Human Anatomy & Physiology Test 1

The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule, which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids, consists of _____________ group?

-OH

Common characteristics of epithelial tissues

1) Cells are tightly packed together 2)Contains no blood vessels within tissues 3)Found on the exposed surface of the body and 4) Lines the inside of blood vessels

You stepped on a nail, list the sequential layers (or strata) of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis.

1) Corneum 2) Lucidum 3) Granulosum 4) Spinosum 5) Basale

Characteristics of Anabolism:

1) It involves synthesizing new biomolecules, 2) It primarily involves endergonic reactions and example is linking amino acids together to form proteins 3)The formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules

What are the 3 main types of a eukaryotic cell?

1) Plasma membrane 2) Cytoplasm 3) Nucleus

Common characteristics of the endergonic chemical reactions that occur in the body are:

1) They absorb more energy than they produce 2) They often require ATP to move toward products 3) They are often coupled with exergonic reactions, energy of reactants are lower than energy of products

Characteristics of thick skin

1) found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips 2) does not contain hair follicles 3) contains more sweat glands than thin skin and 4) contain epidermal ridges

A gene for a certain protein contains 300 nucleotides. How many amino acids will ultimately make up the protein molecule?

100

The human body contains approximately ______________ cells which can be classified into about _____________ different cell types.

100 trillion, 200

How long does the G2 phase normally last?

4-6 hours

In a polar covalent bond, the atom that has the most electronegativity will have _______________.

A partial negative charge.

What is considered a proton donor?

Acid

Which skin disorder involves inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria which thrive in lipid rich sebum.

Acne

Electrical signals called ____________ ______________ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters that are then used to communicate with other cells.

Action potentials

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities.

Adherens junctions and Desmosomes

What is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair?

Adhesions

Which tissue is found in yellow bone marrow?

Adipose

_________________ is the inherited inability to produce Melanin.

Albinism

Which functional groups commonly found on organic molecules in the body carries a positive charge (+1) at the pH of most body fluids?

Amino

This does not influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane.

Amount of ATP available

Which radiographs were obtained using a contrast material and x-rays?

Angiogram (blood vessels), Urogram (urinary sytem) and Barium contrast x-ray (gastrointestinal)

Which anatomical term refers to the front of the elbow?

Antecubital

The sternum is _______________ to the heart.

Anterior

Which tissue is classified as a loose connective tissue?

Areolar tissue

This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

Atomic mass

The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element's _____________________.

Atomic number

Which term is used to describe a decrease in the size of cells within a tissue or organ that ultimately results in reduction in the overall size of the tissue or organ?

Atrophy

The thin extracellular layer , consisting of the basale and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called?

Basement membrane

Which organ contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?

Brain

Which chemical element in the body is considered a lesser element?

Calcium

Which term refers to a hardened and thickened area of the skin resulting from persistent pressure and friction?

Callus

Which type of tissue is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?

Cardiac muscle

This is not a characteristic of the cytosol.

Cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins

This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material.

Centrosome

A condition not regulated by a negative feedback system would be?

Childbirth

______________ is not a trace element.

Chlorine

This lipid is used by the body as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones.

Cholesterol

Which medical image was obtained by using computer assisted interpretation of multiple x-ray arc tracings?

Computed tomography (CT scan)

This type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms.

Covalent Bonds

The brain is located in which cavity of the body?

Cranial

This group of proteins is used to switch on and off the kinases that control the progression of somatic cell division from one stage of the cell cycle to the next.

Cyclins

This process is the division of cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

Which organelle aids movement of the cell?

Cytoplasm

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell's?

Cytoskeleton

The major function of proteasomes is to?

Degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty cellular proteins

Frying an egg causes the clear runny part of the egg to turn white. This process is called?

Denaturation

This layer of skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Dermis

Which organ is not found in the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm

An embryonic stem cell undergoes __________________ to become a neuron.

Differentiation

Which directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure?

