HSA 4110 Midterm

Planning in organizations is usually: a. formal and detailed b. formal and flexible c. informal and detailed d. informal and flexible

a. formal and detailed

Which was not recommended as a guideline for transformational leaders? a. ask followers to place their trust in the special ability of the leader b. express confidence that followers will be able to attain the vision c. use dramatic, symbolic actions to emphasize key values in the vision d. empower followers to find effective ways to attain the vision

a. ask followers to place their trust in the special ability of the leader

Which of the following is not an example of resistance? a. carry out the request with only the minimum necessary effort b. delay taking action to see if the agent is serious about the request c. tell the agent why you are too busy now to carry out the request d. appeal to a higher authority to rescind or change the request

a. carry out the request with only the minimum necessary effort

Which two kinds of power have been found to be related most strongly to leader effectiveness in motivating subordinates? a. expert and referent power b. reward and referent power c. expert and legitimate power d. reward and expert power

a. expert and referent power

A leader is most likely to be viewed as effective when: a. organization performance is declining, the leader makes major changes in strategy, and performance rapidly improves b. organization performance is declining, the leader makes major changes in strategy, and performance slowly improves c. organization performance is declining, the leader makes small changes in strategy, and performance slowly improves d. organization performance is improving and the leader makes only incremental changes in the existing strategy to fine tune it

a. organization performance is declining, the leader makes major changes in strategy, and performance rapidly improves

Which of the following is part of Lewin's model of organizational change? a. refreezing b. reinventing c. reorganizing b. revitalizing

a. refreezing

A leader with a socialized power concern is more likely to: a. socialize with subordinates b. ask subordinates to attend social events c. clarify social objectives for subordinates d. empower subordinates

a. socialize with subordinates

Definitions of leadership: a. strongly influence the design and interpretation of research b. are strongly influenced by research on unconscious processes c. reflect general agreement about the nature of leadership d. are pointless because there is no basis for verification

a. strongly influence the design and interpretation of research

According to Path-goal theory, supportive leadership contributes most to subordinate satisfaction and motivation when the task is: a. tedious and stressful b. important and meaningful c. complex and variable d. interesting and enjoyable

a. tedious and stressful

Substantial delegation is most likely to occur when: a. the manager is confident and secure b. the task is important c. subordinate jobs are highly interdependent d.work procedures are highly standardized

a. the manager is confident and secure

Participative leadership is best viewed as a combination of which two approaches for studying leadership? a. trait and behavior b. power-influence and trait c. behavior and power-influence d. trait and situational

a. trait and behavior

Which of the following is not an example of clarifying behavior by a leader? a. explain the reasons for an assignment b. clearly explain what results are expected c. ask the subordinate to set performance goals d. explain the relative priority of different tasks

b. clearly explain what results are expected

The decision procedure that empowers a subordinate the most is: a. joint decision-making b. delegation c. proactive consultation d. reactive consultation

b. delegation

What is the best explanation for so many different definitions of leadership? a. scholarly nitpicking b. disagreement about what should be considered leadership processes c. leadership behavior cannot be studied in a scientific way d. leadership is a very old topic

b. disagreement about what should be considered leadership processes

Which was recommended for leaders when communicating a vision? a. set a concrete deadline for attaining key aspects of the vision b. explain in a general way how the vision can be attained c. remind followers about the obstacles so they do not become complacent d. offer incentives to followers for their help in attaining the vision

b. explain in a general way how the vision can be attained

Which of the following is a recommended guideline for followers? a. ask the boss for specific directions on how to deal with difficult problems b. get approval from the boss before taking action to resolve problems c. take the initiative to deal with immediate problems in the work d. follow rules and standard procedures to avoid any blame for problems

b. get approval from the boss before taking action to resolve problems

Effective managers are least likely to have which of the following traits? a. high self confidence b. high need for affiliation c. achievement orientation d. internal locus of control orientation

