Human Biology: Chapter 6: Cardiovascular System- Blood (from the SB hw)
Place these steps in the formation of a blood clot in the correct chronological order, beginning with the first step at the top.
1. a blood vessel is damaged 2. a platelet plug forms 3. prothrombin is formed and converted to thrombin 4. fibrinogen is formed and converted to fibrin
Select the three ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood.
1. combined with hemoglobin 2. dissolved in the plasma 3. as a bicarbonate ion
The five major types of white blood cells are
1. monocytes 2. lymphocytes 3. neutrophils 4. eosinophils 5. basophils
Select the two major components of blood
1. plasma 2. formed elements
The two components of plasma that create most of the blood's osmotic pressure are
1. plasma proteins 2. salts
The three general categories of blood function are
1. transport 2. regulation 3. defense
Select the three types of formed elements found in human blood
1. white blood cells 2. red blood cells 3. platelets
Human blood normally contains approximately how many white blood cells?
5,000-11,000 cells per microliter
monocytes
become macrophages in tissues
The primary transport medium of the human body is the
blood
Red blood cells are produced by stem cells in the
bone marrow
Hemoglobin that is carrying carbon dioxide is called
carbamionhemoglobin
Platelets function mainly in blood
clotting
A child born without an enzyme necessary for the development of B and T lymphocytes will have SCID, or severe _____ immunodeficiency.
combined
Blood is considered to be a type of fluid ______ tissue since it contains cells and a noncellular matrix
connective
Blood is which type of tissue?
connective
Phagocytosis, antibodies, and blood clotting are components of which function of the blood?
defense
Which of the following does not have oxygen bound to it?
deoxyhemoglobin
When examining a stained blood smear, a white blood cell that has prominent cytoplasmic granules that stain a deep red is most likely a(n)
eosinophil
Which type of white blood cell is most directly involved in the protection of the body against parasitic infections?
eosinophil
Red blood cells are also known as
erythrocytes
The production of red blood cells is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
The major sign that would be expected in a person with hemophilia is
excessive bleeding
The most common symptom of anemia is
fatigue
The main function of white blood cells is to
fight infection
eosinophils
fight large parasites, such as worms
A single molecule of hemoglobin can bind to and transport ______ molecules of oxygen gas.
four
The lifespan of a human blood cell is approximately
four months
Jaundice occurs when
heme accumulates in tissues
Blood is red because of the presence of which molecule?
hemoglobin
The pigment molecule that transports oxygen in the red blood cells of humans is called
hemoglobin
The term that refers to the rupturing of red blood cells is
hemolysis
Mast cells release which molecule?
histamine
White blood cells are an important component of which body system?
immune
heme; globin
iron-containing group; protein with four polypeptides
If the lover fails to excrete heme from the breakdown of hemoglobin, it will accumulate in the tissues, causing a yellowing of the skin and eyes called
jaundice
The hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells, is produced by the
kidneys
A cancer of white blood cells that involved uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes would be specifically called lymphocytic
leukemia
What term refers to cancer of the white blood cells?
leukemia
Old red blood cells are broken down by macrophages in the
liver and spleen
Connective tissue-dwelling cells that resemble basophils, and which release histamine associated with allergic reactions are called _____ cells.
mast
Platelets are produced by fragmentation of which type of cells in red bone marrow?
megakartocytes
When examining a stained blood smear, a cell that appears to be the largest type of WBC is most likely a
monocyte
In a normal, healthy individual, the most abundant type of white blood cell present in the blood is the
neutrophil
The most abundant of the white blood cells is the
neutrophil
When examining a stained blood smear, a cell that has a finely granular cytoplasm and a multilobed nucleus is most likely a
neutrophil
When oxygen binds to hem, hemoglobin assumes a slightly different shape and is called
oxyhemoglobin
neutrophils
phagocytize and cellular debris
Pathogens are destroyed by being engulfed during a process called
phagocytosis
The liquid portion of the blood is called
plasma
The portion of the blood responsible for carrying dissolved salts, proteins, and buffers is the
plasma
Another term for a mature, antibody-secreting B cells is a(n)
plasma cell
The maintenance of blood pH, blood clotting, transportation of cholesterol, and maintenance of osmotic pressure are all functions of which blood component?
