Human Anatomy Practice Exam
When compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons: 1. are electrically insulated 2. are gray in color 3. have a faster speed of nerve impulse conduction 4. are more numerous
1, 3, 4 only
Inability to control eyeball movement may indicate damage to which cranial nerve(s)? 1. trochlear IV 2. optic II 3. oculomotor III 4. trigeminal V 5. abducens VI
1, 3, 5
Which of the substances listed below bind(s) to adrenergic receptors? 1. acetylcholine 2. epinephrine 3. nicotine 4. norepinephrine
2,4
A typical reflex arc involves the following components: 1. sensory neuron 2. motor neuron 3. sensory receptor 4. integrating center 5. effector The correct order is:
3, 1, 4, 2, 5
Which of the following cranial nerves are associated with eye movement? 1) Olfactory (I) 2) Optic (II) 3) Oculomotor (III) 4) Trochlear (IV) 5) Trigeminal (V) 6) Abducens (VI) 7) Facial (VII) 8) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 9) Glossopharyngeal (IX) 10) Vagus (X) 11) Accessory (XI) 12) Hypoglossal (XII)
3, 4 and 6
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds with which of the following types of receptors? 1. alpha 2. beta 3. nicotinic 4. muscarinic
3,4
All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release _____________.
Acetylcholine
Which of the following is FALSE? Vertebrae and vertebral ligaments protect the spinal cord. The meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space. Between the dura mater and the skull is the subdural space. All of these choices are correct.
Between the dura mater and the skull is the subdural space.
Which of these pairs is a mismatch? Cranial nerve VII = facial nerve Cranial nerve X = vagus nerve Cranial nerve I = olfactory nerve Cranial nerve III = optic nerve Cranial nerve IV = trochlear nerve
Cranial nerve III = optic nerve
_____ (or motor) impulses travel from the _____ to the _____ (muscles or glands).
Efferent, central nervous system, effectors
Which cranial nerve is responsible for stimulating the secretion of saliva?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
The spinal cord in the adult normally extends to which vertebral level?
L2
Which of the following statements is TRUE for the autonomic nervous system? Sensory signals are usually consciously perceived. The effect of motor neurons is always excitatory. Autonomic motor neurons only secrete Acetylcholine (ACh). None of these choices.
None of these choices.
Which spinal nerves DO NOT participate in forming a plexus?
T2-T12
Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is FALSE? Structurally, the autonomic nervous system consists of two main components: a sensory (input) component and a motor (output) component. Autonomic nervous system motor (output) pathways typically contain two motor neurons in series. The motor (output) division of the autonomic nervous system has three divisions: parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic. Autonomic nervous system stimulation may result in excitation or inhibition of smooth muscle or cardiac muscle, or a change in secretory activity in glands.
The motor (output) division of the autonomic nervous system has three divisions: parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Sensory input to the ANS is usually not consciously perceived. Most autonomic responses cannot be consciously altered or suppressed to any great degree. Most autonomic motor pathways consist of two motor neurons in series. The result of autonomic motor neuron stimulation is always excitatory to effectors. All of these choices are TRUE.
The result of autonomic motor neuron stimulation is always excitatory to effectors.
Select the best description of lipofuscin: rough endoplasmic reticulum usually short and branched form(s) part of the cytoskeleton accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
Autonomic neurons that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine are called _____ neurons.
adrenergic
Accidentally stepping on a nail with the sole of your foot causes you quite a bit of discomfort. Which type of pathway is involved in relaying information about the nail to the central nervous system?
afferent (sensory)
The peripheral nervous system includes: ganglia spinal nerves and their branches cranial nerves and their branches all of these choices
all of these choices
The spinal cord is protected by which of the following?cerebrospinal fluid vertebral column meninges all of these choices
all of these choices
Which of the following are structures of the nervous system? spinal cord ganglia sensory receptors enteric plexuses all of these choices are structures of the nervous system
all of these choices are structures of the nervous system
A synapse is a functional junction between: a neuron and a glandular cell. a neuron and a muscle cell. all of these choices. two neurons.
all of these choices.
The gray matter of the spinal cord: is subdivided into regions called horns. is surrounded by white matter. contains neuronal cell bodies. all of these choices.
all of these choices.
Activation of nicotinic receptors by acetylcholine (ACh) triggers which response in a postsynaptic cell?
always excitarory
Which lobe(s) of the cerebellum controls subconscious movement of skeletal muscles?
anterior and posterior
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the sciatic nerve? It: sends branches to the hamstring muscles. arises from the lumbar plexus. splits at about the level of the knee into tibial and common fibular nerves. is the largest nerve in the body.
arises from the lumbar plexus.
What is the best description of the subarachnoid space?
