Human Anatomy Chapter 24

Identify the structures that secrete liapse

- Pancreas - Lingual glands

Identify the enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

- Disaccharidases - Amylase

Identify the organs that are located behind the peritoneal membrane.

- Duodenum - Pancreas - Ascending colon - Descending colon - Rectum - Kidneys - Adrenal glands - Urinary bladder

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium

- Oropharynx - Mouth - Anal canal - Esophagus

Identify the components of pancreatic juice.

- Enzymes to digest lipids - Enzymes to digest proteins - Enzymes to digest nucleic acids - Enzymes to digest carbohydrates - Bicarbonate ions

Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract.

- Adventitia - Serosa

The hepatic portal triad consists of 3 vessels. The hepatic portal vein, the hepatic ________ and the hepatic ______.

- Artery - Duct

The four parts of the colon from proximal to distal are the __________, _______, _________, and the _________ colon.

- Ascending - Transverse - Descending - Sigmoid

Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function.

- Bicarbonate ions: To raise the pH of the small intestine - Proteolytic enzymes: Chemical digestion of proteins - Amylase: Chemical digestion of polysaccharides - Lipase: Chemical digestion of fats - Nuclease: Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA

Digestion is the breakdown of large organic molecules into component parts that can be absorbed. Match the large organic molecules with the units that can be absorbed.

- Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides - Proteins: Amino acids - Triglycerides: Fatty acids and glycerol

Match the parts of the stomach with the correct description.

- Cardiac sphincter: Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach - Pyloric sphincter: Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine - Fundus: The rounded superior portion of the stomach - Pyloric part: Funnel shaped part of the stomach - Body: Largest part of the stomach

Match the division of the nervous system with its role in controlling digestive functions.

- Central nervous system: Activation of reflexes due to sight, smell, or taste of food. - Enteric nervous system: Controls digestive activity and alters activity of the enteric nervous system through the vagus nerve. - Parasympathetic nervous system: Controls digestive activity and alters activity of the enteric nervous system through the vagus nerve. - Sympathetic nervous system: Inhibits muscular contraction and secretions, and decreases blood flow of the digestive system

Match the phases of gastric regulation with the correct description.

- Cephalic phase: Sight, smell, taste or thought of foo stimulates gastric secretions. - Gastric phase: Digestion of the stomach stimulates gastric secretions - Intestinal phase: Acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates secretion of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions

Match each part of the tooth with the correct description.

- Clinical crown: Part of the tooth exposed in the oral cavity - Periodontal ligaments: Structures that secure the teeth in the alveoli - Pulp: Soft tissue consisting of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics in the center of the tooth - Gingiva: Dense fibrous connective tissue and stratified squamous tissue covering the alveolar processes -Enamel: Hard non-living material covering the crown - Dentin: Calcified living material surrounding the pulp caivty

Describe the structure of the small intestine as it moves from the duodenum through the ileum.

- Consists of an inner lining of simple columnar epithelium - Thickness of the intestinal wall decreases from the duodenum through the ileum - Lymphatic nodules from the duodenum through the ileum.

Match each movement of the digestive tract with the correct description

- Deglutition: Moves a mass of food or liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus - Mass movements: Forcible movements that move the contents of the large intestines - Peristalsis: Muscular contractions consisting of a wave of relaxation of circular muscles followed by a wave of contraction of circular muscles - Segmental contractions: Muscular contractions that move food back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions

Describe the functions of hepatocytes. Select all that apply.

- Detoxification - Bile production - Synthesis of blood components - Phagocytosis

Match each basic secretion of the digestive tract with the correct function

- Enzymes: Break down large food molecules into smaller food molecules to promote absorption - Mucus: Lubricates food and protects lining of the digestive tract - Water: Liquifies food

The regions of the digestive tract from beginning to end include the mouth, pharynx, ________, stomach, _______ _______, large intestine and anus.

- Esophagus - Small intestine

Identify the functions of the lips and cheeks.

- Facial expression - Speech -Mastication

Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids.

- Fatty acids - Monoglycerides

The palate consists of two parts: the anterior portion called the _______ palate and the posterior portion called the ______ palate.

- Hard - Soft

Identify the vessels that empty into the hepatic sinusoids.

- Hepatic portal vein - Hepatic artery

Rank the following molecules from the one with the greatest concentration of protein to the least amount of protein.

- High-density lipoprotein - Low-density lipoprotein - Very low-density lipoprotein

Identify the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

- Inactivates salivary amylase - Destroys ingested bacteria - Activates pepsin

Identify the two structures where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs.