Distal

This type of exocrine gland is simple, coiled, tubular gland that is found throughout almost the entirety of the skin.

Eccrine sweat gland

Which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop from?

Ectoderm

Which term refers to an inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of redness, blistering, and extreme itching?

Eczema

This structure of a feedback system receives output from the control center.

Effector

This type of lipid is involved with blood clotting.

Eicosanoids

Which types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Elastic, Collagen, Reticular

A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in water is called an ___________________?

Electrolyte

Removal of one or more of this type of subatomic particle would result in the formation of a cation.

Electron

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the chemical regulators in the blood?

Endocrinology

Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell?

Endocytosis

This is defined as the capacity to do work.

Energy

This type of membrane protein enables cells to catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of their plasma membrane.

Enzymes

Which structures generates fingerprints?

Epidermal ridges

This is not a connective tissue.

Epidermis

Which cells contains structural adaptations that increase surface area for absorption?

Epithelial cells

What are the four types of tissues found in the human body?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

Which term refers to the redness of the skin such as seen in patients with inflammation, infection, or heat exposure?

Erythema

Which non-invasive diagnostic technique is an example of inspection?

Examining the surface of a patient's skin for presence of a rash

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of changes in organ functions due to muscular activity?

Exercise physiology

Which transport process uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid?

Exocytosis

In this type of transport process, a solute (e.g. glucose) binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane. This binding induces a conformational change in the carrier protein that results in the solute moving down its concentration gradient to the other side of the membrane.

Facilitated diffusion

What are the nonpolar parts of phosholipids?

Fatty acid tail groups

The pubic symphysis and invertebral disc are composed of this type of connective tissue.

Fibrocartilage

Which structures are sensitive to warmth, coolness, and itching?

Free nerve endings

Which substance is normally transported across membranes via facilitated diffusion?

Fructose

Specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule that confer characteristic chemical properties upon that molecule are called?

Functional Groups

This is the set of rules that relates the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids that they specify.

Genetic code

Which carbohydrate is a polysaccharide?

Glycogen

___________________ is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells.

Glycogen

Mucus secreting cells found distributed among the simple columnar epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory system are called?

Goblet cells

Which membrane enclosed organelle modifies, sorts and packages proteins destined for other regions of the cell?

Golgi complex

This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together.

Ground substance

This is a purine base.

Guanine

Which anatomical term refers to the great toe?

Hallux

This is a function of skeletal muscles.

Heat production

Which condition is characterized by excessive body hair caused by tumors in adrenal glands, testes, or ovaries?

Hirsutism

Which term refers to reddened, elevated, and itchy patches of skin commonly caused by emotional stress, physical trauma, and certain food allergies?

Hives

This type of endocrine gland accumulates its secretory product in the cytosol of its cells until the cell ruptures and becomes part of the secretory product.

Holocrine

What is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment?

Homeostasis

What tissue is found in the trachea?

Hyaline cartilige

This is commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues.

Hyaluronic acid

A solute that readily dissolves in water is ?

Hydrophilic

A patient would be infused with a _________________ solution to ultimately relieve excess interstitial fluid in the brain.

Hypertonic

Which term is used to describe an increase in the size of a tissue that is the result of an increase in the size, not number, of cells in that tissue?

Hypertrophy

___________________ is an increase in the size of cells without cell division.

Hypertrophy

What is another name for the subcutaneous layer?

Hypodermis

Most sports drinks that help rehydrate the body are ______________ relative to your body's cells.

Hypotonic

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body's defense against disease causing agents?

Immunology

Example of a body process that is controlled by using a positive feedback loop.

Increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretching.

Which anatomical term refers to the groin?

Inguinal

During this phase of cell division, organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins.

Interphase

The composition of this body fluid, which fills the narrow spaces between the cells and tissues, directly affects the proper functioning of cells is called?

Interstitial fluid

This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein.

Introns

Which chemical elements present in the body is considered a trace element?

Iodine

This describes the major significance of the element iron in the human body.

Ionized forms a part of hemoglobin.

