HST 202 Final

- Why not present "both sides" when it comes to climate science?

claims that do not go through peer review do not deserve equal time in the halls of science

What has been the long-term result of tax cuts for upper income earners? Has it produced more prosperity for the US? If it hasn't produced more jobs and prosperity, what has been the main effect of tax cuts (think about the gap between the rich and poor).

doesnt seem to be any correlation between tax cuts and unemployment

What is false objectivity when it comes to media? See the image of Bill Nye and the fraudulent charlatan and climate denier Marc Morano

if you give equal time to a small number of deniers, youre distorting reality through false objectivity

What was Ronald Reagan's legacy? What was Reagan's attitude toward government? Toward taxes? Toward the military?

legacy was military buildup, deregulation -believed that gvt was the problem -wanted less taxes

- where are California's deposits of natural gas and oil located?

near the beaches

Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis. What was Kennedy's response to the Soviet construction of nuclear missiles in Cuba?

on October 14, U.S. spy planes took aerial photographs that confirmed the presence of long-range ballistic missile sites in Cuba. The United States was now within easy reach of Soviet nuclear warheads -Kennedy demanded that Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev remove the missiles. He also ordered a naval quarantine placed around Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from approaching. -US Army told to prepare for war Showdown put us on the brink of nuclear war -Khrushchev sought a peaceful solution to the crisis, overruling those in his government who urged a harder stance. Behind the scenes, Robert Kennedy and Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin worked toward a compromise that would allow both superpowers to back down without either side's seeming intimidated by the other. On October 26, Khrushchev agreed to remove the Russian missiles in exchange for Kennedy's promise not to invade Cuba. -Not Publicized: Kennedy removed warheads from turkey

Climate deniers and skeptics often point to a cold snowstorm during the month of April or May as evidence that human-caused climate change is a conspiracy perpetrated by scientists to take away our freedom. Why is this a foolish statement? There are many answers and you should be able to explain them.

one snow storm or cold day in june does NOT disprove such a large amount of scientific evidence

Look at the graph on the layers of the atmosphere. If all the warming would be due to natural causes emanating from the sun, what would we expect? We would expect all the layers of the atmosphere to be warming. But what has actually happened?

only warming happening in Troposphere

- What happened at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in 1969?

police raided a Greenwich Village gay bar called the Stonewall Inn. Although such raids were common, the response of the Stonewall patrons was anything but. As the police prepared to arrest many of the customers, especially transsexuals and cross-dressers, who were particular targets for police harassment, a crowd began to gather. Angered by the brutal treatment of the prisoners, the crowd attacked. Beer bottles and bricks were thrown. The police barricaded themselves inside the bar and waited for reinforcements. The riot continued for several hours and resumed the following night. Shortly thereafter, the Gay Liberation Front and Gay Activists' Alliance were formed, and began to protest discrimination, homophobia, and violence against gay people, promoting gay liberation and gay pride.

13)- List and explain the factors that have contributed to the decline of the American middle class. What is an example of automation at the grocery store?

rising costs for health care and education -stagnant wages -fewer well-paying jobs because of automation >ex: self check out at grocery store

- The informal name for Reagan's economic philosophy is "Reaganomics." What was the formal name?

supply-side economic theory

- In the 1970s, the average CEO working at an American company made about 30 times the pay of the average worker. In comparison to the average worker today, how much does a CEO make?

today, CEO's make more than 300 times the average worker

Look at the photograph of the My Lai Massacre. Why do you think the killing of civilians and the burning down of entire villages made the US mission in Vietnam so difficult?

troops took on emotional toll

Who, or what segments of the population, voted for Reagan?

voters included evangelical christians, business leaders, foreign policy hawks, and the white working class

What was the fiscal response to the Great Recession? Be able to explain the specifics. What were the strengths and weaknesses of this legislation?

$787 billion of taxpayer money injected into the economy >stimulus had some minor beneficial effects and probably prevented things from getting worse >But $787 billion was only 5% of a $16 billion dollar economy

In the year 2000, what was the budget surplus? What was the unemployment rate? What do these figures tell us about the American economy during the presidency of Bill Clinton?

