Human Anatomy & Physiology Test 1
The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule, which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids, consists of _____________ group?
-OH
Common characteristics of epithelial tissues
1) Cells are tightly packed together 2)Contains no blood vessels within tissues 3)Found on the exposed surface of the body and 4) Lines the inside of blood vessels
You stepped on a nail, list the sequential layers (or strata) of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis.
1) Corneum 2) Lucidum 3) Granulosum 4) Spinosum 5) Basale
Characteristics of Anabolism:
1) It involves synthesizing new biomolecules, 2) It primarily involves endergonic reactions and example is linking amino acids together to form proteins 3)The formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules
What are the 3 main types of a eukaryotic cell?
1) Plasma membrane 2) Cytoplasm 3) Nucleus
Common characteristics of the endergonic chemical reactions that occur in the body are:
1) They absorb more energy than they produce 2) They often require ATP to move toward products 3) They are often coupled with exergonic reactions, energy of reactants are lower than energy of products
Characteristics of thick skin
1) found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips 2) does not contain hair follicles 3) contains more sweat glands than thin skin and 4) contain epidermal ridges
A gene for a certain protein contains 300 nucleotides. How many amino acids will ultimately make up the protein molecule?
100
The human body contains approximately ______________ cells which can be classified into about _____________ different cell types.
100 trillion, 200
How long does the G2 phase normally last?
4-6 hours
In a polar covalent bond, the atom that has the most electronegativity will have _______________.
A partial negative charge.
What is considered a proton donor?
Acid
Which skin disorder involves inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria which thrive in lipid rich sebum.
Acne
Electrical signals called ____________ ______________ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters that are then used to communicate with other cells.
Action potentials
These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities.
Adherens junctions and Desmosomes
What is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair?
Adhesions
Which tissue is found in yellow bone marrow?
Adipose
_________________ is the inherited inability to produce Melanin.
Albinism
Which functional groups commonly found on organic molecules in the body carries a positive charge (+1) at the pH of most body fluids?
Amino
This does not influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane.
Amount of ATP available
Which radiographs were obtained using a contrast material and x-rays?
Angiogram (blood vessels), Urogram (urinary sytem) and Barium contrast x-ray (gastrointestinal)
Which anatomical term refers to the front of the elbow?
Antecubital
The sternum is _______________ to the heart.
Anterior
Which tissue is classified as a loose connective tissue?
Areolar tissue
This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
Atomic mass
The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element's _____________________.
Atomic number
Which term is used to describe a decrease in the size of cells within a tissue or organ that ultimately results in reduction in the overall size of the tissue or organ?
Atrophy
The thin extracellular layer , consisting of the basale and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called?
Basement membrane
Which organ contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?
Brain
Which chemical element in the body is considered a lesser element?
Calcium
Which term refers to a hardened and thickened area of the skin resulting from persistent pressure and friction?
Callus
Which type of tissue is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?
Cardiac muscle
This is not a characteristic of the cytosol.
Cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins
This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material.
Centrosome
A condition not regulated by a negative feedback system would be?
Childbirth
______________ is not a trace element.
Chlorine
This lipid is used by the body as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones.
Cholesterol
Which medical image was obtained by using computer assisted interpretation of multiple x-ray arc tracings?
Computed tomography (CT scan)
This type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms.
Covalent Bonds
The brain is located in which cavity of the body?
Cranial
This group of proteins is used to switch on and off the kinases that control the progression of somatic cell division from one stage of the cell cycle to the next.
Cyclins
This process is the division of cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
Which organelle aids movement of the cell?
Cytoplasm
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell's?
Cytoskeleton
The major function of proteasomes is to?
Degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty cellular proteins
Frying an egg causes the clear runny part of the egg to turn white. This process is called?
Denaturation
This layer of skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
Dermis
Which organ is not found in the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
An embryonic stem cell undergoes __________________ to become a neuron.
Differentiation
Which directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure?
