HSC4713: Exam 2 Module 8-15, HESC 400 FINAL, HESC 410
Overview of the Social Marketing Process
-Research: identify the problem 1. Develop Plan and Strategy: analyze problem, segment target audience, develop strategy 2. Select channels and materials: marketing mix 3. Develop and Pretest materials: conduct a pretest, qualitative approach, analyze results, make modifications 4. Implementation: implement campaign, monitor 5. Assess Effectiveness/Evaluation 6. Feedback for Refinement: refine materials for future campaigns
What are the three keys to understand the marketing process
-Understand the priority population -Know how to segment the priority population -have an understanding of the diffusion theory
Brand Loyalty
-a consistent preference for and choice of a particular company product -brand recognition, preference, insistence
Coalition
-a group of individuals and/or organizations with a common interest who agree to work together toward a common goal
Grassroots activities/lobbying
-a group/organization motivates community to take action on a specific legislation
Cultural sensitivity
-acknowledgement that cultural differences exist
Benefits of coalitions
-affects ultimate health behaviors and health status of the community -process of coalition building and maintenance -increased commitment, collaborating, and participation -partnerships and relationships established -relationships developed with media -public awareness is raised -legislators and policy makers aware -members empowered by experiences -community standards developed
Competition
-alternatives to an offering -more appealing
Social Marketing
-an approach used to develop activities aimed at changing or maintaining people's behavior for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole -change or maintain how people behave
Reducing Anxiety
-anticipate difficult audience members (the debater, expert, poor listener) -technology malfunction (adapt, adjust and move on)
Communication Analysis
-audience analysis and segmentation -formative research -channel analysis and selection
Support Groups
-brings together people facing similar issues increases knowledge -clarify changes -assist in skill development -provide safe environment -receive feedback and support -diversity and gain and see perspective
Health Communication
-broad area of research and practice -application of all tools in communication arts and sciences to solving practical problems in health care -inform, influence, and motivate individuals and organizations to take action toward health
Role of Health Educators in Policy Advocacy
-can support issues with data -can assess individual and community needs -are skilled in consensus building -are skilling in planning, implementing, and evaluating programs
Theories focus on communities/cultures/orgs
-center on community level change -important for community based programs -designed to support healthy lifestyles by modifying social & physical environments
Exchange
-consumers giving up what they currently have, use, or believe for what is being offered -tangible and non tangible items
Legislative Advocacy
-contact with policymaker or legislator about a social/health problem on behalf of a population group
Positioning
-creating a personality for an offering based on its key attributes
Social Ecological Framework
-creating an environment conducive to change -understand factors affecting behavior -Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Institutional, Community, Public Policy
Co-facilitator
-decreases leader burnout -more flexible scheduling -objective perspective, information from more than one vantage point, increased facilitation for all members
Performing Stage
-deeper relationships established -get involved in group facilitating relaxed -sharing and self disclosure occurs
Health Communication Campaign
-designed to educate specific groups about imminent health threats and risky behaviors -increase awareness -moves audience to action
Forming Stage
-develop a group structure -orient members -need to feel comfortable within the group and safe -polite, nervous, shy -roles assumed -members turn to facilitator for group leadership -decide whether or not to remain in group
Tips and Techniques for Successful Legislative Advocacy
-develop legislative alerts -initiate campaigns -meet with legislatives -testify at hearings -utilize media
Direct lobbying
-discussions with legislators about a particular bill
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
-disseminate and implement innovations -readiness to adopt innovations -community level theory -Criteria: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, treat ability/triability, observability
The Monopolist
-dominate group discussion
The help rejecting complainer
-feel their problem is the worst -listening and empathizing sometimes more helpful than offering solutions
Consumer Orientation
-focuses on the needs and wants of the consumer -focus groups
Task Specific Groups
-formed for a specific time to address and take action on an issue -once task is completed, these groups disband
Theory of Planned Behavior