-Year after year, job growth increased and the deficit shrank. Increased tax revenue and budget cuts turned the annual national budget deficit from close to $290 billion in 1992 to a record budget surplus of over $230 billion in 2000. Reduced government borrowing freed up capital for private-sector use, and lower interest rates in turn fueled more growth. -During the Clinton years, more people owned homes than ever before in the country's history (67.7 percent). Inflation dipped to 2.3 percent and the unemployment rate declined, reaching a thirty-year low of 3.9 percent in 2000.

What did the banks ask for in response to this crisis in 2008? What were the results?

-banks ask for emergency "resave" funds (bailout) >mixed results >banks eventually paid back govt at a profit >but rewarded bad behavior with taxpayer dollars

Remember the photo of the Buddhist monk lighting himself on fire and the Viet Cong suspect on the verge of being murdered. Why did the monk commit this act? What was this process called?

-called self immolation

What were the beliefs of the Moral Majority? How did the religious right react to the AIDS crisis of the 1980s?

-christian group that voted for Reagan -HIV/AIDS continued to be associated primarily with the gay community, especially by political and religious conservatives. Indeed, the Religious Right regarded it as a form of divine retribution meant to punish gay men for their "immoral" lifestyle. President Reagan, always politically careful, was reluctant to speak openly about the developing crisis even as thousands faced certain death from the disease.

- What accomplishments did the environmental movement achieve, particularly in terms of legislation and court decisions?

-clean air act, clean water act, endangered species act, national environmental policy act

What did Johnson do with environment? Health care?

-created laws protecting air and water quality, regulating the disposal of solid waste, preserving wilderness areas, and protecting endangered species.

How much scientific evidence have we accumulated that humans are warming the planet through the emissions of greenhouse gases? A fair amount? A small amount? If you don't know the answer, look at the climate change supplement.

-enormous amount of scientific evidence

In terms of specific policies, how do you implement "Reaganomics"? Think of what happens to taxes and regulations on industries

-focused on stimulating investment -cut taxes for upper income earners from 70% to 28%

- What was a "sit-in"? What was SNCC? What was the SCLC?

-group of people occupy a place as a form of protest. inspired other forms of nonviolent protest intended to desegregate public spaces. -As a result of Ella Baker's actions, in April 1960, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed to carry the battle forward. Within a year, more than one hundred cities had desegregated at least some public accommodations in response to student-led demonstrations. -Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) led by Martin Luther King, Jr. mounted protests in some 186 cities throughout the South. The campaign in Birmingham that began in April and extended into the fall of 1963 attracted the most notice, however, when a peaceful protest was met with violence by police, who attacked demonstrators, including children, with fire hoses and dogs. The world looked on in horror as innocent people were assaulted and thousands arrested. King himself was jailed on Easter Sunday (wrote letter from Birmingham Jail here)

What were Ronald Reagan's strengths and keys to success?

-ideas were powerful and easy to understand -great communicator and effective staff -likeable personality -took a lot of naps

Do climate deniers publish in peer reviewed journals? If they don't, what have they done instead to spread their message? Remember, for the deniers, they know they can't win on the scientific arguments, so they have to spread doubt. What is the point of spreading doubt and why has it been effective in giving the fossil fuel industry what it wants?

-if they cant publish in peer-reviewed journals, they create their own media and conferences. Repeat the lie often enough and it becomes a reality.

What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? What did this incident contribute to in terms of US troops?

-joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. -of historical significance because it gave LBJ authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the resolution authorized the President to do whatever necessary in order to assist "any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty". This included involving armed forces.

What affect did the FED's moves have on interest rates and borrowing costs? How successful has the FED's move been?

-lower borrowing costs -FED's actions produced a sharp reduction in interest rates

- How did local citizens react to the spill? Keep in mind that media coverage of the event - through photographs and television news coverage - rapidly shifted public opinion in favor of more environmental protection

-media attention to oil-slickened animals rapidly shifted public opinion in favor of more environmental protections

To compensate for higher health care and education costs, what have millions of Americans done in the last few decades?