plasma proteins
Fragmentation of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow produces formed elements called ___ or thrombocytes.
platelets
Thrombocytopenia is the term for an insufficient number of
platelets
Cells that can divide and become the various types of blood cell are called
pluripotent stem cells
basophils
promote inflammation, blood flow to injured tissues
Small, biconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus are _____ blood cells, or erythrocytes.
red
All of the categories of formed elements of human blood are produced by the
red bone marrow
Hemolysis is defined as
rupturing of red blood cells
What is the name of the disease in which B and T cells are not formed therefore leaving an individual unable to fight infection?
severe combined immunodeficiency
A genetic condition that results in misshapen red blood cells that burst easily is
sickle-cell disease
Red blood cells are produced by _____ cells in the red bone marrow.
stem
Which of the following is a potential symptom of acute lymphocytic leukemia?
swelling in the neck and armsits
Hemophilia A is a genetic deficiency of the factor VIII protein involved in blood clotting. This disorder is more common in males because
the affected gene is on the X chromosome
During blood clotting, which enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
thrombin
Another term for platelets is
thrombocytes
About 91% of plasma is
water
Granular and agranular are the two major type of _____ blood cells.
white
Select all correct descriptions of white blood cells.
- white blood cells are translucent unless stained - white blood cells are larger than red blood cells
lymphocytes
B and T cells that carry out specific (adaptive) immunity
True or false: Red blood cells have a highly active metabolism compared to most other cell types.
False
True of false: hormones, wastes and lipids are transported by the blood
True
True or false: Macrophages are derived from monocytes.
True
In both appearance and function, mast cells most closely resemble which type of white blood cell?
basophil
Which of these white blood cell types are normally the least numerous in blood?
basophils
Select all descriptions that apply to basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
- all 3 have a nucleus - all 3 have noticeable cytoplasmic granules - all 3 are white blood cells
A person with blood type O would be expected to have which antibodies in their plasma? Select all that apply.
- anti-A - anti-B
Which of the following are characteristics of red blood cells?
- biconcave shape - contain hemoglobin - carry oxygen
Select all signs or symptoms that would be expected in a person with thrombocytopenia.
- bleeding in the intestine - bruising - nosebleeds
Select all characteristics of mature red blood cells.
- carry out fermentation - lack mitochondria - lack a nucleus
Select all types of white blood cells that are granular leukocytes.
- eosinophils - neutrophils - basophils
Select all structural components of hemoglobin.
- four polypeptide chains - heme - iron
Select all functions of blood
- helps regulate body temperature - transports gases - combats pathogens
Which of the following describes sickle-cell disease? Select all that apply.
- it is a hereditary condition - red blood cells are misshapen
Select all of the following white blood cells that are classified as agranular leukocytes.
- lymphocytes - monocytes
Select all of the following that describe basophils.
- nucleus is u-shaped or lobed - take up a basic stain and appear dark-blue in color - release histamine associated with allergic reactions
Select all substances transported by the blood
- oxygen - hormones - nutrients - carbon dioxide
Select all of the following that are types of lymphocytes.
- plasma cells - B cells - T cells
Which of the following are required for blood to clot? Select all that apply.
- platelets - clotting factors
Identify all of the symptoms that may indicate an individual has acute lymphocytic leukemia
- swelling in the neck - lack of energy - bruises that take longer than normal to heal
Which two of the following descriptions apply to eosinophils?
- they are involved in the phagocytosis of allergens associated with the inflammatory response - they have a bilobed nucleus
Select all correct characterizations of platelets.
- they are more numerous in blood than white blood cells are - they function in blood clotting
Select all of the following that are components of plasma
- urea - proteins - salts
In the ABO system, the 4 different types of human blood are A, B, O and
AB
Regardless of the cause, a person with an abnormally low number of red blood cells or hemoglobin has the general condition known as
anemia
Together, the monocytes and lymphocytes make up the
angular leukocytes
In response to the presence of foreign antigens, certain white blood cells (B cells) produce specific antigen-binding proteins called
antibodies
A cell or other substance that is foreign to the body is called a/an
antigen
Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
as bicarbonate ion