-framework to identify key behavioral, normative, and control beliefs affecting behaviors -behavior is determined by personal attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
Consumer satisfaction
-goal of marketing -giving people what they expect or more than they expect
Planning
-identify and define the health issue -campaign objectives -consumer orientation
Theories focus on individuals
-known as cognitive behavior models -based on two premises/assumptions -behavior is determined by what we know -behavior is determined by perceptions, motivation, self efficacy, skills, resiliency & environmental factors
Transtheoretical Model/ Stages of Change Model
-long term changes in health behavior involve multiple actions and adaptations over time -Precontemplation: no interest in change -contemplation: thinking about change -preparation: planning for change -action: adopting new habits -maintenance: ongoing practice of new healthier behavior
Norming Stage
-members need to be independent, recognized, and have self esteem -leadership roles may be taken on =tasks agreed upon -positive challenges
Social Cognitive Theory
-most popular -people not only learn from their own experiences, but by observing actions of others and the results of those actions -personal factors, environmental influences, behavioral factors
The silent member
-motivated by fears of disclosure, confrontation, imperfection -will begin to participate once they feel safe and not judged
Health Communication as a Process
-multiway process -sending information does not mean effective communication -requires a multicomponent approach -Source-encoding-channel-decoding-receiver
Storming Stage
-need to belong and be secure in the group -need to review aims and absorb material -resistance -may seem negative -useful way for people to begin to deal with their needs -period of high energy involvement
Facilitation
-one of the most important sets of skills for leaders and members -actions that promote, aid, simplify, or make a task easy
Expected Outcomes
-positive health outcomes -successful selling -greater understanding of community -partnerships -updated strategies
Overcoming challenges
-prepare for the opposition -motivate community support -prevent volunteer burnout -deal with internal politics -keep bills moving
Marketing Mix
-product -price -place -promotion
Health Educator's Role in Facilitation
-promote group communication and collaboration -aid participants in making contributions to the group -making members feel good about their contributions to the meeting -promote group process -simply tasks -making sure everyone feels comfortable participating -making sure the group feels that the ideas and decisions are theirs, not just the leaders
Communication and Decision Making Groups
-provide structure and leadership for organizational units and community groups -important for productivity -exist on an ongoing basis
Presentation Formats
-public speeches -informal talks -town meetings -debates -workshops -seminars
multiculturalism
-recognition of racial and cultural diversity -respect for beliefs and cultures of others
Social Network Theory
-removes people from their social context -does not take into consideration the networks people are in -characteristics: study of social relations, relationships between people not attributes, interdependence of observations, homophile, structure matters
Oversight and Advisory Group
-represent a bridge between experts and a local community -review activities and provide advice and strategies for addressing issues
Advocacy
-self initiated, evidence based, strategic action that health professionals can take to help transform systems and improve environments and policies which their patients behaviors and choices and ultimately their health.
Evaluation and Reorientation
-summative evaluation -process evaluation
Theory
-target health promotion efforts and strategies -exchange theory -behavioral theory
Cultural competence
-the capacity for people to increase their knowledge and understanding of cultural differences -ability to acknowledge cultural assumptions and biases -starts with awareness -grows with knowledge -enhanced with special skills -polished through cross cultural encounters -respects differences -avoid stereotyping
Demand
-the degree to which a transaction is wanted -culture, personality, purchasing power
Marketing Mix
-to make target population voluntarily exchange what they currently do or believe for the product, service, or idea being offered
Audience Analysis and Segmentation
-understand the priority population -socio-demographic characteristics, geographic, psychographic, barriers & facilitators, communication channels -market segmentation
Health Belief Model
-understand why people did or did not use preventative services -emphasizes the role of personal beliefs/perceptions to an illness/treatment -understand prevention and detection behaviors, sexual risk factors, and injury prevention
Implementation
-use social marketing principles and intervention strategies -message design -provide support materials
Ending Stage
-when task complete -anxiety and sense of loss will emerge -acknowledge what has been achieved and look forward to new beginnings
What are the 8 steps in preparing written material?
