Human Anatomy & Physiology Ch 19 Heart & Ch 20 Blood Vessels
visceral pericardium
(epicardium) covers heart surface
The following steps describe the blood flow through the right side of the heart (pulmonary circuit):
1. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body via the venae cavae (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) and the coronary sinus. 2. From the right atrium, blood flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. 3.From the right ventricle, blood flows through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk. 4. The pulmonary trunk branches into left and right pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs, where the blood unloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. 5.Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via four pulmonary veins.
Starting with the right atrium, trace a drop of blood through the heart and lungs, naming the following structures: aorta, aortic valve, left atrium, left ventricle, mitral valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, right atrium, right ventricle, and tricuspid valve. *not sure if answer is correct*
1. right atrium 2. tricuspid valve 3. right ventricle 4. pulmonary valve 5.pulomanry trunk 6. right and left pulmonary arteries 7. pulmonary capillaries 8. pulmonary veins 9. left atrium 10. bicuspid valve 11. left ventricle 12. aortic valve 13. aorta 14. systemic arties 15. systemic capillaries 16. systemic veins 17. venae cavae
The steps describe the blood flow through the left side of the heart (systemic circuit):
6. Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium via four pulmonary veins. 7. From the left atrium, blood flows through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. 8.From the left ventricle, blood flows through the aortic valve to the aorta. 9. Oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the body tissues by the systemic arteries.
What vein? Description: Located on the anterior surface of the right atrium. Areas drained: They drain directly into the right atrium.
Anterior cardiac veins
What artery? Description: Branches off the LCA and is located in the anterior interventricular sulcus. This artery is referred to clinically as the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Areas supplied/ branches: Supplies the anterior portion of the interventricular septum and the anterior walls of both ventricles.
Anterior interventricular artery
Has three pocketlike cusps located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Aortic (SL) valve
(also, interatrial band) group of specialized conducting cells that transmit the impulse directly from the SA node in the right atrium to the left atrium
Bachmann's bundle
(also, called atrial reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases
Bainbridge reflex
What artery? Description: Branches off the LCA: located in the coronary sulcus. Areas supplied/branches: Supplies the left atrium and the posterior portion of the left ventricle.
Circumflex artery
What vein? Description: Located in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart; drains into the right atrium. Areas drained: The entire heart; the great, middle and small cardiac veins all drain into the coronary sinus.
Coronary sinus
The inner lining of the heart, which covers the heart valves and is continuous with the inner lining of the great vessels. It is composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on areolar connective tissue.
Endocardium
The outer layer of the heart, which is also the visceral pericardium.
Epicardium
The walls of the heart are composed of three layers:
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
What vein? Description: Located in the anterior interventricular sulcus, parallel to the anterior interventricular artery. Areas drained: Anterior portions of the right and left ventricles.
Great cardiac vein
List the veins of the coronary circulation
Great cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Small cardiac vein coronary sinus anterior cardiac veins
What is the function of the fluid that fills the pericardial sac?
It lubricates the heart allowing it to beat in a relatively frictionless environment
What artery? Description: Branches from the ascending aorta and passes posterior to the pulmonary trunk. Areas supplied/ branches: Its branches include the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery.
Left coronary artery (LCA)
What vein? Description: Located in the posterior interventricular sulcus, parallel to the posterior interventricular artery. Areas drained: Posterior portions of the right and left ventricles.
Middle cardiac vein
What valve? The left AV valve has two flaplike cusps anchored to the papillary muscles by chordae tendineae.
Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
The middle layer and thickest layer of the heart, which is composed mainly of cardiac muscle. It is reinforced with dense fibrous connective tissue, the cardiac skeleton, which is thicker around the heart valves and at the base of the great vessels leaving the heart.
Myocardium
What artery? Description: Branches off the RCA and is located in the posterior interventricular sulcus. Areas supplied/ branches: Supplies the posterior walls of the ventricles and the posterior portion of the interventricular septum. Near the apex of the heart it merges (anastomoses) with the anterior interventricular artery.
Posterior interventricular artery
Has three pocketlike cusps located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.
Pulmonary (SL) valve:
What artery? Description: Branches from the ascending aorta just above the aortic valve and encircles the heart in the coronary sulcus Areas supplied/branches: Its branches include the right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery.
Right coronary artery (RCA)
List the arteries of the coronary circulation?