-more credit card and student loan debt -use house as an investment >build up equity to refinance, pay for college/business

- What happened to US troops in Lebanon in 1983? What was Reagan's response?

-more than two hundred troops were killed in a barracks bombing in Beirut carried out by Iranian-trained militants known as Hezbollah . In February 1984, Reagan announced that, given intensified fighting, U.S. troops were being withdrawn.

BOOK29) How would you describe President John F. Kennedy's foreign policy during the Cold War? What was the space race?

-multifaceted approach to national defense >Aliiance for progress (Latin America) >Peace Corps (Humanitarian products Asia, America, Latin America) -space race: who would put a man in space and on the moon first?

what do I mean specifically by deregulation of the financial sector? You should be able to come up with a few specific examples

-not verifying income of borrowers before issuing a loan to them -repeal of glass-steagall act of 1988 -sketchy accounting techniques (liabilities disguised as assets)

What do we have to know if we want to understand the origins of the Great Recession?

-origins of the great recession lie in a housing bubble encouraged by deregulation of financial sector (banks, insurance companies)

- Who was Betty Friedan? What was Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

-published The Feminine Mystique in which she contested the post-World War II belief that it was women's destiny to marry and bear children. Friedan's book was a best-seller and began to raise the consciousness of many women who agreed that homemaking in the suburbs sapped them of their individualism and left them unsatisfied. -Title VII, discrimination on the basis of sex.

What was the Heritage Foundation?

-sought to counteract what conservatives believed to be Richard Nixon's acceptance of a liberal consensus on too many issues. In producing its policy position papers and political recommendations to conservative candidates and politicians, it helped contribute to a sanitization of U.S. history and a nostalgic glorification of what it deemed to be traditional values, seemingly threatened by the expansion of political and personal freedoms. The foundation had lent considerable support and encouragement to the conservative dialogues that helped carry Ronald Reagan into office in 1980.

What is the verdict on tax cuts?

-tax cuts may create ore wealth but very little evidence to show that they lead to more jobs/growth -

What were the Camp David Accords? What countries were involved in them? Who was the US president that helped put them together?

Carter agreed to a new round of talks with the Soviet Union (SALT II) and brought Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat to the United States to discuss peace between their countries. Their meetings at Camp David, the presidential retreat in Maryland, led to the signing of the Camp David Accords in September 1978 (Figure). This in turn resulted in the drafting of a historic peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in 1979.

- Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidential election of 1976?

Carter ran on an "anti-Washington" ticket, making a virtue of his lack of experience in what was increasingly seen as the corrupt politics of the nation's capital. Accepting his party's nomination, the former governor of Georgia pledged to combat racism and sexism as well as overhaul the tax structure. He openly proclaimed his faith as a born-again Christian and promised to change the welfare system and provide comprehensive healthcare coverage for neglected citizens who deserved compassion. Most importantly, Jimmy Carter promised that he would "never lie."

- What is peer review? Why is it important for climate science and other disciplines?

Claims that dont go through peer review dint deserve equal times in the halls of science

What did the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) do?

Clinton strongly supported ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a treaty that eliminated tariffs and trade restrictions among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The treaty had been negotiated by the Bush administration, and the leaders of all three nations had signed it in December 1992. However, because of strong opposition from American labor unions and some in Congress who feared the loss of jobs to Mexico, the treaty had not been ratified by the time Clinton took office. To allay the concerns of unions, he added an agreement to protect workers and also one to protect the environment. Congress ratified NAFTA late in 1993. The result was the creation of the world's largest common market in terms of population, including some 425 million people.

what did Rachel Carson point out about DDT?

DDT bad for environment and had negative health effects

How would you characterize the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem? Efficient? Responsible? Something else?

Diem government was corrupt, brutal, authoritarian.

What did Johnson do with education? Consumer protection?