1) Needs and priority population identification 2) planning your project 3) Audience research 4) Material 5) Graphics 6) pre-test 7) printing 8) instruction to use
Steps
1. Cultural Destructiveness: fit everyone into the same cultural pattern 2. Cultural Incapacity: supports segregation, discriminates, and lacks capacity or will to help minority groups 3. Cultural blindness: all people are the same 4. Cultural Pre-competence: desire to serve minority communities better but lacks information how to proceed 5. Cultural competence: demonstrates and acceptance and respect for cultural differences 6. Cultural Proficiency: holds all cultures in high esteem, advocated for cultural competence
Steps for conducting effective support groups
1. Define group/audience 2. Self a facilitator/ co-facilitator -flexible schedule, lots of energy, ability, support, desire to do job, aware, skills 3. Select a time and site 4. Define goals, objectives, and activities 5. Prepare Content Materials 6. Facilitate the support group
Stages of Development
1. Formation: identify the problem, recruit, set mission, create rules and roles (3-6 months) 2. Implementation: assess needs, collect and analyze data, develop action plan (9-12 months) 3. Maintenance: initiate and monitor strategies, support and evaluate coalition (12-18 months) 4. Outcome: begin to accomplish goals, progress towards achieving result/impact (18 months-3 years)
Core Constructs of HBM
1. Perceived susceptibility: belief about getting a disease or condition 2. Perceived severity: belief about the seriousness of the condition 3. Perceived benefits: positive aspects of the health action 4. Perceived barriers: negative aspects 4. Cues to action: factors which trigger action 5. Self efficacy: confidence in one's own ability to perform a behavior
Steps for Group Facilitation
1. Plan the meeting 2. Develop an agenda 3. Arrange for minutes documentation 4. Attend to all details
Communication Campaign Model
1. Planning 2. Theory 3. Communication Analysis 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation and reorientation
Steps for Conducting Effective Presentation
1. Prepare for the presentation -know the setting and audience 2. Understand the different presentation settings -formal:large audience, uses a stage, board of health -semiformal: more relaxed, presenting to employees, speaking at a school informal:most relaxed, less than 25 people, department meeting, focus group 3. Set the stage -let the audience know what to expect, humor, relevant stories, pose questions 4. deliver the presentation -know the purpose and material, understand body language 5. Bring Closure -shortest part, summarize, discuss action points, question and answer
6 concepts to social cognitive theory
1. Reciprocal Determinism 2. Behavioral capability 3. Expectations 4. Reinforcement 5. Self-efficacy 6. Observational learning
Facilitate the support group
1. Selective perception 2. Communication 3. Group size and structure 4. Membership 5. Norms 6. Goals 7. Leadership
Steps for Selecting and Implementing Presentation Methods
1. Understand the assists and needs of focus population -needs assessment, search literature to understand target pop 2. Develop meaningful goals and objectives -what participants needs to take away 3. Identify and select appropriate presentation methods -skill practice, small group discussion, demonstrations, audiovisuals, games, lectures 4. Gather resources to aid program implementation of the methods -resources are accurate, up to date, and appropriate 5. Evaluate the effectiveness of methods -input to improve program
Types of Groups: 3 categories
1. communication and decision making group 2. task-specifc group 3. oversight and advisory group
Which of the following is NOT an assumption that must be made by those who assist with community organizing?
A holistic approach is the worst approach for diversified communities.
Which of the following is not characteristic of a theory? Select one: a. A theory is a set of interrelated concepts. b. A theory is a tool that can make basic concepts more complex. c. A theory attempts to explain and predict. d. A theory presents a systematic view.
A theory is a tool that can make basic concepts more complex.
What is an intervention?
An activity or set of activities that help to achieve the outcomes stated in the goals and objectives
One of the Areas of Responsibility that does not have competencies directly applicable to implementing a health promotion program is __________.
Area I
According to your text, tasks related to identifying and allocating resources come from all EXCEPT which of the following areas of responsibility for health educators?
Area I and Area IV
What are the 2 critical purposes of program evaluation?
Assessing and improving quality Determining program effectiveness
What is an example of health-related community service strategies?
Clinical screenings for diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol, low-cost flu shots
Which of the following is NOT a recognized method to interpret data as outlined by Fitzpatrick in your text?
Compare costs of data analysis methods.
Responsibility IV of the Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators, Conduct Evaluation and Research Related to Health Education, specifically addresses evaluation through all EXCEPT which of the competencies listed below?
Competency 4.2: Design Instruments
What are the 2 theories categorized by approach?
Continuum theories and stage theories
A written plan outlining what those in the priority population will be taught is called __________.
Curriculum
Related to the four marketing variables, which of the following is an important core benefit as it relates to health?
Develop a product that satisfies needs and desires of clients.
A PERT chart is a user-friendly, simple way to track events in planning and implementation.
False
A person who organizes a community coalition to enact changes that influence health is using the advocacy strategy of direct lobbying.
False
A person with the ability to understand and respect values, attitudes, beliefs, and mores that differ across cultures, and is able to respond appropriately to these differences is culturally sensitive.
False
A strategy is a general plan of action for affecting a health problem, and is limited to only one activity.
False
A strong brand can be harmful to product image.
False
According to your text, community organizing is the science of building consensus within the democratic process.
False
Although summative evaluation can be helpful, it is often sufficient to complete process evaluation measures and avoid costly summative evaluation measures.