Right coronary artery (RCA) Right marginal artery Posterior interventricular artery Left coronary artery (LCA) Anterior interventricular artery Circumflex Artery
What artery? Description: Branches off the RCA and is located in the lateral portion of the right ventricle. Areas supplied/ branches: Supplies the lateral right side of the heart.
Right marginal artery
What vein? Description: Located on the lateral right ventricle, parallel to the right marginal artery. Areas drained: Lateral right ventricle.
Small cardiac vein
What valve? The right AV valve has three flaplike cusps anchored to the papillary muscles of the ventricular wall by tiny white collagenic cords called chordae tendineae (literally, heart strings)
Tricuspid valve
force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels
afterload
area where vessels unite to allow blood to circulate even if there may be partial blockage in another branch
anastomosis (plural = anastomoses)
vessels that parallel the small cardiac arteries and drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle; bypass the coronary sinus and drain directly into the right atrium
anterior cardiac veins
(also, left anterior descending artery or LAD) major branch of the left coronary artery that follows the anterior interventricular sulcus
anterior interventricular artery
sulcus located between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart
anterior interventricular sulcus
(also, aortic semilunar valve) valve located at the base of the aorta
aortic valve
If you press just below the left nipple, you can feel the --- impulse of your beating heart.
apical
medical device that transmits electrical signals to the heart to ensure that it contracts and pumps blood to the body
artificial pacemaker
(also, called Bainbridge reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases
atrial reflex
clump of myocardial cells located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum; receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum
atrioventricular (AV) node
Four valves enforce a one-way blood flow through the heart chambers. The ------- are located between the atrium and the ventricle on the left and right side of the heart. The ---------------- are located between a ventricle and a great vessel.
atrioventricular (AV) valves , semilunar (SL) valves
(also, bundle of His) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches
atrioventricular bundle
(also, left or right bundle branches) specialized myocardial conductile cells that arise from the bifurcation of the atrioventricular bundle and pass through the interventricular septum; lead to the Purkinje fibers and also to the right papillary muscle via the moderator band
atrioventricular bundle branches
cardiac septum located between the atria and ventricles; atrioventricular valves are located here
atrioventricular septum
one-way valves located between the atria and ventricles; the valve on the right is called the tricuspid valve, and the one on the left is the mitral or bicuspid valve
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid and mitral valves
atrioventricular valves
upper or receiving chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the lower chambers just prior to their contraction; the right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit that flows into the right ventricle; the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit that flows into the left ventricle
atrium (plural = atria)
extension of an atrium visible on the superior surface of the heart
auricle
contractile state during resting cardiac activity produced by mild sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation
autonomic tone
ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control
autorhythmicity
autonomic reflex in which the cardiac centers monitor signals from the baroreceptor stretch receptors and regulate heart function based on blood flow
baroreceptor reflex
The propulsive force of the cardiovascular system is the ------, which is essentially a muscular pump equipped with one-way valves. As the heart contracts, it forces blood into a closed system of large and small plumbing tubes (blood vessels) within which the blood circulates.
beating heart
(also, mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve) valve located between the left atrium and ventricle; consists of two flaps of tissue
bicuspid valve
portion of the primitive heart tube that will eventually develop into the right ventricle
bulbus cordis
(also, atrioventricular bundle) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches
bundle of His
period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole)
cardiac cycle
How would you distinguish the structure of cardiac muscle from that of skeletal muscle?
cardiac muscle has intercalated disc and one nuclei per cell
depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung where the apex of the heart is located
cardiac notch
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute; equals HR multiplied by SV
cardiac output (CO)
paired complex network of nerve fibers near the base of the heart that receive sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations to regulate HR
cardiac plexus
series of autonomic reflexes that enable the cardiovascular centers to regulate heart function based upon sensory information from a variety of visceral sensors
cardiac reflexes
difference between maximum and resting CO
cardiac reserve
reinforced connective tissue located within the atrioventricular septum; includes four rings that surround the openings between the atria and ventricles, and the openings to the pulmonary trunk and aorta; the point of attachment for the heart valves
cardiac skeleton (also, skeleton of the heart)
area near the head of the embryo where the heart begins to develop 18-19 days after fertilization
cardiogenic area
two strands of tissue that form within the cardiogenic area
cardiogenic cords
muscle cell of the heart
cardiomyocyte
literally heart strings anchor he cusps to the ventricular wall, to prevent back flow into the atria.
