of loss of control and feelings of guilt or shame afterward
pica
eating disorder that involves eating items that are not typically thought of as food or do not contain significant nutritional value, such as hair, dirt, and paint chips
sound
ech/o-
seizure
eclamps/o-
cabrera sign
electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block or ventricular pacing
audiometer
electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a set frequency and intensity
gyri
elevated folds of gray meter in the cerebral cortex
Death with Dignity Act
enacted by Oregon in 1997 to allow terminally ill individuals to end their lives
insertion
end or area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts
angioplasty
endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores normal blood flow
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
energy needed to maintain life when completely relaxed
dilate
enlarge or expand; to make bigger
cardiomegaly
enlarged heart; typically sign of underlying condition
prostatic hypertrophy
enlargement of the prostate gland
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hyperactive thyroid, iodine deficiency, over secretion of TSH, or a tumor; symptoms indulge thyroid enlargement, dysphagia, dyspnea, cough, and choking sensation
pinna (auricle)
entire ear structure that surrounds the opening of the ear canal
-ase
enzyme
sucrase
enzyme that acts in the intestine to digest sucrose (table sugar)
pepsin
enzyme that acts in the stomach to digest protein
antioxidants
enzymes or organic molecules that help protect from harmful radicals
stratum lucidum
epidermal layer found only on the palms and soles
fat-soluble vitamins
essential organisms substances needed in small amounts for normal function, growth, and maintenance of body tissues
Claudius Galen (Roman)
established the belief that the body is regulated by four fluids/humors- blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile- and that an imbalance in the humors resulted in illness
doctor of podiatric medicine (DPM)
examines, diagnoses, and treats diseases/disorders of the feet or of the leg below the knee
hemorrhoid
example of a diseased venous structure
lithium
example of a mood-stabilizing drug
hydrocephalus
excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles; "water on the brain"
bronchorrhea
excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi; often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma
agoraphobia
excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur; individuals affected often do not leave their homes due to the fear
hirsutism
excessive growth and/or abnormal distribution of hair
polyphagia
excessive hunger/increased appetite
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive urination
biopsy
excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination
macular degeneration
eye condition that causes the loss of central vision, but not total blindness
ptosis
failure of the muscles of the eyelids to stay fully open, resulting in a partly closed eye
delusion
false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary
presbyopia
farsightedness caused by a loss of lens elasticity; light rays focus behind the retina; results from normal aging process and is treated by the use of corrective lenses or "reading glasses"
hyperopia
farsightedness; light rays focus beyond the retina
tachycardia
fast heart rate
30%
fat should comprise no more that what percentages of an adult's daily intake?
Claudius Galen
father of experimental physiology
atheroma
fatty deposit that develops on the inside of arteries; sometimes occurs due to atherosclerosis
steatorrhea
fecal matter that is frothy with a foul smell due to a high fat content; loose fat present in stool
Patient Self-Determination Act
federal law passed in 1990 that ensures that patients are informed of their rights and have the opportunity to determine the care they will receive
axon
fiber extending from a neuron's cell body that conducts impulses
capsulitis
fibrosis surrounding a joint that severely limits movement; can result from arthritis, inflammation, or trauma
adhesions
fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues
gomphosis
fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint; only example is that between a tooth and the mandible or maxilla
cellulose
fibrous, indigestible form of plant carbohydrate
geriatrics
field focused on the eldery
I believe in myself
fifth line of HOSA creed
ileum
final section of the small intestine; connects jejunum and large intestine
lanugo
fine, soft hair that covers the body of a fetus or newborn
Class C fire
fire caused by electrical issues (wiring, outlets, appliances)
Class B fire
fire caused by flammable liquid (oil, grease, paint)
Class D fire
fire caused by flammable metals (magnesium, aluminum)
Class A fire
fire caused by ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, cloth)
papules
firm, raised areas such as pimples and the eruptions seen in some stages of chickenpox and syphilis
Wilmington, Delaware
first National HOSA office was established here
Netherlands
first country to legalize euthanasia
I believe in the healthcare profession
first line of HOSA creed
Lynn McGee (North Carolina)
first national HOSA president
Joseph Lister
first person to use disinfectants and antiseptics to prevent infection during surgery
Ancient Romans
first to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
sulci
fissures (normally occurring deep groves) of the cerebral cortex
scales
flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells
macules
flat spots on the skin; freckles
rhinorrhea
flow or discharge form the nose
bulla
fluid-filled blister more than 5 mm in diameter with thin walls
doctor of chiropractic medicine (DC)
focuses on ensuring proper alignment of the spine and optimal operation of the nervous and muscular systems to maintain health
civil law
focuses on the legal relationships between people and the protection of a person's rights; involves torts and contracts
frenulum
fold of skin or mucous membrane that limits or restricts the movement of an organ or body part
rugae
folds in the stomach that allow for expansion
18
fontanels, made of membrane and cartilage, typically turn into solid bone by approximately how many months of age?