False
Although using multiple strategies in an intervention may be cumbersome, it is worthwhile because they are much easier to evaluate.
False
An institutional review board is available to provide methodological guidance to evaluators, but is limited to survey research only.
False
Analysis of two variables is called multivariate analysis.
False
Baseline data are collected immediately following the end of a short term program.
False
Because community organization is so limited in scope, this function only relates to Responsibility III, Implementing Health Education.
False
Dose is a measurement of any confounding factors that could affect program participation or results.
False
Dose refers to the number of components that make up an intervention.
False
Evaluations are not of much benefit to programmers unless they are fully researched, and the ideal evaluation is conducted.
False
Health promotion programs are always better if they can make a profit.
False
Humor, gestures, expectations, and values of different groups within a community should be avoided by those trying to work within that community.
False
If a health educator failed to provide accurate information about prevention of infectious disease, it could be considered negligence through an act of commission.
False
In order to be ethical, an evaluation should be reported in an identical format to all interested groups.
False
In-kind support occurs when generous people provide the cash to get a program started.
False
It is best to stay with one channel of communication when preparing to reach various cultural groups with health messages.
False
It is best to stay with one channel of communication when preparing to reach various cultural groups with health messages. True/False
False
Looping back is the middle step in the community organizing and building process.
False
Looping back is the middle step in the community organizing and building process. True/False
False
Marketing's traditional "Four P's" include product, price, priority, and promotion.
False
Multivariate data analyses are the most basic and most easily interpreted tests of significance.
False
Once planners have obtained a release of liability from participants, planners cannot be sued as a result of the program.
False
One person can grasp all the information and skills necessary to plan and implement an intervention.
False
Pretesting ensures planners are going to be successful in implementing their interventions.
False
Primary building blocks are the least accessible assets in the mapping community capacity model.
False
Psychographic segmentation can be based on criteria such as health insurance and health behavior.
False
Step 1 of the CDC's framework for program evaluation is to gather credible evidence.
False
The SAM list is used when planners need to complete a Strategic Assessment Map (SAM).
False
The Theory of Planned Behavior includes attitude toward a behavior, a subjective norm, and the concept of stimulus-response. True/False
False
The alternative hypothesis holds that there is no observed difference between groups.
False
The alternative hypothesis holds that there is no observed difference between groups. True/False
False
The alternative hypothesis holds that there is no observed difference between groups. True/False
False
The best research designs involve having widely diverse control and experimental groups.
False
The best way to keep summative evaluation results from being biased is to wait until the project's end to plan them.
False
The final phase of the implementation process is to evaluate it.
False
The number and type of evaluation reports needed should be determined as soon as the program is completed.
False
The process of marketing works on the underlying theory of exchanging ideas.
False
The qualitative method of evaluation is a deductive method.
False
There are 10 points for the 6 phases of policy modification.
False
Welfare expenditures, public capital information expenditures, and public information are considered secondary building blocks.
False
Welfare expenditures, public capital information expenditures, and public information are considered secondary building blocks. True/False
False
When individuals who are part of a priority population also serve to educate their population, the process is called external sourcing.
False
Without statistical significance, practical significance is of little value.
False
Marketing's traditional "Four P's" include product, price, priority, and promotion. True/False
False Product Price Place Promotion
Primary building blocks are the least accessible assets in the mapping community capacity model. True/False
False (they are the most accessible)
Dose refers to the number of components that make up an intervention. True/False
False, Dose refers to how many times the component is offered
Models are generally more specific than theories because they attempt to explain underlying processes of learning. True/False?
False, a theory is more specific
Types of groups
Formal groups: command groups, task groups Informal groups: Interest groups, friendship groups
Which of the following questions would NOT be included on a checklist to evaluate vendors of products or services?
Has the vendor settled its lawsuits?
What are the 7 types of health strategies?
Health communication strategies Health education strategies Health policy/enforcement strategies Environmental change strategies Health related community service strategies Community mobilization strategies Other strategies
Factors that affect how we communicate, understand, and respond to Health Information are called __________.
Health literacy
What is dose?
How many times each activity is offered
__________ statistics are concerned with relationships and causality.
Inferential
What is Interpersonal level?
Interpersonal processes and primary groups, including family, friends and peers that provide social identity, support and role definition
What are the 5 types of communication channels?
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Organization and community Mass media Social media
Which of the following is TRUE about pretesting?
It can be a collection of baseline data prior to program implementation.
What are some of the public policy factors?
