HSC 503 Exam 2

reliance on cars, easiest, physical demands, technology, conveniences, misconception, sports, health, expensive

another reason for inactivity is ___ ___ ___. Less people walking because driving is often the___ option. Also, fewer ___ ___ at work or at home. Advances in modern___ and___. As well as,___ of physical activity. Common belief that physical activity is limited to___ or___ club exercise, it is___, and no skills

Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO)

(1/139 000 in Japan), Obesity, short stature, round face, brachydactyly, bone formation in non-bone tissue, mental retardation, low blood calcium

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

(<1/100 000 births), Obesity mental retardation, pigmentry retinopathy, polydactyly, hypogonadism, renal abnormalities

Prader-Willi Syndrome

1/25 000 births, Obesity, reduced fetal activity, muscular hypotonia at birth, short stature, small hands and feet, mental retardation, hypogonadism, hyperphagia

grow, predicts, childbearing

30 years ago, it was thought you could___ out if obesity. Now it's viewed as persistent and the presence of obesity in childhood___ obesity in adulthood. Important to target women of____ potential to maintain healthy body weight (for both practical reasons and for offspring)

27

A 2007 study of more than 11,000 California women found that those who had been abused as children were___% more likely to be obese as adults, compared with those who had not.

66, eating

A 2009 study of more than 15,000 adolescents found that sexual abuse in childhood raised the risk of obesity___% in males in adulthood. That study found no such effect in women, but did find a higher risk of___ disorders in sexually abused girls.

least, difference, least, more, burn, caloric content

A study was done on 18-30 year olds about ordering off of menus: Group 1 - no calorie counts on menu. Group 2 - had calorie counts on menu. Group 3 - had number of minutes it would take to walk that meal off. The findings included that Group 3 ate the___ amount of calories. The other two groups had no___ in calories consumed. According to this study, people are___ likely to eat___ calories if they knew how much time it would take to___ it off. Only knowing about ___ ___doesn't greatly deter overeating.

energy balance

A lack of ___ ____ most often causes overweight and obesity.

Adipokines

Appetite control from fat is ____

in too short a time for any significant genetic changes within populations

According to the WHO, the rapid rise in obesity rates in recent years has occurred _____. Focus should be on "environmental and societal changes".

compare disease rate between adoptee and members of adoptee's biological family as well as their adoptive family

Adoption studies...

38, 5x, food, obesity, diabetes, farming, fat

Arizona's Pima Indians (pop. 19,000) exceed the type 2 diabetes rate (___%) of the genetically similar Pima Indians in Mexico (6.9%) by____. The US government began subsidizing the tribe's___ (late 19th century) -- much of it containing sugar and white flour, and___ and___ rates soared. The Pima who relocated to the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico continued traditional___ and have mainly maintained healthy weights. The Pima predisposition to store___ efficiently due to survival mechanisms evolved in the harsh southwestern desert.

25-35, 28-40, 15-25, 2-4

Average weight before getting pregnant should gain ___ ___ lbs. Underweight women __ __ lbs. Overweight women ___ ___lbs. In general, you should gain about ___ ___ lbs during the first three months you're pregnant and 1 lb a week during the rest of your pregnancy.

35, 46, 66

Between 1991 and 2006, work-related physical activity in China dropped by about___% in men and___% in women. Women also cut back on physical activity around the house—washing clothes, cooking, cleaning—by___%

pharmacological effects, drugs, other

Biologically disordered in obesity includes ___ ___ which are unintended effects of___ targeting___ health conditions

hormone alterations, weight, Aging, menopause

Biologically disordered in obesity includes ___ ___. Alterations of the hormonal mechanisms involved in___ regulation (ex. resistance). Also,___ and___

genetic factors, mutations, Polygenic, Parental

Biologically disordered in obesity includes ___ ___. Single gene___ (ex. Leptin receptor).____ factors - multiple genes that together enhance the susceptibility to obesity.___ transmission.

born without part of bone

Brachydactyly

Psychotropic, Anticonvulsants, diabetics, hypertensives, Antihistamines

Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight:____ medications (antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers),____, Anti-____, Anti-___, Steroid hormones and contraceptives,___, and HIV antiretroviral drugs.