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
From which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?
brachial
The Central Nervous System is composed of the __________ and __________?
brain and spinal cord
Which is a function of the abducens (VI) nerve? conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp turns eyeball medially via medial rectus muscle causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil causes movement of eyeball via lateral rectus muscle
causes movement of eyeball via lateral rectus muscle
Select the best description of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons: cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns of all thoracic and first two or three lumbar spinal segments axons are unmyelinated cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia cell bodies are in the brain stem nuclei of the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves axons tend to be long
cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns of all thoracic and first two or three lumbar spinal segments
What does a posterior (dorsal) root ganglion contain?
cell bodies of sensory neurons
This structure contains cerebrospinal fluid within the spinal cord. What is it called?
central canal
In what part of the brain would you find the arbor vitae?
cerebellum
The axon hillock is the part of a neuron that:
connects the axon to the neuron cell body.
What is the best description of the arachnoid mater?
consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
The white matter of the spinal cord: is surrounded by gray matter. all of these choices. contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts. is subdivided into regions called horns
contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts.
What is the best description of the pia mater?
contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
Which is a function of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve? conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
What is the inferior end of the spinal cord?
conus medullaris
Which is a function of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve? conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
Which is a function of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve? conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue
Which is a function of the facial (VII) nerve? conveys nerve impulses related to smell turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Which is a function of the vagus (X) nerve? conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
Which is a function of the accessory (XI) nerve? conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles conveys motor impulses to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys motor impulses to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Which is a function of the olfactory (I) nerve?
conveys nerve impulses related to smell
Which is a function of the trigeminal (V) nerve? conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle causes movement of eyelid and eyeball; constriction of pupil causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
Select the structure(s) served by the axillary nerve. biceps brachii flexors of the wrist deltoid muscle diaphragm extensors of the wrist
deltoid muscle
This pattern of sensory nerve distribution of the skin of the body is called _____________.
dermatomes
The two main routes for motor information traveling down the spinal cord are _____ pathways and _____ pathways.
direct, indirect
Somatic motor neurons synapse with which of the following? an autonomic ganglion the adrenal medulla directly with a visceral effector directly with skeletal muscle cells
directly with skeletal muscle cells
Most of the organs of the body are said to have _____________ innervation.
dual
In order to flex your fingers, which type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive?
efferent (motor)
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is the specialized network of nerves and ganglia forming a complex, integrated neuronal network within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gallbladder ?
enteric
The space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal, which is normally filled with a cushion of fat and connective tissue, is called the _________ space.
epidural
Which of the following is NOT an extension of the dura mater? falx cerebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli epidural space
epidural space
Loss of taste in the anterior region of the tongue may be an indication of damage to which cranial nerve?
facial VII
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is often referred to as the _______________________.
flight-or-fight division
Select the best description of the oligodendrocytes: surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system help maintain the blood-brain barrier
form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system
Select the best description of the Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes): help maintain the blood-brain barrier surround cell bodies in peripheral nervous system ganglia form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system
form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the motor speech area (Broca's area)?
frontal lobe
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary motor area?
frontal lobe
A _____ refers to a small mass of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, outside of the brain and spinal cord.
ganglion
Within the spinal cord, which structure forms the crossbar of the H?
gray commissure
The central canal of the spinal cord is located in the center of the:
gray commissure.
Acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system:
has effects for a very brief time, compared to the effects of other autonomic neurotransmitters.
The _____ is the major control and integration center of the autonomic nervous system.
hypothalamus
Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic response?
increased motility in stomach and intestines
Which of the following responses is a result of sympathetic stimulation? decreased heart rate decreased diameter (constriction) of the pupils increased digestive secretions increased rate and depth of breathing
increased rate and depth of breathing
Motor impulses that help maintain muscle tone and posture are conveyed from the brain through the spinal cord by the:
indirect pathways.
Which type of neuron functions to integrate (process) sensory information?
interneuron
The senses of pain and temperature are conveyed to the brain by:
lateral spinothalamic tracts.
From which plexus does the femoral nerve arise?
lumbar
The nerves to and from the lower limbs arise from the:
lumbar enlargement
A block of which nerve would provide anesthesia to the lower teeth and chin?
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
A main difference between neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glia) is: mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do. neurons are more numerous than neuroglia. neurons are generally smaller than neuroglia. neuroglia are found only in the central nervous system.
mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do.
The regions of the brain stem involved in the control of respiration are the
medulla and pons.