Local, state and federal policies and laws that regulate or support healthy actions and practices for disease prevention, early detection, control and management
Which of the following is an advantages of using a pilot program?
Maintain close control of the program.
A weight loss program that uses weekly dues is an example of...?
Negative reinforcement
Which of the following is NOT part of a checklist of emergency care plan items?
Participants with high-risk problems must maintain their anonymity.
What are the types of theories and models:
Planning models and behavior change theories
What are the 5 stages of the transtheoretical model?
Precontemplation contemplation preparation action termination
A person who purchases new running shoes and a pedometer is in what phase of the Transtheoretical model?
Preperation
Increasing product awareness, persuading people to purchase a product, and reminding people that a product exists are all primary purposes of which marketing variable?
Promotion
Measures of spread or variation include __________.
Range
All EXCEPT which of the following are ways to ensure that evaluation results are used?
Report the results in one concise format.
The Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators that is related to creating an intervention is __________.
Responsibilities I & II
What are some of the community factors?
Rules, regulations policies, and informal structures, which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
What is an example of a primary building block?
Skills and abilities of residents
The transtheoretical model has four major constructs
Stages of change Processes of change self-efficacy decisional balance
A coalition is the formal alliance of organizations working for a common goal.
True
A common problem associated with evaluation is inadequate documentation of methods, results, and data analysis.
True
A group of people who meet regularly to discuss problems and identify possible solutions is called a quality circle.
True
A local speaker's bureau can provide excellent program resources as well as improved public relations and recognition.
True
A logic model is often used for Step 2 of the CDC's framework for program evaluation.
True
A logic model visually conveys the connection between a program and the desired outcomes.
True
A program procedural manual can help to avoid Type III errors.
True
According to the Stimulus-Response Theory, the two broad categories of environmental consequences include reinforcement and punishment. Select one: True False
True
According to the Stimulus-response theory, the two broad categories of environmental consequences include reinforcement and punishment. True/False?
True
Adults are motivated to learn by the need to solve problems.
True
Always consider the competition when developing health promotion interventions.
True
An independent t-test of statistical significance can be used to study differences between two groups at a single point in time.
True
An independent t-test of statistical significance can be used to study differences between two groups at a single point in time. True/False
True
As it applies to health promotion, evaluation has been defined as the comparison of an object of interest against a standard of acceptability.
True
Community stakeholders must be the ones to establish priorities and set goals if community organizing is to succeed.
True
Competencies 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 of Area of Responsibility IV are all relevant to data analysis and reporting.
True
Considering whether or not a person is ready to find out if she is HIV positive is an emotional price of participating in a health program.
True
Evaluation processes and designs are most closely related to Area of Responsibility IV for Health Educators.
True
Even though they are not paid, it is important for volunteers to have a job description.
True
Grant funding, which is available for a limited time period is often called soft money.
True
Grant funding, which is available for a limited time period is often called soft money. True/False
True
Health educators should consider whether a canned program they are thinking about using will be enjoyable for the priority population.
True
Health policy/enforcement strategies often need to be presented in light of the common good.
True
Health promotion programs for people with disabilities should have an underlying conceptual framework.
True
If variable B increases as variable A increases, it is referred to as a positive correlation.
True
If variable B increases as variable A increases, it is referred to as a positive correlation. True/False
True
It is important to determine if a vendor's costs for services or products are competitive with costs of other vendors.
True
One way to determine the effects of a program over time is to use a staggered treatment design.
True
Ongoing observation and evaluation during a program can help in readjusting strategies or components if problems develop.
True
Perceived behavioral control refers to people's perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior. True/False
True
Planners should keep all stakeholders informed throughout the program process.
True
Reach is a term that describes the proportion of the priority population given the opportunity to participate in the program.
True
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is a Type I error.
True
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is a Type I error. True/False
True
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is a Type I error? True/False
True
Resources include the human, fiscal, and technical assets available to plan, implement, and evaluate a program.
True
Resources include the human, fiscal, and technical assets available to plan, implement, and evaluate a program. True/False
True
Responsibilty VII, Competency 7.2 of Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators is Identify and Develop a variety of communication strategies, methods and techniques. This is particularly helpful for marketing skills.
True
Social reinforcers and material reinforcers are two categories of incentives.
True
Strategies that do not necessarily require action on the part of the priority population are Environmental Change Strategies.
True
The American Public Health Association and Centers for Disease Control guidelines for establishing feasibility of health promotion programs included the criterion that health promotion programs should make optimum use of available resources.