b. high need for affiliation

A theory that explains why the most common pattern of leadership behavior in a specified situation is the most effective one would best be classified as: a. descriptive b. prescriptive c. descriptive and prescriptive d. useless

b. prescriptive

Which of the following was not recommended as a guideline for contingent leadership? a. use more planning to prepare for a long, complex task b. provide more direction to people with independent work roles c. be more supportive to people who have a stressful task d. provide more direction and briefings when there is a crisis

b. provide more direction to people with independent work roles

Consideration by a leader is most likely to result in: a. stronger subordinate commitment b. stronger subordinate satisfaction c. better coordination among subordinates d. better subordinate performance

b. stronger subordinate satisfaction

Which of the following was not found to be characteristic of managers in most descriptive studies? a. they spend much of their time engaged in oral communication b. they spend considerable time engaged in reflective activities such as planning c. they spend considerable time engaged in lateral communication with peers d. they are engaged in a large variety of brief activities during a typical workday

b. they spend considerable time engaged in reflective activities such as planning

According to Path-goal Theory, directive leadership is most effective when: a. the task is simple and repetitive b. work roles are ambiguous c. the task is tedious and stressful d. work roles are interdependent

b. work roles are ambiguous

Resistance by a subordinate to a change proposed by the boss is best viewed as: a. a deviant reaction by someone preoccupied with self interest b. a situation that requires the use of power to overcome resistance c. a source of energy that can be redirected to improve change d. an indication of systems dynamics that will nullify any change

c. a source of energy that can be redirected to improve change

A very narcissistic leader is most likely to: a. have empathy and concern for subordinates b. perceive human relationships in complex terms c. become preoccupied with power and prestige d. seek objective advice from subordinates and peers

c. become preoccupied with power and prestige

Which statement about transformational and charismatic leadership is most accurate? a. both types of leadership involve the same underlying processes b. both type of leadership are effective in any situation c. charismatic leaders are less common in business organizations d. charismatic leaders are more effective in business organizations

c. charismatic leaders are less common in business organizations

Which influence process is most likely to result in continued commitment to a task objective regardless of the manager's subsequent actions? a. instrumental compliance b. personal identification c. compliance with authority d. internalization

c. compliance with authority

Which of the following is not an example of Initiating Structure as defined in the Ohio State studies? a. letting subordinates know what is expected of them b. criticizing poor work c. consulting with subordinates before making changes d. coordinating the activities of subordinates

c. consulting with subordinates before making changes

Which was not mentioned as one of the four general processes in managerial work? a. making decisions b. satisfying customers c. developing relationships d. influencing people

c. developing relationships

Most theories of charismatic and transformational leadership: a. emphasize rational processes more than emotional processes b. give equal attention to rational and emotional processes c. emphasize emotional processes more than rational processes d. describe emotional processes and ignore rational processes

c. emphasize emotional processes more than rational processes

Which of the following was recommended as a guideline for contingent leadership? a. make contingency plans to prepare for any possible problem b. hold more meetings to involve people when a crisis occurs c. maintain a high level of situational awareness d. rely on previously effective practices when there is rapid change

c. maintain a high level of situational awareness

Which of the following is not one of the three behavior meta-categories identified by Yukl? a. task-oriented b. relations-oriented c. process-oriented d. change-oriented

c. process-oriented

Research on managerial activities found that managers typically spend the most time: a. in their office b. with subordinates c. reading and writing reports, memos, and correspondence d. in informal meetings

c. reading and writing reports, memos, and correspondence

What kind of power is dependent upon friendship and trust? a. affiliation power b. dyadic power c. referent power d. expert power

c. referent power

What is the best conclusion about the traits of managers? a. a leader who is intelligent and highly motivated will be effective in any situation. b. a leader who is weak on any key trait is unlikely to be effective c. some traits improve the chance of being effective, but their relative importance depends on the situation d. the trait approach provides no useful insights about effective leadership

c. some traits improve the chance of being effective, but their relative importance depends on the situation