Distal
This type of exocrine gland is simple, coiled, tubular gland that is found throughout almost the entirety of the skin.
Eccrine sweat gland
Which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop from?
Ectoderm
Which term refers to an inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of redness, blistering, and extreme itching?
Eczema
This structure of a feedback system receives output from the control center.
Effector
This type of lipid is involved with blood clotting.
Eicosanoids
Which types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
Elastic, Collagen, Reticular
A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in water is called an ___________________?
Electrolyte
Removal of one or more of this type of subatomic particle would result in the formation of a cation.
Electron
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the chemical regulators in the blood?
Endocrinology
Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell?
Endocytosis
This is defined as the capacity to do work.
Energy
This type of membrane protein enables cells to catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of their plasma membrane.
Enzymes
Which structures generates fingerprints?
Epidermal ridges
This is not a connective tissue.
Epidermis
Which cells contains structural adaptations that increase surface area for absorption?
Epithelial cells
What are the four types of tissues found in the human body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
Which term refers to the redness of the skin such as seen in patients with inflammation, infection, or heat exposure?
Erythema
Which non-invasive diagnostic technique is an example of inspection?
Examining the surface of a patient's skin for presence of a rash
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of changes in organ functions due to muscular activity?
Exercise physiology
Which transport process uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid?
Exocytosis
In this type of transport process, a solute (e.g. glucose) binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane. This binding induces a conformational change in the carrier protein that results in the solute moving down its concentration gradient to the other side of the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion
What are the nonpolar parts of phosholipids?
Fatty acid tail groups
The pubic symphysis and invertebral disc are composed of this type of connective tissue.
Fibrocartilage
Which structures are sensitive to warmth, coolness, and itching?
Free nerve endings
Which substance is normally transported across membranes via facilitated diffusion?
Fructose
Specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule that confer characteristic chemical properties upon that molecule are called?
Functional Groups
This is the set of rules that relates the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids that they specify.
Genetic code
Which carbohydrate is a polysaccharide?
Glycogen
___________________ is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells.
Glycogen
Mucus secreting cells found distributed among the simple columnar epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory system are called?
Goblet cells
Which membrane enclosed organelle modifies, sorts and packages proteins destined for other regions of the cell?
Golgi complex
This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together.
Ground substance
This is a purine base.
Guanine
Which anatomical term refers to the great toe?
Hallux
This is a function of skeletal muscles.
Heat production
Which condition is characterized by excessive body hair caused by tumors in adrenal glands, testes, or ovaries?
Hirsutism
Which term refers to reddened, elevated, and itchy patches of skin commonly caused by emotional stress, physical trauma, and certain food allergies?
Hives
This type of endocrine gland accumulates its secretory product in the cytosol of its cells until the cell ruptures and becomes part of the secretory product.
Holocrine
What is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment?
Homeostasis
What tissue is found in the trachea?
Hyaline cartilige
This is commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues.
Hyaluronic acid
A solute that readily dissolves in water is ?
Hydrophilic
A patient would be infused with a _________________ solution to ultimately relieve excess interstitial fluid in the brain.
Hypertonic
Which term is used to describe an increase in the size of a tissue that is the result of an increase in the size, not number, of cells in that tissue?
Hypertrophy
___________________ is an increase in the size of cells without cell division.
Hypertrophy
What is another name for the subcutaneous layer?
Hypodermis
Most sports drinks that help rehydrate the body are ______________ relative to your body's cells.
Hypotonic
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body's defense against disease causing agents?
Immunology
Example of a body process that is controlled by using a positive feedback loop.
Increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretching.
Which anatomical term refers to the groin?
Inguinal
During this phase of cell division, organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins.
Interphase
The composition of this body fluid, which fills the narrow spaces between the cells and tissues, directly affects the proper functioning of cells is called?
Interstitial fluid
This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein.
Introns
Which chemical elements present in the body is considered a trace element?
Iodine
This describes the major significance of the element iron in the human body.
Ionized forms a part of hemoglobin.