chordae tendineae
string-like extensions of tough connective tissue that extend from the flaps of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
The SL valves are open and flattened against the wall of the vessel when the ---- of the ventricles pushes blood into the great vessels. When the ventricles relax, blood flows ----- toward the ventricle and the cusps fill with blood, closing the SL valves. This prevents the backflow of blood from the great vessels into the -----.
contraction, backward, ventricles
provide nutrient blood to the heart muscle
coronary arteries
drains blood into the right atrium
coronary sinus
Describe the role of the systemic circuit.
delivers blood to the body and back to the heart
The inferior ventricles, which form the bulk of the heart, are the ---- chambers. They force blood ---- of the heart into the large arteries that emerge from its base.
discharging, out
The heart functions as a ----- pump
double
At the base of the heart, the parietal layer reflects back to cover the external heart as the visceral layer, or ----. ---- fluid produced by these layers allows the heart to beat in a relatively frictionless environment.
epicardium, serous
The loose-fitting superficial part of the pericardium is called the -------. Deep to it is the ------, which lines the fibrous pericardium as the parietal layer.
fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
The cardiac cells are arranged in spiral or ------ . When the heart contracts, its internal chambers become smaller (or are temporarily obliterated), forcing the blood --- into the ------ ------ the heart.
figure-8-shaped bundles upward, large arteries, leaving
The heart, a cone-shaped organ approximately the size of a ----, is located within the ------.
fist, mediastinum
Using blood as the transport vehicle, the cardiovascular system carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, electrolytes, and many other substances vital to the body's -------- to and from the body cells.
homeostasis
The septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as the ------- where it separates the atria, and the interventricular septum, where it separates the ventricles. Functionally, the --- are receiving chambers and are relatively ineffective as pumps.
interatrial septum, atria
the areas where cardiac cells interlock ( only in cardiac cells)
intercalated discs.
The AV valves are open and hang into the ventricles when blood is flowing ---- the atria and the ventricles are relaxed. When the ventricles contract, the blood in the ventricles is -----, causing the AV valves to move superiorly and close the opening between the atrium and the ventricle. The chordae tendineae, pulled tight by the contracting papillary muscles, anchor the cusps in the closed position and prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the ----. If unanchored, the cusps would move upward into the atria like an umbrella being turned inside out by a strong wind.
into, compressed, atria
Cardiac muscle is found in only one place—the heart. Because the heart acts as a blood pump, propelling blood to all tissues of the body, cardiac muscle is very important to life. Cardiac muscle is -----, ensuring a constant blood supply.
involuntary
The ---- side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the body tissues. The blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues form the -----
left, systemic circuit
The heart is flanked laterally by the ---, posteriorly by the -------, and anteriorly by the -----. Its more pointed apex extends slightly to the left and rests on the------, approximately at the level of the fifth intercostal space. Its broader base, from which the great vessels emerge, lies beneath the second rib and points toward the right shoulder. In the body, the ---- ventricle of the heart forms most of its anterior surface.
lungs, vertebral column, sternum , diaphragm, right
other name for bicuspid valve
mitral valve
layer composed of cardiac muscle
myocardium
Even though the heart chambers are bathed with blood almost continually, this blood does not nourish the -----. The blood supply that nourishes the heart is provided by the right and left ------ -----
myocardium, coronary arteries
The heart is enclosed within a double-walled sac called the -------.
pericardium
The ---- side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood entering its chambers to the lungs to unload carbon dioxide and to pick up oxygen. The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs form the -----. The function of the ---- is strictly to provide for gas exchange.
right , pulmonary circuit
Upper chambers of the heart
right and left atrium
Lower chambers of the heart
right and left ventricles
discharging chambers of the heart
right and left ventricles
receiving chambers of the heart
right atrium and left atrium - the atria
Which valves close when the cusps fill with blood?
semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic valves
semilunar valves
The major function of the cardiovascular system is --------.
transportation
Describe the role of the pulmonary circuit.
transports blood to and from the lungs carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart
Which valves are anchored by chordae tendineae?
tricuspid (right av valve) bicuspid (left av valve)
The heart has four chambers: 2 ------ and 2 -----
two superior atria and two inferior ventricles
Name the three vessels that deliver oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.
veins, arteries, capillaries superior/inferior vena cava coronary sinus atrioventricular valves
innermost layer of the pericardium
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
