Human Biology Chapter 12 (Skeletal)

A meniscus is made up of synovial fluid found within a joint. True False

false *A meniscus is a C-shaped piece of hyaline cartilage. (section 12.04)

When you hit your "funny bone", what are you hitting? olecranon process deltoid tuberosity acromion process head of ulna glenoid cavity

olecranon process *Your "funny bone" is the olecranon process of the ulna. (section 12.03)

Where, besides adipose tissue, is fat stored? matrix of bone yellow bone marrow red bone marrow periosteum articular cartilage

yellow bone marrow *Fat is stored in yellow bone marrow. (Section 12.01)

Jill broke her cheekbone in an ice skating accident. Which bone did she break? temporal bone mandible maxilla zygomatic bone frontal bone

zygomatic bone *The zygomatic bone forms the cheekbone. (section 12.02)

Arrange the steps of bone repair in order. 1. Remodeling; 2. Bony callus; 3. Hematoma; 4. Fibrocartilaginous callus 1,2,3,4 4,3,2,1 1,2,4,3 3,4,2,1 2,1,4,3

3,4,2,1 *The order of bone repair is hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, followed by a bony callus, and remodeling. (section 12.05)

How long does the bony callus in a bone repair last? 1-2 days 3-4 weeks 3-4 months 1-2 years more than 10 years

3-4 months *The bony callus lasts about three to four months. (section 12.05)

How many vertebrae are there? 5 10 18 24 33

33 *There are 33 vertebrae. (section 12.02)

How is bone repair different from bone development? A hematoma indicates an injury has occurred. Osteoblasts are not involved in bone repair but they are in bone development. Osteoclasts are involved in bone development but not in bone repair. Only spongy bone is built in bone repair while both spongy and compact bone are built in bone development. There is no cartilage involved in bone repair but there is in bone development.

A hematoma indicates an injury has occurred. *In some ways, bone repair parallels the development of a bone except that the first step, hematoma, indicates that injury has occurred. (section 12.05)

Jason broke his finger playing football, while Sean tore the cartilage in his knee playing basketball. Which one will heal faster and why? Jason, bones have a blood supply and heal faster Jason, fingers bear less weight than knees do Sean, cartilage has a blood supply and heal faster Sean, knees can be immobilized easier than fingers Jason, fingers require fewer nutrients to repair because they are small

Jason, bones have a blood supply and heal faster *Cartilage is lacking a blood supply and this makes it slow to heal. (section 12.01)

How are osteocytes and osteoblasts related? Osteocytes become osteoblasts as the bone matures. Osteoblasts become osteocytes as the bone matures. Osteocytes and osteoblasts have the same function, but osteocytes work in the adult and osteoblasts work in the fetus. Osteocytes and osteoblasts work opposite each other. One builds up bone while the other absorbs it. Osteocytes are mature bone cells while osteoblasts are a form of bone cancer.

Osteoblasts become osteocytes as the bone matures. *When an osteoblast is surrounded by calcified matrix, it becomes an osteocyte. (section 12.05)

Due to the compression of her intervertebral disks, Carla had several of her lumbar vertebrae fused together. How does this affect Carla? She will have limited movement in that area. She will not be affected at all. She will need assistance in walking. She will be unable to stand upright. She will be unable to lie flat on her back.

She will have limited movement in that area. *The intervertebral disks allow the vertebrae to move as we bend forward, backward, and from side to side. If the vertebrae are fused together, this type of movement will be limited. (section 12.02)

Which function of the skeletal system requires the leg bones to be extremely strong? They support the entire body. They protect soft body parts. They produce blood cells. They store minerals and fat. They permit flexible body movement.