embolus
foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream; can be air, a blood clot, bacterial clumps, or a fat globule; can block blood vessels
mitosis
form of asexual reproduction where cells divide into two identical cells
Peyronie's disease
form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
operative permit
form signed by the patient to give permission for the anesthesia and surgery
cholelithiasis
form when substances in bile harden; gallstones
debate
formal discussion on a motion
glycogenesis
formation/production of sugar
fusiform
formed like a spindle; wider in the middle and tapering toward the ends; ex. fusiform aneurysm
foramen ovale
found only in the fetus; allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs
Dr. Robert Smith and William Wilson
founded Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935
parathyroid glands
four small glands located behind and attached to the thyroid gland
comminuted (multifragmentary)
fracture that breaks a bone into more than two pieces
epiphyseal
fracture that may affect future bone growth
spiral
fracture type that results from twisting; results in one or more breaks; common in skiing and snowboarding accidents
depressed
fracture type where broken piece of skull bone moves inward; common with severe head injuries
open/compound
fracture where some part of the fractured bone protrudes through the skin
closed/simple
fractured bone that does not break through the skin
sterile
free from all organisms both pathogenic and nonpathogenic
diarthrosis
freely movable joint
colic
frequent, prolonged and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant
hypothalamus
functions of this brain part include regulation of sleep/wake cycles, hunger and thirst sensations, and body temperature
onychomycosis
fungal infection of the nail; depending on the type of fungus involved, this condition can cause the nails to turn white, yellow, green, or black and to become thick or brittle
aortic hiatus
gap in the diaphragm through which the aorta runs
inflammatory bowel disease
general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines; include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
dermatosis
general term to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation
muscular dystrophy
genetic disease that causes progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system
pancreas
gland that is both an exocrine and endocrine gland
thyroid
gland that synthesizes hormones that regulate the body's metabolism and control the level of calcium in the blood
sebaceous glands
glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
government agency concerned with the causes, spread, and control of diseases in populations
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
government agency that establishes and enforces standards that protect workers from job-related injuries and illnesses
presbycusis
gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
crepitation
grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
meconium
greenish material that forms the first stools of a newborn
bruxism
grinding of teeth, especially during sleep
fissure
groove or crack-like break in the skin
interstitial lung disease
group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their surrounding structures; leads to a reduction of oxygen being transferred to the blood
arthritis
group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints
intercostals
group of muscles found between the ribs that move the ribs for breathing
impulse control disorders
group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences; includes compulsive shopping and gambling
septicemia
growth of bacteria in the blood; blood poisoning or sepsis
gingiva
gums
club hair
hair that has stopped growing
cilia
hairlike projections
Murphy's Sign
hand is firmly placed at the costal margin in the upper right abdominal quadrant and patient is asked to breathe deeply; POSITIVE SIGN ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
cementum
hard, bonelike tissue that covers the outside of the root; provides a thin layer of protection and helps hold the tooth in place
enamel
hardest tissue in the body; covers the outside of the crown of a tooth
ganglion cyst
harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist; can be caused by repeated minor injuries, usually painless, and usually doesn't require treatment
stridor
harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage in the throat or larynx when breathing in
cephalgia
headache
medigap policy
health insurance plan that helps pay medical expenses not covered by Medicare; offered by private insurance companies and require the enrollee to pay a premium
sensorineural
hearing aids and cochlear implants treat what type of hearing loss?
monaural
hearing test that involved one ear
binaural
hearing test that involves both ears
acoustic reflectometry
hearing test that measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum
left ventricle
heart chamber that pumps blood into the aorta
right atrium
heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body
left atrium
heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
digitalis
heart medication obtained from the foxglove plant
terminal hair
heavy, more darkly pigmented hair
calcaneus
heel bone
red bone marrow
hemopoietic tissue found in the ends of long bones and flat irregular bones such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and pelvis
lymphatic tissue
hemopoietic tissue found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland
prokinetics
used in individuals with GERD to strengthen the sphincter and speed gastric emptying
ultrasonic units
used in many dental and medical offices to remove dirt, debris, blood, saliva, and tissue from a large variety of instruments before sterilizing them; uses sound waves to clean
scoliometer
used to measure the degree of spinal curvature
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
ringworm
highly contagious fungal infection of the skin or scalp; characteristic symptom is the formation of a flat or raised circular area with a healthy-looking inner area surrounded by an itchy, scaly, or crusty outer ring
smallpox
highly contagious infectious disease caused by a variola virus; vaccines were made not mandatory after several years with no reported cases, now a new vaccination program has been started in the US with the threat of bioterrorism
impetigo
highly contagious skin infection typically caused by streptococci or staphylococci organisms
granulation
highly vascular tissue that forms at the base of a healing wound
3/4
honorary membership may be conferred for life by a _____ vote of the Board of Directors
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half
acromegaly
hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland releases too much somatotropin during adulthood, causing bones to increases in size (including bones of hands, feet, and face)
vasopressin (ADH)
hormone produced in the posterior lobe of the pituitary that promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys and constricts blood vessels
leptin
hormone secreted by fat cells
lactogenic/prolactin (LTH)
hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary that stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands after delivery of an infant
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hormone that acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to prevent water loss by reducing urine output and helping kidneys reabsorb water
peptide yy
hormone that signals satiety and therefore serves as a prompt to stop eating
leptin
hormone that signals the brain that the body has enough energy stored, therefore suppressing appetite; levels are higher in those who are overweight; obese people have built up resistance to the effects
glucagon
hormone that stimulates the breakdown of the stored form of glucose for release into the bloodstream
insulin
hormone that stimulates the movement of glucose from the bloodstream into cells
ghrelin
hormone that stimulates/increases appetite
mandible
horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw
hyoid
horseshoe-shaped bone that lays at the base of the tongue; only unarticulated bone in the body
7
how many cervical vertebrae?