Glucose and Fructose both have the chemical formula (C6H12O6) so they are considered what?

Isomers

Most intravenous solutions are ______________ with respect to blood cells.

Isotonic

Which condition is due to a buildup of bilirubin pigment in the skin?

Jaundice

__________________ is a protein.

Keratin

The process of __________________ involves cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin.

Keratinization

Which structure produces protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals?

Keratinocytes

Which term refers to an irregular tear of the skin?

Laceration

Which structure is receptor sensitive to pressure?

Lamellated Corpuscle (Pacinian)

This epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance.

Langerhans cells

This is non pigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus.

Lanugo

The ribs are ___________ to the sternum.

Lateral

Which directional term means farther from the midline?

Lateral

What is an example of the basic life process called growth?

Lifting weights and gaining muscle mass and mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen.

What is the major function of DNA?

Long term storage of information for protein synthesis

Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which medical imaging techniques?

Low dose radiography

An enzyme acts to what?

Lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction.

Which organelle is responsible for autophagy and autolysis?

Lysosome

Which membrane enclosed organelle can engulf a worn out organelle, digests its chemical components, and recycle those digested components?

Lysosomes

Which medical image is obtained by using high energy magnetic field?

MRI

Which medical image was obtained by using a low dose of x-rays to examine soft tissues?

Mammogram

This pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light.

Melanin

Which structure produces a pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs UV radiation?

Melanocytes

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body are referred to as?

Membranes

Which structure detects touch sensations?

Merkel cell

Which tissue is found along the developing bones of the embryo?

Mesenchyme

This is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

Metabolism

This plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Midsagittal

What other organelles besides the nucleus contain DNA?

Mitochondrion

Which types of glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched?

Multicellular exocrine gland

Which types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals?

Myofibers and Neurons

Electrons are _______________ charged.

Negatively

The two principle types of cells found in nervous tissues are?

Neuroglial cells and neurons

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the functional properties of nerve cells?

Neurophysiology

Which monomer is used to build DNA and RNA?

Nucleotide

Which structures found in the skin help to prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin?

Oil glands

List the order of organization in the human body in order from largest to smallest.

Organism, organ system, tissue, chemical, cellular

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue?

Osteon

Which anatomical term refers to the ears?

Otic

This term refers to the paleness of the skin such as seen in patients with shock or anemia.

Pallor

Using your fingers to find your pulse on your wrist is an example of?

Palpation

Which subspecialty of anatomy deals with the study of structural changes associated with disease?

Pathological Anatomy

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging?

Pathophysiology

Which cavity contains the urinary bladder?

Pelvic cavity

Which cavity contains the heart?

Pericardial cavity

What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?

Pericardium

Which anatomical term refers to the body region between the anus and the external genitals?

Perineal

Which serous membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm?

Peritoneum

What is the study of the functions of the body structures?

Physiology

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of?

Plasma

The lungs are located in which body cavity?

Pleural cavity

Cellulose is a ____________________?

Polysaccharide

This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain.

Polyunsaturated

What is a common characteristic of thin skin?

Presence of sebaceous glands

In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

Primary Active Transport

The humerus is _______________ to the radius.

Proximal

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the epididymis?

Pseudostratified columnar

Which medical image is obtained by detecting a radionuclide in the tissue/organ to be imaged?

Radionuclide scanning

This structure of a feedback system provides input to the control center.

Receptor

Which type of membrane functions by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?

Receptors

The functions of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to _______________________________________________?

Reduce friction between neighboring organs.

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functions of the kidneys?

Renal physiology

Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of __________________?

Responsiveness

Which tissue is found in the lymph nodes?

Reticular connective tissue

Which membrane enclosed organelle is the site of synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

What cancer arises from muscle or connective tissues?

Sarcoma

This type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle.

Sebaceous gland

This is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts.

Sebum

Functional classifications of exocrine glands is based on how the gland releases its?

Secretory product

Plasma membranes are ____________ _______________, which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.