Elementary and Secondary Education Act - provided increased federal funding to both elementary and secondary schools, allocating more than $1 billion for the purchase of books and library materials, and the creation of educational programs for disadvantaged children. -The Higher Education Act provided scholarships and low-interest loans for the poor, increased federal funding for colleges and universities, and created a corps of teachers to serve schools in impoverished areas. -Consumer protection laws were also passed that improved the safety of meat and poultry, placed warning labels on cigarette packages, required "truth in lending" by creditors, and set safety standards for motor vehicles. Funds were provided to improve public transportation and to fund high-speed mass transit.

What is the relationship between deniers and Exxon-Mobil (the fossil fuel industry)?

Exxon-Mobil profits off deniers

Why was it ironic that the United States, in the 1950s, gave financial assistance to France in its effort to recolonize Vietnam?

Financial assistance to france was ironic because the U.S. told Ho CHi Minh we wouldn't get involved. -also we were supporting the oppressor when we were once an oppressed country

Vietnam used to be a colony of what European nation?

France

Why are we studying human-caused climate change in an American history class?

History intersects with many other disciplines -being at a university means you should have access to the most up to date knowledge and analysis -were being taught to be citizens of the world

Who was the main leader of the North Vietnamese communists

Ho Chi Minh

How did the U.S. get involved in Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh asked for assistance in fighting france

BOOK30)What was the American Indian Movement? What did they do at Alcatraz? What did the movement do at Wounded Knee?

In 1968, a group of Indian activists, including Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, and Clyde Bellecourt, formed the American Indian Movement (AIM). The organizers were urban dwellers frustrated by decades of poverty and discrimination. -Indian activists tried to build an American Indian cultural center, including a history museum, an ecology center, and a spiritual sanctuary on Alcatraz but govt got them to leave -Wounded Knee, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, had historical significance: was the site of an 1890 massacre of members of the Lakota tribe by the U.S. Army. AIM went to the reservation following the failure of a group of Oglala to impeach the tribal president Dick Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and the use of strong-arm tactics to silence critics. AIM used the occasion to criticize the U.S. government for failing to live up to its treaties with native peoples. >government did very little to meet the protesters' demands. T

- Describe the Santa Barbara oil "spill" or "blowout."

January 28, 1969 major eruption of an oil well occurred on union platform A in the Santa Barbara Channel

What was the domino theory? What do I mean that there was an assumption that communism was a "monolithic" force? Why was this not entirely accurate when it came to understanding the war in Vietnam?

Kennedy worried about Domino theory and the spread of communism as a monolithic (thought all communism was the same) force. -This was misguided because there are multiple forms of communism

What companies made Agent Orange and Napalm? What effects did these chemicals have on people who were exposed to them?

Mansanto and Dow Chemical made agent Orange and Napalm. They were carcinogenic and had other negative health effects

- Who was the leader of South Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem

- Once elected president, what did Nixon do in terms of civil rights?

Nixon began to pursue a policy of deliberate neglect of the civil rights movement and the needs of ethnic minorities. -He saw that restricting African American activity was a way of undercutting a source of votes for the Democratic Party and sought to overhaul the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In March 1970, he commented that he did not believe an "open" America had to be homogeneous or fully integrated, maintaining that it was "natural" for members of ethnic groups to live together in their own enclaves. In other policy areas, especially economic ones, Nixon was either moderate or supportive of the progress of African Americans; for example, he expanded affirmative action, a program begun during the Johnson administration to improve employment and educational opportunities for racial minorities.

- What was the Nixon Doctrine? What was détente? What was SALT?

Nixon made another newsworthy trip, traveling to Moscow to meet with the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. The two discussed a policy of détente, a relaxation of tensions between their nations, and signed the ----------Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), which limited each side to deploying only two antiballistic missile systems. It also limited the number of nuclear missiles maintained by each country. In 1974, a protocol was signed that reduced antiballistic missile sites to one per country, since neither country had yet begun to build its second system. Moreover, the two sides signed agreements to allow scientific and technological exchanges, and promised to work towards a joint space mission.

Who was president at the time that the Santa Barbara oil spill occurred? Was he an environmentalist?