anaphylactic shock
hypersensitive or allegoric reaction to a substance such as food, medications, or insect/snake bites
pituitary gland
hypophysis
Gabriel Fallopius
identified the fallopian tubes in the female; described the tympanic membrane in the ear
Dr. Elisabeth Kubler Ross
identified the five stages that dying patients and their families may experience before death
epidemiologists
identify and track diseases as they occur in a group of people; determine risk factors, evaluate situations, and develop methods to prevent or control the spread of new diseases
right
images from from the left visual are handled by which cerebral hemisphere?
left
images from the right visual field are handled by which cerebral hemisphere?
synarthrosis
immovable joint
acquired immunity
immunity developed either after exposure to an antigen or to the passive injection of immunoglobulins
incontinence
inability to control urination; may result from treatment of enlargement of the prostate gland or for prostate cancer
retention
inability to empty the bladder
anemia
inadequate number of red blood cells, low hemoglobin levels, or both; characterized by pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, and rapid heart rate
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
personal protective equipment (PPE)
includes gloves, gowns, lab coats, masks, and ace shields
hyperemia
increased amount of blood in the vessels of an organ or tissue
osteoporosis
increased porosity or softening of the bones; metabolic disorder caused by a hormone deficiency (estrogen in women), prolonged lack of calcium, and a sedentary lifestyle
dyspepsia
indigestion
histoplasmosis
infection caused by breathing in spores of a fungus often found in bird and bat droppings
sialadenitis
infection of the salivary glands; typically caused by a virus or bacteria
endogenous
infection that originates inside the body
exogenous
infection that originates outside the body
opportunistic infections
infections that occur when the body's defenses are weak; typically do not occur in individuals with in tact immune systems
hemorrhagic fever
infectious disease caused by a filovirus; 2 flioviruses have been identified (Ebola, Marburg); common belief is that viruses are transmitted from bats; disease spreads rapidly by contact with body fluids; 50-90% of infected individuals die
plague
infectious disease caused by bacteria "yersinia pestis"; typically transmitted through bites of infected fleas; rats, rock squirrels, prairie dogs, and chipmunks are the most common sources for _____ in the US
tularemia
infectious disease caused by bacteria called "francisella tularensis"; bacteria is commonly found in rats, rabbits, and insects (ticks, deer flies); humans contract disease through the bite of an infected animal/insect or by eating/drinking contaminated food or water; vaccine in review
anthrax
infectious disease caused by the spores of bacteria "bacillus anthracis"; grazing animals eat contaminated soil and become infected; humans become infected by eating undercooked or infected meat, or by inhaling the spores; vaccine is available for prevention
salmonellosis
infectious disease transmitted by feces, either through direct contact or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked food
encephalitis
inflammation fo the brain caused by a virus, bacterium, chemical agent, or as a complication of measles, chicken pox, or mumps; virus typically contracted from a mosquito bite
stomatitis
inflammation inside of the mouth; sore can be in the cheeks, gums, lips, or tongue
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein, frequently in the leg
chondritis
inflammation of cartilage
dysentery
inflammation of intestines accompanied by bloody diarrhea
onychia (onychitis)
inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail
cholangitis
inflammation of the bile duct system that is usually related to a bacterial infection
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone caused by an infecting organism; long bones of arms and legs are most commonly affected
bursitis
inflammation of the bursae; frequently affects joints that perform frequent repetitive motions such as shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium of the uterus
blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelids
salpingitis
inflammation of the fallopian tubes
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis (head of penis) that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision
glomerulonephritis (nephritis)
inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis
dacryoadenitis
inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords; can be caused by a viral infection, vocal cord strain, or irritation
cheilitis
inflammation of the lip
sinusitis
inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the sinuses
Guillain-Barre syndrome
inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis
rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane resulting in a runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness, and congestion; caused by viral respiratory infections or allergies
oophoritis
inflammation of the ovaries
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum often associated with shin splints
meningitis
inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
pharyngitis
inflammation of the throat; medical term for sore throat; common symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra typically caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemicals (ex. bubble bath solutions)
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
metritis