True
The act of converting planning, goals, and objectives into action is called implementation.
True
The act of converting planning, goals, and objectives into action is called implementation. True/False?
True
The best known categories of community organization are locality development, social planning, and social action.
True
The best known categories of community organization are locality development, social planning, and social action. True/False
True
The evaluation planning process should include a determination of how the results will be used.
True
The extent to which a program can be expected to produce similar effects in other populations is known as external validity.
True
The first step in community organizing is recognizing the issue.
True
The first step in community organizing is recognizing the issue. True/False
True
The most critical purposes of program evaluations are assessing and improving quality, and determining effectiveness.
True
The process of achieving results through controlling human, financial, and technical resources is known as management.
True
The term "best practices" refers to recommendations for an intervention based on review of many studies that substantiate the intervention's efficacy.
True
The term "best practices" refers to recommendations for an intervention based on review of many studies that substantiate the intervention's efficacy. True/False
True
The true mark of program success should always be linked to the extent to which its goals and objectives are achieved.
True
Tying your new program to an event in the news or current health issue is called using a news hook.
True
Using the Diffusion Theory for marketing a health program is helpful because it allows marketers to use different techniques based on the type of people involved.
True
When individuals who are part of a priority population also serve to educate their population, the process is called external sourcing. True/False
True
Which of the following is NOT a practical way to use quantitative and qualitative measures in evaluation?
Use alternating qualitative and quantitative methods, several times each.
what is a construct?
When a concept has been developed, created or adopted for us with a specific theory
All EXCEPT which of the following are topics a planner would want to receive feedback on during a pretest?
Will the Priority Population purchase the product?
What is the ecological perspective?
a multilevel, interactive approach to examining the influences on health-related behaviors and conditions
What is a theory?
a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations
What is marketing?
a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers
What is a model?
a subclass of a theory
Which of the following is NOT normally a component of a canned health education program?
a tailored approach for your priority population
What is segmentation?
a way to divide the priority population into smaller, more homogeneous or similar groups
Advantages of using internal health education program personnel include __________. Select one: a. there is more control over those involved b. they have the resources for sophisticated tools and programs c. you can reach a geographically dispersed population d. the ability to request program guarantees
a. there is more control over those involved
An intervention is the __________.
activity that occurs between two things, events, or points in time
An intervention is the...
activity that occurs between two things, events, or points in time
Contracting with a small group of professionals who are not associated with the program, but who have expertise in the program area, to collect data, analyze the program, draw conclusions, and recommend action is called __________.
an expert panel review
What is intention in theory of planned behavior?
an indication of a person's readiness to perform a given behavior and it is considered to be an immediate antecedent of behavior
When no one, including planners of a health promotion intervention, can connect a participant's identity to information related to the program it is called __________.
anonymity
Utility, feasibility, propriety, and accuracy __________.
are four standards of evaluation
Supporting participants of a community organization effort __________.
are seldom involved, but may contribute in non-active ways
Secondary building blocks in a community map are __________.
assets located within the community, but largely controlled by outsiders
What is social marketing?
attempts to change behavior for improved health or social outcomes
Guidelines to reaching consensus include __________.
avoid "either/or" thinking
Health educators who choose to use incentives should NOT __________.
award the incentives privately to avoid embarrassment or envy
What are occasional participants?
become involved on an irregular basis and usually only when major decisions are made
Cultural blindness
believes that color or culture makes no different and that all people are the same
Considering the attributes of a particular product as they would appeal to the priority population is referred to as a(n) __________.
benefit
What is social action?
both task and process oriented. concerned with increasing the community's problem solving ability and achieving concrete changes to redress imbalances of power and privilege between the oppressed or disadvantaged group and the larger society
All EXCEPT which of the following are characteristics of those in communities? Select one: a. common symbol systems b. membership c. residence in different countries d. shared values and norms
c. residence in different countries
All EXCEPT which of the following are characteristics of those in communities? Select one: a. common symbol systems b. membership c. residence in different countries d. shared values and norms
c. residence in different countries
Advantages of using internal health education program personnel include __________. Select one: a. they have the resources for sophisticated tools and programs b. the ability to request program guarantees c. there is more control over those involved d. you can reach a geographically dispersed population
c. there is more control over those involved Correct
Distinguishing between cause and effect __________.
can be a barrier to effective evaluation
Analysis of variance __________.
can be used to study differences between more than two groups
For purposes of program planning, equipment and supplies __________.