Nixon, he shifted his stances on evironmentalism (pragmatism)

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?

One of the most controversial aspects of Reagan's plan was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which he proposed in 1983. SDI, or "Star Wars," called for the development of a defensive shield to protect the United States from a Soviet missile strike. Scientists argued that much of the needed technology had not yet been developed and might never be. Others contended that the plan would violate existing treaties with the Soviet Union and worried about the Soviet response. The system was never built, and the plan, estimated to have cost some $7.5 billion, was finally abandoned.

Since the 1970s, what has happened to labor unions in the United States? Are they more powerful? Less powerful? About the same?

Percentage of workers have declined from 30% to 11% -productivity went up but wages stagnated after 1980

Describe LBJ's Great Society. What steps did he take to eliminate poverty?

Poverty-was fought on many fronts. >The 1965 Housing and Urban Development Act offered grants to improve city housing and subsidized rents for the poor. >The Model Cities program likewise provided money for urban development projects and the building of public housing. >Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) of 1964 established and funded a variety of programs to assist the poor in finding jobs.

How were the anti-war protests that erupted on college campuses across the country related to the bombing of Laos and Cambodia?

Public opinion can shift if an American war of occupation drags on with no end in sight

14) what book, published in the 1960s, helped ignite the modern environmental movement?

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

How long have we known about the reality of human-caused climate change? According to the New York Times article cited in one of the slides, how long ago were scientists warning us about a warming planet? In other words, in what decade was this article published in the New York Times?

Since 1950s

- What is Title IX of the Education Amendments Act?

Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education

What was the monetary response to the Great Recession? What was the FED doing with treasury bonds?

US federal reserve took aggressive action through open-market operations -expanding its balancing sheet by buying assets including treasury bonds

Who were the yuppies? How were they similar and different to the hippies?

Yuppies, whose name derived from "(y)oung, (u)rban (p)rofessionals," were akin to hippies in being young people whose interests, values, and lifestyle influenced American culture, economy, and politics, just as the hippies' credo had done in the late 1960s and 1970s. Unlike hippies, however, yuppies were materialistic and obsessed with image, comfort, and economic prosperity. Although liberal on some social issues, economically they were conservative. Ironically, some yuppies were former hippies or yippies, like Jerry Rubin, who gave up his crusade against "the establishment" to become a businessman.

- What are two prominent oil disasters that have occurred since the 1960s?

-BP Deepwater Horizon blowout, Gulf of Mexico 2010 -Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989

Under which presidential administration did the policy of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) occur? Note that the policy concerned the service of LGBTQ members in the armed forces. What were the specific details of DADT?

-Clinton -Those on active duty would not be asked their sexual orientation and, if they were gay, they were not to discuss their sexuality openly or they would be dismissed from military service. This compromise satisfied neither conservatives seeking the exclusion of gays nor the gay community, which argued that homosexuals, like heterosexuals, should be able to live without fear of retribution because of their sexuality.

What was Nixon's southern strategy? What was the silent majority? Nixon and Agnew appealed to what kinds of voters?

-Denouncing segregation and the denial of the vote to African Americans, he nevertheless maintained that southern states be allowed to pursue racial equality at their own pace and criticized forced integration. helped him win the Republican nomination on the first ballot. -Nixon also courted northern, blue-collar workers, whom he later called the silent majority, to acknowledge their belief that their voices were seldom heard. These voters feared the social changes taking place in the country - Nixon and Agnew's message thus appealed to northern middle-class and blue-collar whites as well as southern whites who had fled to the suburbs in the wake of the Supreme Court's pro-integration decision in Brown v. Board of Education

What industries were deregulated? What are the consequences of deregulation?

-Deregulated banks >potential for more profit and risk >bank failures and taxpayer funded bail- outs

What did the US army sometimes do to Vietnamese villages as in My Lai? What are the details of the My Lai massacre? Why do you think half of the respondents to the Minnesota poll referenced in your textbook believed that the attack had not actually taken place?