They support the entire body. *The skeletal system supports the entire body. This requires the leg bones to be very strong in order to provide the support. (Section 12.01)

What is a canaliculus? the large cavity inside a long bone a stress plate in spongy bone a fibrous connective covering of bone a small channel in the matrix of bone a type of bone forming cell

a small channel in the matrix of bone *Tiny canals called canaliculi (sing., canaliculus) run through the matrix of bone. (section 12.01)

Which joint action allows for the body part to move towards the midline? adduction abduction flexion pronation eversion

adduction *Adduction is the movement of a body part to the midline of the body. Abduction is the movement of the body part away from the midline. Flexion is the increase in the joint angle. Pronation is when the hand faces downward. Eversion is when the sole of the foot turns outward. (section 12.04)

Which part of a synovial joint is a fluid-filled sac? symphysis suture synovial membrane menisci bursa

bursa *The bursae are fluid-filled sacs that ease friction in a joint. (section 12.04)

Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton? clavicle hyoid temporal rib vertebrae

clavicle *The clavicle is part of the appendicular skeleton. (section 12.02)

The humerus fits into what at the shoulder? acetabulum clavicle acromion process glenoid cavity olecranon process

glenoid cavity *The humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. (section 12.03)

When Phillip was little, he walked on the outside edge of his feet. This is what type of movement? rotation eversion inversion circumduction adduction and abduction

inversion *Walking on the outside of your foot so that the sole of the foot turns inward is called inversion. (section 12.04)

What two hormones are involved in regulating the blood calcium level? calcitonin and renin renin and aldosterone renin and PTH aldosterone and PTH PTH and calcitonin

PTH and calcitonin *PTH stimules osteoclasts while calcitonin has the opposite effect. (section 12.05)

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the region of primary ossification of a bone? Osteoblasts are derived from the newly formed periosteum. Bone formation spreads from the center to the ends of the bone. As the cartilage models calcify, the chondrocytes die off. The region of primary ossification is where osteoclasts are laid down on the outside of the bone. A band of cartilage remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center.

The region of primary ossification is where osteoclasts are laid down on the outside of the bone. *The region of primary ossification is where osteoblasts lay down spongy bone in the interior of the bone. (section 12.05)

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra? Why? atlas, Greek mythology atlas, it allows "yes" motion of the head axis, Roman mythology axis, it allows the "no" motion of the head sphinoid, Egyptian sphinx mythology

atlas, Greek mythology *The first cervical vertebra, called the atlas, holds up the head. Atlas, of Greek mythology, held up the world. (section 12.02)

A ligament connects cartilage to bone. muscle to bone. bone to bone. a cartilaginous joint. muscle to muscle.

bone to bone. *Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscle to bone. Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage. Muscles are connected to other muscles by aponeurosis. (section 12.04)

Which type of joints tend to be slightly movable? fibrous cartilaginous synovial sutures none of these are slightly moveable

cartilaginous *Cartilaginous joints tend to be slightly movable. (section 12.04)

Which bone is part of the pelvic girdle? coxal bones clavicle femur scapula talus

coxal bones *The coxal bones are part of the pelvic girdle. The clavicle and scapula are part of the pectoral girdle. The femur is the bone in the thigh. The talus is a bone in the ankle. (section 12.03)

The epiglottis is a structure that needs to be strong but extremely flexible. What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis? elastic cartilage fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage bone muscle

elastic cartilage *The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage. (section 12.01)

The head of the radius is located at the elbow. wrist. shoulder. sternum. knee.

elbow *The head of the radius is located at the elbow. (section 12.03)

When you kick your foot out in front of you, what type of movement are you using? adduction and abduction flexion and extension rotation eversion inversion

flexion and extension *Kicking your foot out in front of you involves flexion and extension. (section 12.04)

When you nod your head "yes", what type of movement are you using? flexion and extension adduction and abduction rotation circumduction inversion

flexion and extension *Nodding "yes" is flexion and extension. (section 12.04)

How are the bones of the cranium named? for their articulations with the vertebral column for whether they are formed from cartilage or not for their shape for their size for the lobes of the brain they protect

for the lobes of the brain they protect *The bones of the cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) have the same names as the lobes of the brain. (section 12.02)