Selectively permeable

Which substances has a pH closest to 7.0?

Semen and Cerebrospinal fluid

This type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity.

Serous membrane

Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as?

Signs

This type of multicellular exocrine gland has a branched rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands.

Simple branched acinar gland

This type of epithelial tissue lines the fallopian tubes, uterus, and some bronchioles in the respiratory tract.

Simple columnar epithelium

Which tissues functions are secretion and absorption?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

This is the transport process by which gases like CO2 and O2 move through a membrane.

Simple diffusion

Which type of epithelial tissue functions include filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes?

Simple squamous

Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the lymphatic vessels?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which type of tissue lines the vagina?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which type of tissue contains multinucleated cells whose movements are under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle

This organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids, phospholipids and functions as a reservoir for Ca2+.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Which type of tissue is made up of small spindle shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs?

Smooth muscle

Which tissue is found in the tendons and ligaments?

Smooth muscle tissue

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called?

Stem cells

Which type of epithelial tissue lines part of the conjunctiva of the eye?

Stratified columnar

This type of tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and the esophageal glands.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

This type of tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin.

Stratified squamous epithelium

The ___________ _____________ is only present in thick skin.

Stratum Lucidum

This layer of epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes.

Stratum basale

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the ___________ ______________ of the epidermis.

Stratum corneum

This layer of the epidermis contains layers of flattened keratinocytes that are going through apoptosis.

Stratum granulosum

Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the ________________?

Stroma

Which is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found?

Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

Which directional term is opposite of deep?

Superficial

The stomach is ___________________ to the urinary bladder.

Superior

What is the correct term that would make this statement correct? The heart is ________________ to the liver.

Superior

This is not an antioxidant.

Superoxide

______________ ________________ of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Surface tension

Which structure in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation?

Sweat glands

During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be?

Symptoms

Which type of membranes found in the human body do not contain epithelial tissues?

Synovial membrane

This type of chemical reaction combines reactants to produce larger products.

Synthesis

The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are called?

The nervous and endocrine systems

This is found in DNA but not RNA.

Thymine

This is defined as a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

Tissue

Why would the use of a radioisotope as a tracer be used for?

To monitor blood flow through the heart

Which of the transport processes moves substances through cells using endocytosis on one side of a cell and exocytosis on the other side of the cell?

Transcytosis

Common function of RNA

Transfer information for protein synthesis

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder walls?

Transitional

This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation.

Triglycerides

A triple covalent bond is formed between two atoms sharing _____________ valence electrons.

Two

The following is a particular sequence of base triplet on a DNA molecule: ATG What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA?

UAC

This describes events that lead to the tanning of skin that occurs after exposure to the sun's UV radiation.

UV radiation stimulates increased production of melanin by melanosomes

What is not a common characteristic of a negative feedback system?

Usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off.

What is the name in closest proximity to the lungs?

Visceral Pleura

The solvent found in the body fluid compartments of the human body is?

Water

What element is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body?

Water

The primary structure of a protein consists of?

a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

are lipids and eicosanoids

"Goose bumps" are caused by contraction of the

arrector pili muscle

The hair root plexus functions to

assist hair in touch perception

AB+CD ---> AD+BC is a general example of an _________ ____________.

exchange reaction

The ___________ directs cellular activities.

nucleus

If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell, water will move by _______________ into the cell?

osmosis

Spongy bone lacks

osteons

The energy stored in the bonds of molecules in the foods that humans eat is a form of _________________ __________________ and referred to as __________________ __________________.

potential energy, chemical energy

The overall function of mitosis is

production of new cells.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissues consists of

protein fibers and ground substance

The main function of dense regular connective tissue is

providing strong attachment between structures like muscles and bones

Simple tubular exocrine glands have a

straight tubular secretory portion attached to a single unbranched duct

A transverse plane would cut a body or organ into ___________ ___________ _____________ portions.

superior and inferior

This structure binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation.

tRNA

Percussion techniques can be used ______________________________?

to detect fluid in the lungs.