2x

Compared with a person with no adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), a person with four or more has almost___ the risk of obesity

88, 13

Driving cars increased from 67% trips to work in 1960 to___% in 2000, while walking and taking public transit to work decreased. About 40% of U.S. schoolchildren walked or rode their bikes to school in 1969; only ___% in 2001

eat for two, 300

During pregnancy, women gain weight to support their babies' growth and development. Not necessary to ''__ __ __.'' The average pregnant woman needs only about___ healthy calories more a day than she did before she was pregnant.

less, super-sizing, added value, larger

Eating out means there is ___ control over how much fat, sugar, and salt they are eating. Fast food restaurants also encourage ______ of meals, adding unnecessary calories. Marketing strategy of "___ ____" larger quantity for little or no incremental cost. Adults will eat more when____ portions are ordered.

Noise, music, Soft, slower, higher, Loud, less, rapidly, fullness

Environmental factors that influence consumption include ___ and ___.___ music leads to___ eating, longer meal duration, and___ consumption of food and drinks.___, fast music is discomforting can lead to people spending___ time in a restaurant but can cause people to eat more___ without monitoring their___

lighting, Dimmed, duration, comfort, disinhibition

Environmental factors that influence consumption include ___.___/soft lighting influences our consumption in 2 ways: by increasing eating___ and by increasing___ and___

eating atmospherics, duration

Environmental factors that influence consumption include the ___ ___ which influence eating____.

Odor, taste, suppression, shorten

Environmental factors that influence consumption include____. This can influence consumption through___ enhancement or____. Unpleasant odors are likely to___ a meal and suppress food consumption

address whether a disease aggregates in families. Higher risk among relatives (especially 1st degree) indicates disease may be genetic.

Family studies can...

modulate, stable, CNS

For the Appetite-body weight regulation model the 2 components___ intake such that body weight is maintained within a___ range; based within the ____

monitors, regulates, extended, calories, fat, sensory

For the Appetite-body weight regulation model the long-term component___ and___ body nutrient stores over___ periods. Unused____ (eg. not used for maintenance and activity) are stored as___ and provide___ info regarding energy store to the brain (hypothalamus).

onset, cessation, environment, internal biological, sensory, signals

For the Appetite-body weight regulation model the short-term component controls___ and___ of feeding on a meal basis. Feeding is stimulated by a) stimuli in____ (taste, smell) and b) ___ ____ stimuli (hormones). Food in the mouth and gut provide___ (taste, distension) and hormonal feedback___, and provide info regarding nutrient appearance and amount.

genes, environment

If___ influences risk - then adoptee should look more like biological family. If____ influences risk - then adoptee should look more like adopted family

30, 22, 41

In 1950,___% of Americans worked in high-activity occupations; by 2000, that proportion had dropped to only___%. Conversely, the percentage of people working in low-activity occupations rose from about 23% to___%

50

In the late '80s study of 286 obese people, and discovered that___% had been sexually abused as children. Rate is more than 50% higher than the rate normally reported by women, and more than triple the average rate in men.

leptin, drop, calorie

Increase in___ leads to___ in appetite and more rapid___ burning. Protein produced in fat cells.

4X, most, high, enough, brain

Jefferson Medical School (Philadelphia) study: 136 normal and 139 obese subjects; obese had___ leptin as normal weight subjects. Harvard Study: Men with the ___ leptin had___ body weight, little exercise, and more high fat and high cholesterol foods. Perhaps obese people have___ leptin but cannot process it in the___ (leptin resistance)

happy, terrified, sexual, provocation

Kaiser Permanente's Department of Preventive Medicine Obesity Treatment program had a problem - those who were both the most obese and losing the most weight — kept dropping out. Instead of being___, subjects were having anxiety attacks and was___. This could be from___ abuse as a child, paranoid that new slimmer weight as a___.

fewer, higher, overeating, healthy balance, hungry, full, up, down

Lack of sleep contributes to obesity by people who sleep___ hours also seem to prefer eating foods that are___ in calories and carbohydrates. This can lead to___, weight gain, and obesity. Also, sleep helps maintain a ___ ___ of the hormones that make you feel___ (ghrelin) or___ (leptin). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes___ and your level of leptin goes___. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.

5, 8, 10.5, prevention, delay

Lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity in other age groups as well. Spanish study >3,500 older workers sleeping ___hrs or less OR sleeping >__hrs was associated with obesity. 8,500 four-year olds if children get ___ hrs or more of sleep a night, associated with___ of obesity. Recreational screen time (ie. TVs, texting) in the bedroom can___ bedtime or interrupt sleep

a diet that is high in calories, skipping breakfast, eating most of your calories at night, drinking high calorie beverages, eating oversized portions, and eat fast foods

Main unhealthy diet and eating habits that contribute to weight gain include...

aging, lifestyle, 5

Midlife weight gain in women is mainly due to___ and___, but menopause also plays a role. Natural process, end of fertility Many women gain about ___ pounds during menopause and have more fat around the waist than they did before. Mechanism - lack of estrogen?