What type of cartilage is found at the ends of the long bones? elastic cartilage fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage spongy compact

hyaline cartilage *Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, the nose, at the ends of the ribs, and in the larynx and trachea. Elastic cartilage is found in the ear flaps and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs. Spongy and compact are bone types. (section 12.01)

Which bone in the body does not articulate with any other bone? scapula maxilla hyoid coccyx temporal

hyoid *The hyoid bone is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone. (section 12.02)

Daniel has a very large deltoid tuberosity. This is probably because Daniel is a pianist. spends a lot of time playing video games. lifts heavy weights with his arms. plays basketball. is a runner.

lifts heavy weights with his arms. *The deltoid tuberosity on the humerus is where the deltoid muscle attaches. It increases in size with heavy lifting. (section 12.03)

Emma developed a rotator cuff injury. What part of her body is injured? neck upper back shoulder lower back lower arm

shoulder *The rotator cuff attaches the humerus to the scapula at the shoulder region. (section 12.03)

Which of the following bones is not part of the pectoral girdle and attached limbs? clavicle sternum scapula ulna humerus

sternum *The sternum is part of the axial skeleton. (section 12.03)

What of the following joints is a fibrous joint? sutures between cranial bones ribs and sternum intervertebral disks elbow knee

sutures between cranial bones *Many fibrous joints, such as the sutures between the cranial bones, are immovable. (section 12.04)

Bone recycling allows the body to regulate what? the amount of sodium in the blood the amount of calcium in the blood the amount of sodium in the bone the amount of vitamin C in the blood the amount of vitamin D in the bone

the amount of calcium in the blood *Bone serves as a storage reservoir for calcium and recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood. (section 12.05)

What holds the patella in place? the lateral epicondyle the quadriceps tendon the medial condyle the lateral malleolus the greater trochanter

the quadriceps tendon *The patella is held in place by the quadriceps tendon. (section 12.03)

What are the functions of the sinuses? to drain fluid from the brain and to allow the brain to expand to give a resonant sound to the voice and to allow the brain to expand to lighten the skull and drain fluid from the brain to lighten the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice to allow the brain to expand and to lighten the skull

to lighten the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice *The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice. (section 12.02)

What term is associated with spongy bone but not with compact bone? canaliculi osteocytes trabeculae bone marrow blood vessels

trabeculae *Both spongy and compact bone have osteocytes, canaliculi, bone marrow, and blood vessels but only spongy bone has trabeculae. (section 12.01)

Which of the following is not a type of joint? trochanter fibrous cartilaginous synovial suture

trochanter *A trochanter is not a type of joint, they are large bony projections located on the femur. (section 12.03)

Bones continue to grow throughout a lifetime. True False

true *Bones are able to respond to stress by changing size, shape, and strength throughout our lifetime. (section 12.05)

Which bone is part of the pectoral girdle? clavicle radius ulna carpals manubrium

clavicle *The clavicle is part of the pectoral girdle. The radius, ulna, and carpals are part of the forearm and bones of the hand. The manubrium is part of the sternum. (section 12.03)

The name of the "tailbone" is the lumbar. sacrum. coccyx. sphinoid. axis.

coccyx *The tailbone is three to five fused vertebrae called the coccyx. (section 12.02)

A simple break of the tibia is when the bone is broken clear through. True False

false *A simple break means that the bone does not pierce the skin. A complete fracture occurs when the bone is broken clear through. (section 12.05)

A synovial joint allows for flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, and inversion and eversion, but not rotation and circumduction. True False

false *A synovial joint allows for all of these types of movement. (section 12.04)

Exercise stimulates the activity of osteoclasts instead of osteoblasts. True False

false *Exercise stimulates the activity of osteoblasts (bone forming) instead of osteoclasts (bone absorbing). (section 12.05)