can vary as to how they are defined
Internal recognition of a community issue or concern is referred to as __________.
citizen-initiated organizing
When program planners select a curriculum to use, they should __________.
consider options for external and/or internal curricula
A suitable program evaluation consultant __________.
considers programmatic realities when designing an evaluation
What are executive participants?
core group that consists of people who are committed to the resolution of the concern, regardless of the time frame
A process that determines how many dollars will be returned for dollars invested in a health promotion program is called __________.
cost-benefit analysis
Third-party payers for health education programming __________.
could be employers or professional associations
A written plan outlining what those in the priority population will be taught is called __________.
curriculum
What is negative reinforcement?
decreased poor self-image, fatigue after exercise; weight loss program with weekly dues
Step 2 of the model for selecting an evaluation design found in your text involves ___________.
dependent variables
When program planners select a curriculum to use, they should __________.
develop their own, in house curriculum, to avoid conflict
Diversity
difference among people
The socio-ecological perspective for behavior change theories...
emphasizes the difference among factors within levels of a health problem
Summative evaluation __________.
encompasses impact and outcome evaluation
What is an example of environmental change strategies?
equipping cars with seat belt and air bags speed bumps located near playgrounds/schools to slow traffic lowering the price of healthy food in vending machines
As a part of comprehensive evaluation strategies, assessing capacity means __________.
examining the competency of those who design and implement programs
The following evaluation design is called __________. (R) O1 X O2 (R) O1 O2
experimental pretest-posttest design
Analysis of two variables is called multivariate analysis. True/false
false
What is positive reinforcement (reward)?
feeling good after exercise
The extent to which a program was delivered as planned or as per protocol is called __________.
fidelity
Regarding personnel available for program implementation, planners should first __________.
focus on the tasks that need to be completed
standing committees
for the overall work and productivity of organization effort
Sub committees
formed from members of an existing committee
When someone from outside of a community recognizes a problem within that community __________.
gatekeepers should be sought out
Theory
general application of why people act or do not act to main or promote the health of themselves, their families, organizations, and communities
Factors that affect how we communicate, understand, and respond to Health Information are called __________.
health literacy
Oversight, partner, and advisory group
help obtain direction and guidance from people who understand the key issues and dynamics of a community based program
Segmentation of a priority population __________.
helps identify similar consumer groups within a population
What is an example of a secondary building block?
higher education, institutions and hospitals
A visual depiction of how one category differs from another in an evaluation is best shown by __________.
horizontal bar charts
The health belief model...
hypothesizes that health-related action depends on the simultaneous occurrence of three classes of factors [individual perceptions, modifying factors and likelihood of action]
Changed knowledge, attitudes, or skills are measures of __________.
impact evaluation
What is the intrapersonal level?
individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and personality traits
When participants of a health program confirm that they understand what the program is all about with their signature, they are completing the __________ process.
informed consent
A person who stands in line all night long to be the first to buy the newest version of the iPad, could be considered a(n) __________.
innovator
When evaluating materials using the SAM method, learning stimulation and motivation can be rated by __________.
interaction used
What is positive punishment?
introduction of cigarette smoke (aversive stimulus) to encourage quitting smoking
Health-related community service strategies __________
involve services, tests, or treatments within the priority population
Health-related community service strategies __________.
involve services, tests, or treatments within the priority population
A successful coalition __________.
involves community volunteer agencies
The abstract section of an evaluation report __________.
is a concise presentation of the evaluation
A brand __________.
is a name, term, design, or symbol that indentifies one sellers goods
Chi-square analysis ___________.
is appropriate to compare a sample distribution to a population distribution
Behavior modification __________.
is based on Stimulus-Response and Social Cognitive theories
What is social planning
is heavily task oriented, focused on rational-empirical problem solving, usually by an outside expert
Which of the following is NOT a key principle for marketing of products and programs?
keep the product available only in limited areas or time periods
The simplest form of timetable for program planners is the __________.
key activity chart
coalition
large group formed from other groups, with the specific purpose of sharing information, raising awareness, producing an event, or advocating for an issue
Which of the following is NOT critical to the long term success of a Health Promotion Program?
large staff
commission
larger and more formal groups, appointed by the leader of an organization that is charged with making recommendations to the leadership on a specific issue or problem
task force
larger group formed for a slightly longer time to complete a specific task to do the work
The methods of professional change that deal with issues beyond the individual, family, and small group level are called __________.
macro practice
Charging members of the priority population for a health education intervention __________.
