HTH 320 Test 1

scales of measurement

identifies how properties of numbers can change with different uses

independent variable

manipulated in an experiment

Sample

A set of selected individuals, items, or data taken from a population of interest

true

A ztransformation can be computed to locate sample means in a sampling distribution.

A sample mean is always equal to the population mean

False

False

For the experimental sampling strategy, the order in which a participant is selected does matter, and once selected, each participant is replaced before sampling again.

False

The standard error of the mean is typically reported in the text of a research article, but never a graph or table.

False

If a researcher selects a sample of 64 participants from a population with a variance of 16, then the standard error of the mean will be 2.0.

true

If a researcher selects a sample with a mean of 8, then the mean of the sampling distribution of possible sample means will also equal 8.

true

If data are reported as 12 ±20(M ± SEM), then the standard error of the mean is equal to 20.

Interval Scale

No true zero and is distributed in equal units

False

Researchers typically sample with replacement, although the development of statistical theory was based on the use of sampling without replacement.

Ratio Scale

has a true zero and is distributed in equal units

Coding

The procedure of converting a nominal or categorical variable to a numeric value

True

The sample mean is an unbiased estimator, follows the central limit theorem, and has minimum variance.

Ordinal Scale

Value that conveys order or rank alone

population parameter

a characteristic that describes a population

Nominal Scale

a number that is assigned to represent someone or something

Population

a set of all individuals, items, or data of interest

statistics

branch of mathematics used to summarize, analyze, and interpret a group of numbers or observations

Sample Statistic

characteristic (usually numerical) that describes a sample

Continuous variable

measured along a continuum

dependent variable

measured in each group of a study

data

measurements or observations that are typically numerical

Quasi-independent Variable

pre-existing variable that is often a characteristic inherent to an individual

Inferential statistics

procedures used to allow researchers to infer or generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected

descriptive statistics

procedures used to summarize, organize, and make sense of a set of scores or observation

Science

study of phenomna such as behavior through strict observation, evaluation, interpretation, and theoretical explanation

True

the central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution will approach the shape of a normal distribution as the number of samples in the sampling distribution increases

Experiment

use of methods and procedures to make observations in which the researcher fully controls the conditions and experiences of participants

discrete

variable measured in whole units or categories

quantitative

varies by amount

qualitative variable

varies by class