Cohen Syndrome (Finnish)

Obesity, mental retardation, microephaly, characteristic facial features, myopia

Alstrom Syndrome

Obesity, retinal cone dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, small size, hypogonadism, renal abnormalities, mental retardation

30

Over___% of the population reports NO involvement in any leisure time physical activity

take in more calories than you use

Overweight and obesity happen over time when you___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___. It's the balance over time that helps you maintain a healthy weight.

2x, 4x, 10x

Paternal obesity is associated with___ risk of obesity. Maternal obesity is associated with a___ risk of obesity. Both parents obese,___ increased risk

born with another appendage

Polydactyly

greater, muscle mass, calories, reduce, increased, lipids

Prevalence of obesity in older population (65-74) is___ than rest of population. People tend to "slowdown" as they age, resulting in: Reduced ___ ___, muscle loss can slow down the rate at which your body burns___. You gain weight if you don't____ your calorie intake. Also,___ fat mass which means more circulating___, adipokines.

hour, lost, up

Research shows that lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity. Study of teenagers showed that with each___ of sleep___, the odds of becoming obese went___.

same, gain, loss

Same amount of energy IN and energy OUT over time = weight stays the___. More energy IN than energy OUT over time = weight___ More energy OUT than energy IN over time = weight___

insulin, higher, increase

Sleep also affects how your body reacts to___, the hormone that controls your blood glucose (sugar) level. Lack of sleep results in a___ than normal blood sugar level, which may___ your risk for diabetes.

health behaviors, interpersonal, organizational, community

Social Ecological Model depicts how ___ ___ of an individual are influenced by the___,____, ____, and public policy contexts and environment in which that person exists.

exercising, 52, 43, calorie, 35, 35

Stanford School of Medicine - summer 2014. In the last 22 years striking drop in the time Americans spend____. Data from NHANES - self-reported said from 1988-2010, no exercise in free-time increased from 19%-___% in women, and 11%-___% in men. No significant increase in___ consumption over the same period. Obesity increased from 25%-___% in women and 20%-___% in men. Doesn't prove "cause and effect" just associations. From a public health perspective - more information regarding benefits of PA needed.

High, inactivity, South, Appalachia, West Coast, active

The 2008 estimates were from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which uses self-reported data:___ rates of leisure-time physical___ in ___and ____ (i.e. Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Tennessee). The most likely to be___ was ___ ___ (California, Washington, Oregon), Colorado, Minnesota, Hawaii, Vermont.

oligomenorrhea, androgen, Polycystic

To have PCOS, according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria (2 of the following must occur):___ (eight or fewer menses a year) or anovulation. Clinical manifestations of___ excess and/or elevated levels of circulatory androgens (i.e. total or free testosterone).___ ovaries on ultrasound evaluation

30

Transportation-related physical activity has also dropped since car ownership is on the rise: Sales of new cars in China have gone up by about___% per year in recent years

stress-response, slows down, challenging

Traumatic experiences influence obesity by the physiological aspect of the biology of the___ ___ system (stress = scarcity). If your genes get the message that you are entering a stressful world, metabolism "____ ____" to deposit fat and store energy to prepare for what the body is expecting will be a___ and stressful life.

painful, numbing, self-medication

Traumatic experiences influence obesity by the psychological aspect of being abused or otherwise traumatized is___, and food can be a___ or comforting escape (ie. over-eating). ACEs are also strongly linked with other types of unhealthy "___ ___": ex. cigarette smoking, and drug abuse (having four or more ACEs increases the risk of injectable-drug use by 10x).

compare disease rates between twins. If only one twin has the disease, then environmental factors must be influencing disease expression

Twin studies...

economic growth, technological advancements, social changes

Worldwide, people are less active today than they were decades ago. Physical activity associated with work, home, and transportation has declined due to: ___ ___,___ ____, and ___ ___

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), subfertility, 5-10, 70-90

___ ___ ___ is a complex syndrome with multifactorial causes (i.e. genetics, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, obesity). It is a common endocrine disorder and a leading cause of female____. It affects ___ ___% of women of reproductive age (6-9 million US). Obesity is not considered a primary cause, however, ___ ____% of those with PCOS are obese.

Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), slow, gain, iodine, autoimmune, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

___ ___ is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. Lack of thyroid hormone will___ down your metabolism and cause weight___ and make you feel tired and weak. Main cause worldwide is insufficient dietary___; in Western countries main cause is an____ condition, injury, or medical side-effect. It is determined by ___ ___ ___ in your blood. In Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.3-0.4% of the population have hypothyroidism.

