How animals work 3 part a chapter 40

A mutation that results in the inability of a terrestrial insect to close the spiracles would likely be most disadvantageous in what environment?

A desert environment

Freshwater fish reside in hypotonic environments. They do not drink water, and they excrete large volumes of hypotonic urine in an effort to osmoregulate. How do they obtain an adequate supply of electrolytes?

Chloride cells on the gill filaments take up additional electrolytes from freshwater.

One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What other waste product(s) accumulate during normal physiological functions in vertebrates? I. ammonia II. uric acid III. urea

I, II, and III

What is the correct order of flow of urine as it leaves the human body?

Kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

Why does the orientation of the Na+/Cl-/K+ cotransporter "flip" from the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells of the gill to the apical side of that membrane when salmon and sea bass move from seawater to freshwater?

The Na+/Cl-/K+ cotransporter is found on opposite cell surfaces in response to the different osmotic stresses of seawater and freshwater environments, in which ion excretion or uptake, respectively, is required to maintain a constant internal osmolarity.

What is the function of Malpighian tubules?

They produce filtrate that contains nitrogenous waste, electrolytes, and water.

What is the function of the Loop of Henle in mammalian kidneys?

To create the kidney's osmotic gradient that permits the reabsorption of water and various solutes

Which of the following statements regarding fishes that live in fresh water are correct?

Water enters their bodies across the skin via osmosis. Electrolytes leave via the epithelial cells. They have specialized gill epithelia cells that actively pump electrolytes from the environment into the blood.

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration?

a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

Water loss from a terrestrial insect's surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

chitin and the cuticle

Birds that live in marine environments, and thus lack access to fresh drinking water, _____.

drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands

A human who has no access to freshwater but is forced to drink seawater instead will ________.

excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion

Marine vertebrates are _____ to their environment.

hypotonic

The shark rectal gland _____.

is involved in osmoregulation

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

isoosmotic

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment

isoosmotic; saltwater

The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____.

loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely _____.

marine

Which of the following organisms would lose the most water by osmosis across its skin?

marine bony fish

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____.

seawater in a tidal pool

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________.

the concentration gradient; ATP