-It was not unusual for U.S. soldiers to evacuate and burn villages suspected of shielding Viet Cong fighters, both to deprive the enemy of potential support and to enact revenge for enemy brutality -About one hundred soldiers commanded by Captain Ernest Medina were sent to destroy the village of My Lai, which was suspected of hiding Viet Cong fighters. >A group of seventy to eighty unarmed people, including children and infants, were forced into an irrigation ditch by members of the First Platoon under the command of Lt. William L. Calley, Jr. Despite their proclamations of innocence, the villagers were shot (Figure). Houses were set on fire, and as the inhabitants tried to flee, they were killed with rifles, machine guns, and grenades. The U.S. troops were never fired upon, and one soldier later testified that he did not see any man who looked like a Viet Cong fighter. -Minnesota poll: U.S. soldiers could not possibly do such horrible things, they felt; they were certain that American goals in Vietnam were honorable and speculated that the antiwar movement had concocted the story to generate sympathy for the enemy.

Why was LBJ so worried about "losing" Vietnam?

-LBJ vastly expanded the US presence in Vietnam -Determined not to be the "first to lose" a war

Nixon became president in early 1969, after thwarting LBJ's peace plan. What did he do once he took over as the commander in chief, specifically in regards to Laos and Cambodia? What was the purpose of this mission? Was it authorized by Congress?

Aim is to cut off Ho Chi Minh brail and communist support

What did the Supreme Court rule regarding Nixon's personal tapes?

At the end of its hearings, in July 1974, the House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach. However, before the full House could vote, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release the actual tapes of his conversations, not just transcripts or summaries. -Nixon resigned

What happened in the Gulf of Tonkin? Was there really a Gulf of Tonkin "incident" in the way that LBJ described it?

-1964 -LBJ lied so US could go to war -No attack actually took place but LBJ got a blank check for an undeclared war

Where is vietnam located? What countries are close to it?

(southeast asia) It is under China and is bordered on the southwest by cambodia, west by thailand, northwest by Laos. Bordered on the east by the ocean. Across the ocean to the East is the Phillipines.

What happened in the Bay of Pigs invasion?

- Rather than have the U.S. military invade the small island nation, and risk the world's criticism, the CIA instead trained a small force of Cuban exiles for the job. After landing at the Bay of Pigs on the Cuban coast, these insurgents, the CIA believed, would inspire their countrymen to rise up and topple Castro's regime. The United States also promised air support for the invasion. Kennedy agreed to support the previous administration's plans, and on April 17, 1961, approximately fourteen hundred Cuban exiles stormed ashore at the designated spot. However, Kennedy feared domestic criticism and worried about Soviet retaliation elsewhere in the world, such as Berlin. He cancelled the anticipated air support, which enabled the Cuban army to easily defeat the insurgents. The hoped-for uprising of the Cuban people also failed to occur. The surviving members of the exile army were taken into custody.-major foreign policy disaster for President Kennedy and highlighted Cuba's military vulnerability to the Castro administration. The following year, the Soviet Union sent troops and technicians to Cuba to strengthen its new ally against further U.S. military plots.

- What did Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) believe?

- prominent New Left group - Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). - Its philosophy was expressed in its manifesto, the Port Huron Statement, affirming the group's dedication to fighting economic inequality and discrimination. -------called for greater participation in the democratic process by ordinary people, advocated civil disobedience, and rejected the anti-Communist position held by most other groups committed to social reform in the United States.

What events led to Operation Desert Storm? In other words, why did the US and a coalition of countries invade the Middle East in 1991? How successful was this operation?