Glucose and Fructose both have the chemical formula (C6H12O6) so they are considered what?
Isomers
Most intravenous solutions are ______________ with respect to blood cells.
Isotonic
Which condition is due to a buildup of bilirubin pigment in the skin?
Jaundice
__________________ is a protein.
Keratin
The process of __________________ involves cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin.
Keratinization
Which structure produces protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals?
Keratinocytes
Which term refers to an irregular tear of the skin?
Laceration
Which structure is receptor sensitive to pressure?
Lamellated Corpuscle (Pacinian)
This epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance.
Langerhans cells
This is non pigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus.
Lanugo
The ribs are ___________ to the sternum.
Lateral
Which directional term means farther from the midline?
Lateral
What is an example of the basic life process called growth?
Lifting weights and gaining muscle mass and mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen.
What is the major function of DNA?
Long term storage of information for protein synthesis
Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which medical imaging techniques?
Low dose radiography
An enzyme acts to what?
Lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction.
Which organelle is responsible for autophagy and autolysis?
Lysosome
Which membrane enclosed organelle can engulf a worn out organelle, digests its chemical components, and recycle those digested components?
Lysosomes
Which medical image is obtained by using high energy magnetic field?
MRI
Which medical image was obtained by using a low dose of x-rays to examine soft tissues?
Mammogram
This pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light.
Melanin
Which structure produces a pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs UV radiation?
Melanocytes
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body are referred to as?
Membranes
Which structure detects touch sensations?
Merkel cell
Which tissue is found along the developing bones of the embryo?
Mesenchyme
This is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
Metabolism
This plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.
Midsagittal
What other organelles besides the nucleus contain DNA?
Mitochondrion
Which types of glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched?
Multicellular exocrine gland
Which types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals?
Myofibers and Neurons
Electrons are _______________ charged.
Negatively
The two principle types of cells found in nervous tissues are?
Neuroglial cells and neurons
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the functional properties of nerve cells?
Neurophysiology
Which monomer is used to build DNA and RNA?
Nucleotide
Which structures found in the skin help to prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin?
Oil glands
List the order of organization in the human body in order from largest to smallest.
Organism, organ system, tissue, chemical, cellular
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue?
Osteon
Which anatomical term refers to the ears?
Otic
This term refers to the paleness of the skin such as seen in patients with shock or anemia.
Pallor
Using your fingers to find your pulse on your wrist is an example of?
Palpation
Which subspecialty of anatomy deals with the study of structural changes associated with disease?
Pathological Anatomy
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging?
Pathophysiology
Which cavity contains the urinary bladder?
Pelvic cavity
Which cavity contains the heart?
Pericardial cavity
What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
Which anatomical term refers to the body region between the anus and the external genitals?
Perineal
Which serous membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm?
Peritoneum
What is the study of the functions of the body structures?
Physiology
The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of?
Plasma
The lungs are located in which body cavity?
Pleural cavity
Cellulose is a ____________________?
Polysaccharide
This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain.
Polyunsaturated
What is a common characteristic of thin skin?
Presence of sebaceous glands
In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.
Primary Active Transport
The humerus is _______________ to the radius.
Proximal
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the epididymis?
Pseudostratified columnar
Which medical image is obtained by detecting a radionuclide in the tissue/organ to be imaged?
Radionuclide scanning
This structure of a feedback system provides input to the control center.
Receptor
Which type of membrane functions by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?
Receptors
The functions of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to _______________________________________________?
Reduce friction between neighboring organs.
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functions of the kidneys?
Renal physiology
Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of __________________?
Responsiveness
Which tissue is found in the lymph nodes?
Reticular connective tissue
Which membrane enclosed organelle is the site of synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What cancer arises from muscle or connective tissues?
Sarcoma
This type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle.
Sebaceous gland
This is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts.
Sebum
Functional classifications of exocrine glands is based on how the gland releases its?
Secretory product
Plasma membranes are ____________ _______________, which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.
Selectively permeable
Which substances has a pH closest to 7.0?