Portion size, self regulate, 3-5

___ ___ is an external cue that encourages over-eating. We're all born with the ability to ___ ___food intake. b/w ages___ ___ that ability can be overridden by the presentation of larger portion sizes, in the absence of hunger

Cushing's syndrome, glucocorticoids

___ ____ is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. Often triggered by use of____ for treatment of asthma, arthritis and sometimes due to adrenal tumors.

1, 5

___in ___Americans eat fast food several times a week

11

about___% of calories consumed by adults is from fast food.

2 1/2, moderate, week, muscle, 2, 1, 15, vigorous, mix

adults need at least____ hours of___ intensity aerobic activity every___ and___ strengthening activities on ___ or more days a week. Or they need__ hour and___ mins of___ intensity aerobic activity every week and muscle strengthening activities on 2 or more days a week. Or an equivalent___ of moderate and vigorous intensity

abdominal, high, stretch, round, lump, weak, skin, hair, tiredness

cushing's syndrome is associated with the following symptoms:___ obesity but with thin arms and legs,____ blood pressure, reddish___ marks,___ red face, fat___ between the shoulders,___ muscles and bones, acne and fragile___ that heals poorly, women may have more___ and irregular menstruation, chronic feeling of____

8, 2-3, 2-3, 2-3, 4, 5-9, 2-5

during pregnancy the weight goes to Baby:__ lbs, Placenta: ___ ___ lbs, Amniotic fluid: __ __ lbs, Breast tissue: ___ ___ lbs, Blood supply:___ lbs, Stored fat for delivery and breastfeeding: __ ___ lbs, Larger uterus: __ __ lbs, Total: 25-35 pounds

Consumption Norms, packaging, plate-size, portions, Consumption Monitoring, distracting, accurately, less

environmental cues make us over eat by saying it biases our "___ ____". Consumption norms determine how much we should eat based on___, ___ ___, restaurant___ (etc.). Also, it effects our "___ ____" which is when the environment is____. We often find it to be a nuisance to___ measure/monitor consumption. When people pay close attention to how much they eat, they eat___. Obese people have a greater tendency to underestimate the calories in their meals.

25

excess caloric consumption has increase ___% since 1970-2010

passive, setpoint, narrow

for appetite regulation energy balance is not a___ process. "____" maintains body weight within a relatively ___ range given constant environmental conditions. Mechanisms that must resist both decreases and increases in body weight

31, 18 1/2

from 2003 to 2009 there was a ___% increase in time spent in a car. and ____ hours per week on the road

eating a lot

hyperphagia means...

Higher levels in obese animals with insulin resistance. Part of the inflammatory response of obesity.

in the adipokine resistin there are...

problem, personal beliefs, USA, diet, lack of exercise, genetic, impact, lack of exercise, most, liquid

in the article lay theories of obesity the purpose was that obesity is such a large scale___, but scientists have neglected lay people's ___ ___ about it. This article takes place in the___, France, S. Korea, Hong Kong, in-lab questionnaire. The three main causes of obesity identified were___ (50%),__ ___ ___ (40%),____ (8%). The main finding from this study was that people's beliefs of what causes obesity might actually___ their likelihood of being overweight/obese. The group with the highest BMI was individuals who said ___ __ __ was the main reason of obesity. The reason for this was because they ate the____. The easiest was to create a caloric deficit is to reduce consumption, particularly___ calories.

rewarding

in the food reward system in the brain feeding is not just driven by hunger, but it's also___. Might over-ride energy based CNS processes.

storage, carbohydrates, fat, elusive

in the thrifty gene hypothesis, humans are designed to promote the ____ of nutrients because of food scarcity. Particularly you store____ as ____. But in modern times, when food is plentiful, this genetic make-up has resulted in the current obesity epidemic. However, evidence supporting identification of thrifty genes has proven to be____

car dependent, 5%, increased, 7.5, hostile, larger, busy, several

in the video weight of the nation the thing that has changed in the last 30 years is that communities are more ___ ____. <____of adults meet physical activity guidelines. There is___ screen time,___ hrs/daily for children. the food environment is___, the portion size is___, and people are too___ to exercise. Obesity appears to be a result of__ trends moving in the same direction

slow, calories, increase, water, proliferation

medicines increase weight gain by___ the rate at which your body burns____,___ your appetite, cause your body to hold on to extra___, fat cell____