may be more appropriate if a sliding payment scale is used
Evaluating whether student stress can be predicted by lack of sleep, nutritional habits, employment, and interpersonal relationships would be accomplished using __________.
multivariate analysis
Treadmill tests or percent body fat relate to which type of standard of acceptability?
norms established by research
planning council
often created by government, as a way of soliciting broad participation in program priorities and resource allocation
committee of the whole
opportunity for members of a larger group to address issues
what is sequence?
order in which the material is preseented
Which of the following is not found in the most basic form of a Logic Model?
outsource
steering committee
oversee implementation of programs or initiatives
********************************Which of the following is NOT a common way to start putting health plans into action?
parallel pilots
What is perceived behavioral control in theory of planned behavior?
people's perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior (Do i have any control over this behavior)
What is an example of community mobilization strategies?
personal visits community rally telephone call campaigns email campaigns
What is an example of health education strategies?
planned learning experiences that provide knowledge and skills (classes, workshops, seminars)
Checking to see whether or not a program is being implemented as it was intended is an example of __________.
process evaluation
Increasing product awareness, persuading people to purchase a product, and reminding people that a product exists are all primary purposes of which marketing variable?
promotion
Program launch, rollout, or kickoff are all terms that describe the first day of a program, and they are an extension of the marketing principle of __________.
promotion
Coded data __________.
provide a way for evaluators to translate data for various analyses
What is an example of a potential building block?
public information
Measures of spread or variation include __________.
range
SMOG, Fog-Gunning, and Fry are all __________.
readability formulas
The term evaluation design __________.
refers to summative evaluation
What is the scope?
refers to the depth of material covered
In the stimulus response theory what are the 2 types of consequences?
reinforcement and punishment
Formative evaluation __________.
relates to quality assessment
Which of the following is NOT a criterion to consider potential population segments?
reproducible
Which of the following is NOT a criterion to consider potential population segments? differentiable actionable reproducible substantial
reproducible
All EXCEPT which of the following are characteristics of those in communities?
residence in different countries
What is an example of health policy/enforcement strategies?
seat belt laws cigarette taxes no smoking laws
What is locality development?
seeks community change through broad self-help participation from the local community
What are supporting participants?
seldom involved by help swell the ranks and may contribute in nonactive ways or through financial contributions
A threat to internal validity, which brings about differences in experimental and control groups due to lack of randomization is called __________.
selection
In the Multidirectional Communication Model, communication does NOT occur through __________.
sender shared horizontal
ad hoc committee
shortest group love and narrowest charge with a specific purpose and predefined deadline
What are active participants?
take part in most group activities and are not afraid to do the work that needs to be done
What is negative punishment?
taking away health insurance if workers smoke
The second pretesting phase __________.
tests the promotional strategy messages and materials
What is implementation?
the act of converting planning, goals, and objectives into action through administrative structure, management activities, policies, procedures, regulations, and organizational actions of a new program
What is attitude toward the behavior in theory of planned behavior?
the degree to which performance of a behavior is positively or negatively valued (Do I really think this behavior is good for me) (How important is this behavior to me)
What is multiplicity?
the number of components or activities
The ethical principle of nonmaleficence is __________.
the obligation to do no harm
What is a variable?
the operational (practical use) form of a construct
What is subjective norm in theory of planned behavior?
the perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a behavior (Do others think i should behave this way) (how much do I care what others think)
What is a concept?
the primary elements or building blocks of a theory
What is market?
the set of all people who have an actual or potential interest in a product or service
Punishment
there is a decrease in behavior
Reinforcement
there is an increase in behavior
Advantages of using internal health education program personnel include __________.
there is more control over those involved
Staff groups
to enhance communication and decision making
The process of achieving results through controlling human, financial, and technical resources is known as management. True/False
true
External program evaluation __________.
typically has more technical expertise than internal evaluation
Alcoholics Anonymous, Weight Watchers, and Gamblers Anonymous are all examples of __________.
use of a support or buddy system
Health communication strategies are __________.
useful in building social norms
A Gantt chart __________.
uses varied size lines to indicate completion of tasks
A __________ is a characteristic or attribute that can be measured or observed.
variable
The operational form of a construct is a...
variable
Health educators who work with groups of volunteers should remember that __________.
volunteers should receive clear communications and signs of appreciation
The first three considerations when creating a health promotion intervention, as described in your text, include __________.
what needs to change, what level of prevention, and what level(s) of influence