In what part of the brain would you find the oval shaped swellings called olives?
medulla oblongata
The connective tissue covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord is called the ___________________.
meninges
What is the best description of the dura mater? contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord between arachnoid mater and pia mater consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column between pia mater and spinal cord
meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column
In what part of the brain would you find the cerebral peduncles?
midbrain
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) carries only ______________ fibers to the smooth muscles, heart and glands of the body.
motor
Gaps in the myelin sheath are called the:
nodes of Ranvier
The cerebellar peduncles conduct information into and out of the cerebellum. The correct statement is: the superior cerebellar peduncles conduct only sensory information. the inferior cerebellar peduncles contain only motor fibers. the middle cerebellar peduncles contain only afferent (sensory) fibers. none of these choices
none of these choices
Dendrites are processes of a neuron that: are usually longer than axons. carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. are usually myelinated. none of these choices.
none of these choices.
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary visual area?
occipital lobe
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the location of the brachial plexus? extends inferiorly and laterally on either side of the last few cervical and first thoracic vertebrae enters the axilla on the neck alongside the first four cervical vertebrae passes above the first rib posterior to the clavicle
on the neck alongside the first four cervical vertebrae
Diverging circuits allow for transmission of nerve impulses from _____ neuron(s) to _____ neuron(s).
one, several
The _____ division of the autonomic nervous system is mostly responsible for regulating restorative, energy-conserving body activities.
parasympathetic
The nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are found in which division(s)?
parasympathetic
What is/are the "rest and digest" division(s) called?
parasympathetic
The postcentral gyrus is in the _____ lobe of the cortex; it contains the primary _____ area.
parietal, somatosensory
Select the best description of the microglia: form lining of brain ventricles phagocytes of the central nervous system phagocytes of the peripheral nervous system help maintain the blood-brain barrier
phagocytes of the central nervous system
Which of the following contains sensory information ONLY?anterior (ventral) ramus posterior (dorsal) root posterior (dorsal) ramus anterior (ventral) root
posterior (dorsal) root
At a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, the axon would be part of a _____ neuron; the dendrite would be part of a _____ neuron.
presynaptic, postsynaptic
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: is the same thing as the blood-brain barrier. is due mainly to tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the brain tissue. protects the neurons of the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful substances in the blood. is another name for cranial meninges.
protects the neurons of the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful substances in the blood.
The complete transection of the spinal cord at the C4 or C5 vertebral level would normally result in ________________.
quadriplegia
What is the correct order of components for passage of nerve impulses over an autonomic reflex arc?
receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neurons, effector
A broad region where gray matter and white matter show a netlike arrangement in the brain stem and the inferior part of the diencephalon, and whose function is to influence muscle tone and to cause arousal from sleep are collectively referred to as the
reticular formation
Select the best description of Nissl bodies: usually short and branched rough endoplasmic reticulum form(s) part of the cytoskeleton accumulate as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following nerves is NOT from the brachial plexus? musculocutaneous radial axillary sciatic ulnar
sciatic
These nerve tracts consist of axons conducting impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. What are they called?
sensory pathways
What is a correct pathway for a reflex arc?
sensory receptor → sensory neuron → integrating center → motor neuron → effector
Which of the following would be a somatic nervous system effector?
skeletal muscle
Which of the following could serve as an effector for a somatic reflex? skeletal muscle. all of these choices. smooth or cardiac muscle. gland.
skeletal muscle.
The Reticular Activating System receives input from ALL of the following types of stimuli except
smell.
Which of the following convey information from the central nervous system (CNS) to skeletal muscles only?
somatic motor neurons
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into which three functional components?
somatic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems
The two main routes for sensory information traveling up the spinal cord to the brain are _____ tracts and _____ columns.
spinothalamic, posterior
Select the best description of neurotransmitter molecules: stored in synaptic vesicles fine processes at the ends of axons usually short and branched accumulate as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
stored in synaptic vesicles
The innervation of the adrenal medulla is by the ____________ division(s).
sympathetic
The autonomic nervous system consists of two divisions, ________ and ____________?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve? mandibular ophthalmic temporal maxillary
temporal
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary auditory area?
temporal lobe
The tectum of the midbrain bears four rounded elevations called substantia nigra. that control all subconscious muscle activities. that transmit all sensory and motor information between the upper and lower brain regions. that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
Spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all other spinal nerves in that: the anterior (ventral) rami do not contribute to a plexus. the posterior (dorsal) rami form a plexus. they do not branch to form rami. they are autonomic nerves.
the anterior (ventral) rami do not contribute to a plexus.
Which structure of the neuron is included in the neuromuscular junction?
the axon terminal
Which structure of the neuron will contain the greatest number of neurotransmitter receptors? the axoplasm the synaptic vesicles the dendrites the Nissl bodies
the dendrites
The conus medullaris is:
the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
Lateral gray horns are present in ALL segments of the _____ region of the spinal cord. cervical thoracic lumbar all of these choices
thoracic
Select the structure(s) served by the radial nerve. skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder deltoid muscle flexors of the wrist diaphragm triceps brachii
triceps brachii
The cranial nerve which conveys parasympathetic control of most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities is
vagus (X) nerve