- Jejunum - Duodenum

Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion

- Laryngopharynx - Oropharynx

Match each enzyme with the correct function

- Lipase: Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids - Pepsin: Digests proteins into small polypeptide chains - Disaccharidases: Breaks down disaccharidies into monosaccharides - Peptidases: Breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids

Match the specific mesentery with its location within the digestive system.

- Mesentery proper: Associated with the small intestine - Greater omentum: Membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm - Lesser omentum: Membrane extending from the stomach to the transverse colon - Transverse mesocolon: Attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal walls

Match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description.

- Mucosa: Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle - Muscularis: Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer; and an outer longitudinal layer - Serosa: Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium - Submucosa: Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

Identify the secretions of the large intestine.

- Mucous - HCO3-

Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system.

- Nervous mechanisms - Chemical signals

Identify the function of saliva

- Neutralizes bacterial acids - Moistens food and oral cavity - Digest starch

The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the __________ _______ and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the __________.

- Orbicularis oris - Buccinator

Identify the structures that secrete enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins.

- Pancreas - Stomach - Small intestine

Match the enzyme to its function

- Pancreatic amylase: Polysaccharide digestion - Pancreatic lipase: Fat digestion - Trypsin: Digests protein - Ribonuclease: Digests RNA - Lipase: Breaks down triglyercides into fatty acids nad monoglycerides - Pepsin: Digests proteins into small polypeptide chains -Disaccharidases: Breaks down disaccharides into momsaccharides - Peptidases: Breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids

Identify the types of reflexes that control the defecation reflex.

- Parasympathetic reflexes - Local reflexes

Match the digestive secretion with the correct function.

- Pepsin: Digests proteins into smaller peptide chains - Lipase: Digests lipids - Bicarbonate ions: Provides appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes - Mucus: Protects the lining of the esophagus - Peptidases: Splits amino acids from polypeptides - Bile salts: Emulsifies lipids

Match the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes the enzyme.

- Pepsin: Stomach - Peptidase: Small intestine - Amylase: Salivary gland

Identify the secretions of the small intestine.

- Peptidases - Secretin - Mucus - Chloecystokinin - Disaccharidases

Identify the process by which water is absorbed in the small intestine.

- Peristaltic contractions - Segmental contractions

Identify the functions of the liver.

- Production of bile - Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamin and minerals - Interconversion of nutrients - Synthesis of new moleucles - Detoxification of harmful substances - Production of blood proteins including clotting factors - Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood celss

Match the digestive secretions with the organ that produces the secetion.

- Stomach * Pepsingoen * Hydrochloric acid - Pancreas *Trypsinogen -Small intestine *Peptidases - Liver * Bile

Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs.

- Stomach - Small intestine

Select the three phases of swallowing.

- Voluntary phase -Esophageal phase - Pharyngeal phase

Match each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description.

-Absorption: Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system. - Digestion: Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts. - Ingestion: The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach - Propulsion: Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other

Identify the functions of the teeth

-Speech - Mastication

Place the events of the gastro intestinal regulation in order beginning with the initiation of gastrointestinal phase.

1) Acidic chyme enters the duodenum 2) Activation of nerve reflexes and the secretion of secretin 3) Inhibition of gastric activity

Place the parts of the colon in order from proximal to most distal

1) Ascending colon 2) Transverse colon 3) Descending colon 4) Sigmoid colon

Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the liver and ending with the small intestine.

1) Bile canaliculus 2) Hepatic duct 3) Common hepatic duct 4) Common bile duct 5) Hepatopancreatic ampulla 6) Duodenum

Identify the steps in the production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach from beginning to secretion into the stomach.

1) CO2 diffuses into the parietal cell 2) CO2 combines with H20 to form H2CO3 3) H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3 and H+ 4) HCO3 is exchanged for Cl- with the bloodstream 5) H+ pumped into the duct of the gastric gland. 6) Diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastric gland

Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the gall bladder and ending with the small intestine.

1) Cystic duct 2) Common bile duct 3) Hepatopancreatic ampulla 4) Duodenum

Place the events of the gastric phase of gastric regulation in order, beginning with the activation of gastric phase.

1) Distension of the stomach stimulates stretch receptors 2) Activation of central nervous system 3) Secretion of gastrin 4) Gastric secretions

Place the sections of the small intestine in order as food passes through the digestive tract.

1) Duodenum 2) Jejunum 3) Ileum

Place the events of the defecation reflex controlled by local reflexes in chronological order

1) Gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes 2) Mass movements in colon propel contents towards the rectum 3) Distension of the rectum 4) Local reflexes stimulate contraction of colon and rectum and relaxation of internal anal sphincter

Place the events of the defecation reflex controlled by parasympathetic reflexes in chronological order.

1) Gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes promote mass movements in the colon. 2) Distension of the rectum 3) Action potentials are propagated to the defecation reflex center in the spinal cord. 4) Efferent impulses stimulate contraction of the colon and rectum and relaxation of the internal and anal sphincter 5) Action potential from the spinal cord ascend to the brain 6) Action potentials from the brain regulate the defecation reflex center

Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination

1) Ileocecal junction 2) Cecum 3) Colon 4) Rectum 5) Anal canal

Place the following structures in the order that food will pass through beginning with the site of ingestion

1) Mouth 2) Pharynx 3) Esophagus 4) Stomach 5) Small intestine 6) Large intestine

Identify the tunics of the esophagus from inner- to outermost

1) Mucosa 2) Submucosa 3) Muscularis 4) Adventitia (serosa)

Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation the cephalic phase.

1) Taste, smell or thought of food 2) Stimulation of medulla oblongata 3) Parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neurons of the enteric plexus 4) Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gastrin and histamine 5) Gastric secretions are released

Place the following events of deglutition in order beginning with the voluntary phase of swallowing

1) Tongue elevates bolus towards oropharynx 2) Soft palate closes off nasopharynx 3) Successive contraction of superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors moves bolus through pharynx

Throughout the digestive tract the muscularis consists of _______ layers of muscles except in the _______, which has 3 layers of muscle.

2, stomach

The majority of the muscularis consists of _______ layer(s) of _______ muslce.

2; smooth

The hepatic lobule is a _______ -sided structure with a(n) ________ triad at each corner and a centrak vein located in the center of each lobule.

6; portal

What is bile?

A substance produced by hepatocytes from metabolic by-products.

The structures of the digestive system that primarily consist of glands located outside the digestive tract that secrete fluids into the digestive tract are known as ________ _________.

Accessory organs

The last section of the digestive tract that extends from the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus is the _______.

Anal canal

Identify the substance necessary to emulsify lipids

Bile salts

What are hepatic sinusoids?

Blood filled channels between hepatic cords

Monosaccharides are the product of the chemical digestion of ______.

Carbohydrates

The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the ________.

Cecum

The vermiform appendix is attached to the ______.

Cecum

The buccinator muscle, a buccal fat pad, an interior lining of moist stratified squamous epithelium, and an external covering of skin comprise the _______.

Cheeks

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called

Chyme

The organ that produces and absorbs vitamin K along with water and salt are absorbed is the ______.

Colon

The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called _________.

Defecation

The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or______.

Degluation

The alimentary canal or tract is also known as the ________ tract.

Digestive

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the _______.

Esophagus

Food is ingested, digested and finally elinimated from the body as ________.

Feces

The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the _________.

Gallbladder

The openings in the mucous membrane of the stomach that contain gastric glands are called

Gastric pits

Name the cells that produce bile, synthesize blood components, and perform interconversion of nutrients

Hepatocytes

Bile helps in ______ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.

Increasing

The two major lobes of the liver are the_______ and _____ lobes.

Left and right

Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of __________.

Lipids

The _______ are formed mostly by the orbicularis oris and connective tissue covered by skin.

Lips

Identify the largest internal organ of the body.

Liver

The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called ______ __________.

Mass movements

When chyme is concentrated, water will _______.

Move into the small intestine

In the liver excess amino acids can be re-metabolized to produce lipids, glucose or nucleic acids. This is known as ________.

Nutrient interconversion

Identify the organ that consists of a head located withing the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

Pancreas

Pepsin aids in the chemical digestion of _____. It is secreted by the ___________.

Pepsin; stomach

Internal and external anal sphincters promote defecation when the muscles _______.

Relax

The folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching are called _________.

Rugae

The adventitia or _______ is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.

Serosa

Disaccharidases and peptidases are enzymes secreted by the ________.

Small intestine

In the digestive system, the greatest amount of digestion and absorption occurs in the _______ ________.

Small intestine

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ______.

Small intestine

The majority of water absorption occurs in the

Small intestine

Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the __________.

Stomach

The organ that secretes intrinsic factor is the ______.

Stomach

Stomach secretion and stomach motility are controlled by neural mechanisms that respond to ________.

Stomach distension

The submucosal plexus is located within the ______ and the myenteric plexus is located within the _______ of the digestive tract.

Submucosa; muscularis

Describe emulsification.

The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets

How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?

The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle

The posterior projection of the soft palate is the ______.

Uvula

The macroscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption are called __________.

Villi