appetite-inducing, endocannaboids, feeding, fasting

one of the food reward systems in the brain is endocannaboid system which is the ___ ___ effects of cannabis. Levels of___ decrease during___ and increasing during___

agonists, Antagonists, increase

one of the food reward systems in the brain is opioid system which is when opioid___ enhances intake of food.___ reduce body weight and fat, and___ fat oxidation

feeding, arousal, motor function, Decreased

one of the food reward systems in the brain is the dopamine system which is control of___,____, and___ ___. ____ dopamine signaling in obese humans and animals (ie. need more food to achieve adequate level of food reward)

screen time, hours, More, 2

reasons for inactivity include increased ___ ___. People spend___ in front of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities.___ than___ hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked to overweight and obesity

sidewalks, recreation, active, Work schedules, long, commuting

reasons for inactivity include lack of___ and places for____. Not having area parks, trails, and sidewalks makes it hard for people to be physically____. Also, ___ ___. People often say that they don't have time to be physically active because of___ work hours and time spent___.

menses, Hirsutism, Acanthosis, acne, Alopecia, gain

some complaints with PCOS include: Irregular___,____ (excessive hair growth),____ nigricans (discoloration of skin), Resistant___, ____: lose hair where you are supposed to have hair, Weight___, Trouble losing weight. Signs and symptoms appears around the onset of puberty.

calorie, decreased, imported, climate change, storms, rise, temperatures

some factors leading to obesity in the south pacific include how___ consumption has been increasing. Nutritional status has___, reflecting the change in diets from traditional fare to mainly___, low-quality foods (Western Diet). Also,___ ___-induced weather events including more intense___, sea-level___, warmer air and water___, and ocean acidification. All of which will have negative impacts on the health and productivity of regional crops, livestock, fisheries, and water resources, in turn, bolstering the islander's reliance on commercial markets for food supply.

apart, strong, weight, families, fat, store, where, habits, overweight

some key findings from the human studies are the studies of identical twins who have been raised___ show that genes have a___ influence on a person's____. Overweight and obesity tend to run in____. Your genes also may affect the how much___ you___ and___ you store it aka apples and pears. Children adopt the____ of their parents. A child who has overweight parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become___ too.

bored, angry, stressed, increasing, Trauma, abuse, parent, problems

some people eat more than usual when they're___,___, or___. Obesity is associated with___ rates of major depression, bipolar disorder, panic disorder. Subgroup specific increases (ex. BED).___ (distressing events) can contribute to over-eating. Childhood sexual, physical, or emotional____, loss of a___ during childhood, marital or family___-can contribute to overeating.

prominence, Structure, Variety, size, stockpiling, serving containers

the food environment includes___ of food meaning how in your face is it, ___ and___ of Food Assortments which perceived variety drives consumption,___ of Food Packages and Portion meaning the packages and portion size suggest consumption norms,___ of Food which is when stockpiled food is quickly consumed, and___ ___ meaning the Wide or large containers create consumption illusions

Lowers blood glucose levels by blocking glucose production in the liver and increases metabolism in the muscle, levels fall as fat levels increase

the adipokine adiponectin...

decrease in appetite. Animals that are obese have less adipsin

the adipokine adipsin when increased means...

fat, salt, sugar, value, planning, preparing, laborious, Parental, TV

the appeal of convenience foods is the taste of food enhanced through strategic used of___,___, and ___. Good___ regardless of budgetary constraints. Eliminates___, shopping,___, cleaning up after meals. Marketing which casts cooking as___.___ attitudes where each family member can eat what they___. Cultural changes which promote___ time over family time/dinners.

7, 21

the average time spent per day with major media in adults in 2011 is__ hours and__ mins

eating atmospherics, eating effort, eating with others, eating distraction

the eating environment includes ___ ___ which influence eating duration, ___ ___which has increased effort decreases consumption, ___ ___ ___ which socializing influences meal duration, and ___ ___ which has obscure and extend consumption.

Genes do not always predict health, maybe not a single gene, usefulness as a predictive factor, expensive, prevention strategy is not known to work

the issues concerning genetics as a cause of obesity include:

prognostic, likely, preventative therapy, personalized, effective

the main goals when studying genetics and obesity is identify genes that can be used as___ factors which indicates who is___ to become obese and ____ ____. Also,___ medicine determines what types of intervention may be most___ in treating obesity.

highest, overweight

the percentage of calories consumed from fast food differs by weight status meaning obese has the___ percent,___ the next highest, and underweight/normal being the lowest.

40, 20

~___% of adults > 65 are inactive, and ~___% of young adults are inactive