Semen and Cerebrospinal fluid
This type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity.
Serous membrane
Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as?
Signs
This type of multicellular exocrine gland has a branched rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands.
Simple branched acinar gland
This type of epithelial tissue lines the fallopian tubes, uterus, and some bronchioles in the respiratory tract.
Simple columnar epithelium
Which tissues functions are secretion and absorption?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
This is the transport process by which gases like CO2 and O2 move through a membrane.
Simple diffusion
Which type of epithelial tissue functions include filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes?
Simple squamous
Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the lymphatic vessels?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which type of tissue lines the vagina?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which type of tissue contains multinucleated cells whose movements are under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
This organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids, phospholipids and functions as a reservoir for Ca2+.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which type of tissue is made up of small spindle shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs?
Smooth muscle
Which tissue is found in the tendons and ligaments?
Smooth muscle tissue
Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called?
Stem cells
Which type of epithelial tissue lines part of the conjunctiva of the eye?
Stratified columnar
This type of tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and the esophageal glands.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
This type of tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin.
Stratified squamous epithelium
The ___________ _____________ is only present in thick skin.
Stratum Lucidum
This layer of epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes.
Stratum basale
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the ___________ ______________ of the epidermis.
Stratum corneum
This layer of the epidermis contains layers of flattened keratinocytes that are going through apoptosis.
Stratum granulosum
Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the ________________?
Stroma
Which is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found?
Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
Which directional term is opposite of deep?
Superficial
The stomach is ___________________ to the urinary bladder.
Superior
What is the correct term that would make this statement correct? The heart is ________________ to the liver.
Superior
This is not an antioxidant.
Superoxide
______________ ________________ of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
Surface tension
Which structure in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation?
Sweat glands
During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be?
Symptoms
Which type of membranes found in the human body do not contain epithelial tissues?
Synovial membrane
This type of chemical reaction combines reactants to produce larger products.
Synthesis
The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are called?
The nervous and endocrine systems
This is found in DNA but not RNA.
Thymine
This is defined as a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function.
Tissue
Why would the use of a radioisotope as a tracer be used for?
To monitor blood flow through the heart
Which of the transport processes moves substances through cells using endocytosis on one side of a cell and exocytosis on the other side of the cell?
Transcytosis
Common function of RNA
Transfer information for protein synthesis
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder walls?
Transitional
This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation.
Triglycerides
A triple covalent bond is formed between two atoms sharing _____________ valence electrons.
Two
The following is a particular sequence of base triplet on a DNA molecule: ATG What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA?
UAC
This describes events that lead to the tanning of skin that occurs after exposure to the sun's UV radiation.
UV radiation stimulates increased production of melanin by melanosomes
What is not a common characteristic of a negative feedback system?
Usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off.
What is the name in closest proximity to the lungs?
Visceral Pleura
The solvent found in the body fluid compartments of the human body is?
Water
What element is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body?
Water
The primary structure of a protein consists of?
a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
are lipids and eicosanoids
"Goose bumps" are caused by contraction of the
arrector pili muscle
The hair root plexus functions to
assist hair in touch perception
AB+CD ---> AD+BC is a general example of an _________ ____________.
exchange reaction
The ___________ directs cellular activities.
nucleus
If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell, water will move by _______________ into the cell?
osmosis
Spongy bone lacks
osteons
The energy stored in the bonds of molecules in the foods that humans eat is a form of _________________ __________________ and referred to as __________________ __________________.
potential energy, chemical energy
The overall function of mitosis is
production of new cells.
The extracellular matrix of connective tissues consists of
protein fibers and ground substance
The main function of dense regular connective tissue is
providing strong attachment between structures like muscles and bones
Simple tubular exocrine glands have a
straight tubular secretory portion attached to a single unbranched duct
A transverse plane would cut a body or organ into ___________ ___________ _____________ portions.
superior and inferior
This structure binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation.
tRNA
Percussion techniques can be used ______________________________?
to detect fluid in the lungs.