The central explanatory process in Path-goal Theory of leadership is: a. the influence of leader expectations on subordinate behavior b. the influence of leader expectations on subordinate expectations c. the influence of leader behavior on subordinate expectations d. the influence of leader behavior on group processes

c. the influence of leader behavior on subordinate expectations

A successful vision for an organization is most likely to include: a. specific performance objectives with a clear deadline b. a memorable slogan about the key value to be achieved c. a list of desirable features for the organization's products or services d. a vivid image of what can be achieved and why it is worthwhile

d. a vivid image of what can be achieved and why it is worthwhile

In a crisis situation, effective leaders are likely to: a. consult with subordinates b. reduce their exposure c. act more considerate d. act more decisive

d. act more decisive

Which results were found in the early Michigan leadership studies? a. effective supervisors spent much of their time working on the task with subordinates b. effective supervisors used close supervision to insure the work was done correctly c. effective supervisors were careful not to get too friendly with their subordinates d. effective supervisors devoted more time to managerial functions such as planning, coordinating, and work facilitation

d. effective supervisors devoted more time to managerial functions such as planning, coordinating, and work facilitation

Which influence tactic is most dependent on the agent's reward power? a. rational persuasion b. personal appeal c. legitimating d. exchange

d. exchange

Which statement about implicit leadership theories is least accurate? a. implicit theories influence a person's evaluation of leaders b. implicit theories usually involve assumptions about effective leadership c. implicit theories can result in biased ratings of a leader's behavior d. implicit theories are seldom found in intelligent people

d. implicit theories are seldom found in intelligent people

Which of the following is least desirable for a vision? a. it should emphasize ideological objectives b. it should be clear and easy for followers to understand c. it should be bold and ambitious d. it should include detailed action steps to make it credible

d. it should include detailed action steps to make it credible

Charismatic leadership is best understood by examining: a. leader characteristics b. leader and subordinate characteristics c. leader and situational characteristics d. leader, subordinate, and situational characteristics

d. leader, subordinate, and situational characteristics

What is the most common element in definitions of leadership? a. leadership is an authority relationship b. leadership is the ability to make good decisions c. leadership is an attribution made by followers d. leadership is an influence process

d. leadership is an influence process

Which is most likely to be effective for implementing major change? a. make followers feel responsible for failure of the old strategy b. provide opportunities to experience early success in implementing change c. emphasize the obstacles so followers will not become complacent d. maintain control over sensitive information about new problems

d. maintain control over sensitive information about new problems

Which was not a recommendation for effective followers? a. verify the accuracy of information you provide to the leader b. point out specific weaknesses in a plan or proposals made by the leader c. be assertive but diplomatic about resolving role ambiguity d. point out when a leader is being defensive about suggestions

d. point out when a leader is being defensive about suggestions

Which of the following was not recommended for leaders? a. explain to subordinates how to use self management strategies b. maximize self determination by subordinates with interdependent jobs c. model the use of self management procedures to set an example d. share sensitive information about plans and financial performance

d. share sensitive information about plans and financial performance

Effective managers are likely to have: a. technical and interpersonal skills b. technical and conceptual skills c. conceptual and interpersonal skills d. technical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills

d. technical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills

What is the best conclusion from research on the high-high theory of leadership? a. the research provides strong support for the additive model b. the research provides strong support for the multiplicative model c. the research provides strong support for both models d. the research fails to provide strong support for either model

d. the research fails to provide strong support for either model

What is the best way to summarize the findings in research on participative leadership? a. participative leadership does not affect subordinate performance b. the more participation a leader uses, the more satisfied subordinates will be c. participative leadership substantially improves subordinate performance d. the results are inconsistent and inconclusive

d. the results are inconsistent and inconclusive

What is the most likely benefit from using participation in decision making? a. the decision will be made more quickly b. the quality of the decision will be better c. there will be more decision acceptance by participants d. there will be greater agreement among the participants

d. there will be greater agreement among the participants