inflammation of the uterus
adenitis
inflammation or infection of the lymph nodes
otosclerosis
inherited disease causing bony overgrowth of the footplate of the stapes; stapes becomes immobile, causing conductive hearing loss; symptoms include gradual hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo
endometrium
inner layer of the uterus; layer of specialized epithelium that provides for implantation of a fertilized ovum and aids in the development of a fetus
medulla
inner region of the kidney containing most of the urine-collecting tubules
pia mater
innermost layer covering the brain and spinal cord that is closely attached to them
retina
innermost layer of the eye made up of many layers of nerve cells, which transmit the light impulses to the optic nerve
minerals
inorganic elements found in all body tissue
speculum
instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior
otoscope
instrument used to examine the external ear canal
ophthalmoscope
instrument used to examine the interior of the eye
heat rash (prickly heat)
intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells
silicosis
interstitial lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting
sinoatrial node
intrinsic pacemaker of the heart
main motion
introduces a topic to the membership for their consideration; cannot be made when any other motion is on the floor for consideration
Benjamin Franklin
invented bifocals for glasses
microbiologists
investigate the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms
muscle spasm
involuntary contraction of a muscle that typically causes severe pain
nystagmus
involuntary, rapid, and repetitive movement of the eyes; these movements often result in reduce vision and depth perception and can affect balance and coordination
Cheyne Stokes respiration
irregular breathing pattern characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea; commonly occurs in comatose patients or those near death
excitability
irritability; the ability of muscles to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse
pruritis
itching
wheals
itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape; ex, hives and insect bites
vitreous humor
jellylike substance that fills the area behind the lens; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and also refracts light rays
temporomandibular joint
joint formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
symphysis pubis
joint where the 2 os coxae join together on the ventral part of the body
Hippocrates
Greek physician known as the "Father of Medicine"
Rod of Asclepius
Greek symbol associated with medicine and healing
Priya Rathakrishnan (Georgia)
President of HOSA
Karen Koeninger
Deputy Executive Director
Jeswin Vennatt (Texas)
Western Region Vice President of HOSA
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (1765)
What was the first medical school in the US, and the only medical school in the thirteen American Colonies?
September 1977 (1 of 2 organizations)
When was HOSA recognized by the US Office of Education?
linea nigra
a dark line across the abdomen that occurs during pregnancy
morphine
a pain management medication made from the poppy plant
Fifth disease
a viral disease that causes a rash looking as though one had been slapped on the cheeks
astigmatism
abnormal shape or curvature of the cornea that causes blurred vision. Can be treated with glasses or contact lenses
deductible
amount you must pay before you begin receiving any benefits from your insurance company
eructation
an act or instance of belching
heparin
anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
deciduous
baby teeth; teeth that will eventually be lost during adolescence
Elizabeth Blackwell
became the first female physician in the US in 1849; started the first Women's Medical College in New York in 1868
Grave's disease
common cause of hyperthyroidism
Jonas Salk
developed polio vaccine in 1955
idiopathic
disease of unknown cause
Ancient Egyptians
earliest people known to maintain accurate health records
Clara Barton
founder of American Red Cross during American Civil War (1881)
iatrogenic
illness or unfavorable response to a medical or surgical treatment that was induced by the treatment itself
telemedicine
involves use of video audio and computer systems to provide medicine and/or healthcare
condyle
large, round protuberance at the end of a bone
amblyopia
lazy eye; commonly occurs in early childhood, may result in blindness if not treated with therapy, corrective lenses, or surgery
Southlake, TX
location of current National HOSA Headquarters
Imhotep (Egyptian)
may have been the first physician
health science events, health professions events, emergency preparedness events, leadership events, teamwork events, recognition events
name the 6 categories of competitive events
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
Ancient Greeks
stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease
pasteurization
using heat to destroy germs
26
young adults can be covered by their parent's health insurance policy until what age?
women (3x)
Is rheumatoid arthritis more common in women or men?
Shiatsu
Japanese form of acupressure
mono (mononucleosis)
The Epstein-Barr virus causes what contagious illness?
25.8 million
The NIH approximates that how many people in the world have diabetes?
Laura Sheppard
Chief of Staff
Bergen Morehouse
Director of Competitive Events
Dennis Van Peeren
Director of Finance
Bobby Crandall
Director of Technology
George Sifakis
Director, HOSA Washington, DC Office
Gregory Mendel
established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns
Jason Koeninger
Software Architect