-Middle East became a source of increased concern. >Iraq had accumulated a significant amount of foreign debt. At the same time, other Arab states had increased their oil production, forcing oil prices down and further hurting Iraq's economy. >Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein, approached these oil-producing states for assistance, particularly Saudi Arabia and neighboring Kuwait, which Iraq felt directly benefited from its war with Iran > Hussein ordered the invasion of oil-rich Kuwait in August 1990. Bush faced his first full-scale international crisis. >In response to the invasion, Bush and his foreign policy team forged an unprecedented international coalition of thirty-four countries, including many members of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Middle Eastern countries of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt, to oppose Iraqi aggression. >Bush hoped that this coalition would herald the beginning of a "new world order" in which the nations of the world would work together to deter belligerence. A deadline was set for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, or face serious consequences. Wary of not having sufficient domestic support for combat, Bush first deployed troops to the area to build up forces in the region and defend Saudi Arabia via Operation Desert Shield (Figure). On January 14, Bush succeeded in getting resolutions from Congress authorizing the use of military force against Iraq, and the U.S. then orchestrated an effective air campaign, followed by Operation Desert Storm -Bush succeeded in getting resolutions from Congress authorizing the use of military force against Iraq, and the U.S. then orchestrated an effective air campaign, followed by Operation Desert Storm, a one-hundred-hour land war involving over 500,000 U.S. troops and another 200,000 from twenty-seven other countries, which expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait by the end of February.

- What did Black Power mean? What was Black Pride?

-One of the most famous users of the term was Stokely Carmichael, the chairman of SNCC, who later changed his name to Kwame Ture. Black Power was the power of African Americans to unite as a political force and create their own institutions apart from white-dominated ones -Black Pride urged African Americans to reclaim their African heritage and, to promote group solidarity, to substitute African and African-inspired cultural practices, such as handshakes, hairstyles, and dress, for white practices. EX: soul train

- Explain how Iran was related to the "contras" in Nicaragua

-Reagan authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to equip and train a group of anti-Sandinista Nicaraguans known as the Contras ("counter-revolutionaries") to oust Ortega. -Reagan's desire to aid the Contras even after Congress ended its support led him, surprisingly, to Iran. - The Iraqis needed weapons, and the Reagan administration, wishing to assist the enemy of its enemy, had agreed to provide Iraqi president Saddam Hussein with money, arms, and military intelligence. - Reagan's National Security Council aide, Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, found a way to sell weapons to Iran and secretly use the proceeds to support the Nicaraguan Contras—in direct violation of a congressional ban on military aid to the anti-Communist guerillas in that Central American nation. Eventually the Senate became aware, and North and others were indicted on various charges, which were all dismissed, overturned on appeal, or granted presidential pardon.

12)What was Ronald Reagan's long-term impact on American politics?

-Reagan initiated a significant rightward shift in American politics that is still felt today

What were the obstacles to US success in Vietnam?

-South vietnamese gvt was corrupt and unpopular -massacring of civilians and burning down of villages

- What was the relationship between the Great Society and Vietnam?

-The war deprived the Great Society reforms of some executive energy and money. But Johnson believed—and he knew how to count votes— that had he backed away in Vietnam in 1965, there would have been no Great Society to deprive. It would have been stillborn in Congress -spending on the Vietnam War choked off the Great Society.

BOOK31)What was the New Right? What types of people supported Ronald Reagan?

-This group of conservative Americans included many very wealthy financial supporters and emerged in the wake of the social reforms and cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s. Many were evangelical Christians, like those who joined Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority, and opposed the legalization of abortion, the feminist movement, and sex education in public schools. -Reagan also attracted people, often dubbed neoconservatives, who would not previously have voted for the same candidate as conservative Protestants did. Many were middle- and working-class people who resented the growth of federal and state governments, especially benefit programs, and the subsequent increase in taxes during the late 1960s and 1970s. They favored the tax revolts that swept the nation in the late 1970s under the leadership of predominantly older, white, middle-class Americans, which had succeeded in imposing radical reductions in local property and state income taxes.

How many explosives were dropped in Vietnam?

-U.S dropped 7.7 million tons of explosives in the Indochinese countries (more than WWII)

- In what year did the blowout occur? What were the effects of this spill?

1969

What event in September 2008 triggered the global financial crisis?

2008 collapse of Lehman brothers triggers massive panic

At its peak, how many US troops served in Vietnam?

9,087,000 personnel served on active duty during the official vietnam era

Explain the difference between a prime and a subprime loan

>prime- good credit stable income, no debts >sub-prime- bad credit, part-time work, lots of debt