Only certain bones in the fetus produce blood cells, but all the bones in the adult produce blood cells. True False

false *Only certain bones in the adult produce blood cells, but all the bones in the fetus produce blood cells. (section 12.01)

It is not possible to tell whether skeletal remains are male or female. True False

false *The male and female pelvis differ from each other and can be used to identify the sex of skeletal remains. (section 12.03)

All 12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back and the sternum in the front. True False

false *While all 12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back, only 7 pairs connect to the sternum in the front. (section 12.02)

Which bone is the longest and strongest bone in the body? humerus pelvis tibia fibula femur

femur *The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body. (section 12.03)

What are the intervertebral disks made of? bone skeletal muscle hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage *Between the vertebrae are intervertebral disks composed of fibrocartilage that acts as padding. (section 12.02)

Which of the following is not associated with a synovial joint? bursae menisci ligaments fibrocartilage fibrous capsule

fibrocartilage *Fibrocartilage is another type of joint. It is not found in a synovial joint. (section 12.04)

What term is used to describe bone cells? osteocytes chondrocytes trabeculae periosteum epiphysis

osteocytes *Osteocytes refer to bone cells. Chondrocytes refers to cartilage cells. Trabeculae refers to the thin plates found in the spongy bone. Periosteum refers to the fibrous connective tissue that covers a bone. Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long bone. (section 12.01)

Bone cells are called _________________ while cartilage cells are called ________________. osteocytes, osteoblasts lacunae, osteocytes chondrocytes, lacunae osteoblasts, chondrocytes osteocytes, chondrocytes

osteocytes, chondrocytes *Cells in bone are called osteocytes while cells in cartilage are called chondrocytes. (section 12.01)

Which of the following is not part of the coxal bone? patella ilium ischium pubis acetabulum

patella *The patella is the knee cap. (section 12.03)

From the outside of a long bone inside, what is the first tissue encountered? compact bone spongy bone periosteum medullary cavity bone marrow

periosteum *The periosteum is a layer of fibrous connective tissue that completely covers a long bone except for the articular cartilage at the bone's ends. (section 12.01)

Which function of the skeleton do the rib cage, vertebral column, and skull represent? support the body protect soft body parts produce blood cells store minerals and fats permit flexible body movement

protect soft body parts *The rib cage protects internal organs. The skull protects the brain, and the vertebral column protects the spinal cord. (Section 12.01)

Which bones develop by intramembranous ossification? the long bones of the leg the long bones of the arms the ribs the fingers the skull

skull *Flat bones, such as the bones of the skull, develop by intramembranous ossification. (section 12.05)

Which joint has the greatest range of motion? synovial sutures fibrous cartilaginous All of these are equally movable.

synovial *Synovial joints have the greatest range of motion. Sutures and fibrous joints are immovable. Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable. (section 12.04)

There are phalanges in both the lower limbs and upper limbs. True False

true *The bones of the fingers and the toes are called phalanges. (section 12.03)

The medullary cavity is within the diaphysis of a long bone. True False

true *The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone and the medullary cavity is within it. (section 12.01)

As long as the growth plate remains, the limbs will keep increasing in length. True False

true *The limbs keep increasing in length as long as growth plates, bands of cartilage, are still present. (section 12.05)

The thoracic vertebrae are associated with the ribs. True False

true *There are twelve thoracic vertebrae named because they articulate with the ribs. (section 12.02)

How many bones are present in the pelvic girdle? one two three four five

two *The pelvic girdle consists of two large coxal bones. (section 12.03)

What criterion is used to categorize the skeleton into axial and appendicular? whether the bones are weight bearing or not whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle whether the bones are flat or long whether the bones contain red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow whether the bones articulate with the pelvis or not

whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle *If the bones lie on the midline of the body, they are part of the axial skeleton. If they are part of the girdles or hang from them, they are appendicular. (section 12.02)