Human Biology Semester 1 Final Study Guide

Define cancer, causes, and the types of tumors that result

Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth when regulation of cell cycle breaks down Tumors: Malignant and Benign

Compare the relative energy storage of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Carbohydrates : 4 calories/milligram Lipids : 9 calories/milligram Proteins : 4 calories/milligram

Explain the major functions of each macromolecule

Carbohydrates : provide energy and regulate blood glucose Lipids : stores the energy and helps form cell membranes Proteins : they are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissue and organs Nucleic Acids : they are DNA as well as RNA that are passed on by our parents. NOT by food

Vacuoles

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Explain how cells know when to divide. Also explain the difference between internal and external regulation

Cells regulate their division by communicating with each other using chemical signals from special proteins called cyclins. These signals act like switches to tell cells when to start dividing and later when to stop dividing. It is important for cells to divide so you can grow and so your cuts heal. External is chemical signals Internal is kinase and cyclins

Explain the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources, and state examples of each.

Renewable are resources that are produced or replenished more quickly than they are consumed, example:oxygen.Nonrenewable are resources that are consumed/used more quickly than they are created, example:fossil fuels.

secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

density dependent

Referring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density.

prediation

a relation between animals in which one organism captures and feeds on others.

nonrenewable resource

a resource that cannot be replaced

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

ecological succession

gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance

list the two main purposes for cell division

growth and repair

Centrioles and Centrosomes

lie outside nuclear membrane and organize spindle fibers required for cell division. only animal cells have, plants use microtubules instead. 2 centrioles at right angels to each other make 1 centrosome

Resources

materials found in the earth that people need and value

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

stable ecosystem

the population numbers of each organism fluctuate at a predictable rate, the supply of resources in the physical environment fluctuates at a predictable rate and the energy flows through the ecosystem at a fairly constant rate over time

competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

thin boundary that controls what enters and exits the cell; also helps protect the cell The plasma membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which consist of fatty acids and alcohol. The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer.

Classify a symbiotic relationship as mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic based on a description based on a description or pictures or organisms involved.

- Bees and flowers (mutualism)- Animals hiding in trees (commensalism)- Parasites feeding on animals (parasitism)

Classify an organism as a predator, prey, host, or parasite based on a description or pictures.

- Foxes (predator)- Rabbit (prey)- Cow with parasites (host)- Tapeworms in a dog (parasite)

Classify a relationship as predation, competition, or symbiosis based on a description or pictures. (ex:

- Foxes hunting rabbits (predation)- Foxes and other predators competing for the rabbits (competition)- Tapeworms on animals (symbiosis: parasitism)

Explain how both organisms are affected in each type of ecological relationship and list specific examples of each type of ecological relationship.

1) Parasitism - one organism benefits from the relationship, while the host is harmed. (ex: fleas on dogs)2) Commensalism - one organism is benefitted while the other is unaffected. (ex: animals using trees/nature for shelter and protection3) Mutualism - both organisms involved benefit. (ex: bees and flowers)

List in order in which the body will consume carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins for energy, and explain why. Based on this information, include what diet and exercise plan would be the best for someone trying to lose weight.

1. Carbs 2. Lipids 3. Proteins *Digestion begins in your mouth where the process of chewing mechanically breaks food into smaller pieces, and enzymes in the saliva initiate chemical digestion. When you swallow, partially digested carbs travel down your esophagus to the stomach with little additional digestion. Lipids take mostly take place in your small intestine which occurs after you have chewed the carbs. Proteins then are digested in the stomach after they have produced amino acids. carbohydrates-body can access easilylipids- help u feel fullproteins-they have so many other uses

Describe the six types of transport. Include examples of substances moved in each

1. Simple Diffusion - Random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration 2. Facilitated Diffusion - Movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration 3. Osmosis - Water moves across the membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration 4. Active Transport - Substances move across membrane with the aid of a carrier protein and energy supplied by the cell 5. Endocytosis - A region of the plasma membrane engulfs the substance to be ingested and then pinches off from from the rest of the membrane so it is enclosed in a vesicle 6. Exocytosis - Opposite of endocytosis

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough)

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

population density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

renewable resource

A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

climax community

A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time

List the 3 principles of the cell theory

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells

predator

An animal that hunts other animals for food

primary succession

An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed

list the levels of organization recognized by ecology

An ecosystem is all the living things in an area interacting with all of the abiotic parts of the environment. Though technically there are six levels of organization in ecology, there do exist some sources which only identify five levels, namely organism, population, communities, ecosystem, and biome; excluding biosphere from the list.

global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

prey

An organism that is killed and eaten by another organism

Compare and contrast plant and animal cells

Animal cells-lysosomes, cilia, flagella, mitochondriaPlant cells-centrioles, cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

limiting factor

Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.

What are the two types of limiting factors? Give four examples of each

Density dependent factors: competition, predators, parasites, and disease. Can only have if the population is too large. Density independent factors: natural disasters, seasonal cycles, certain human activities, and unusual weather

Classify limiting factors as destiny depended, density- independent, biota or abiotic

Density-dependent limiting factors make the per capita growth rate decrease as the population increases. Density-dependent limiting factors tend to be biotic, including factors such as food and disease. For example, in a population of panthers, there is access to a fixed amount of food

competitive exclusion principle

Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time

Explain the process of ecological succession and what kinds of conditions give rise to primary vs. secondary succession

Ecological succession is change in an ecosystem where one community is replaced by another community over time. Primary- Exposed rock, lava, melted ice, eroded sand. Secondary- Fire, farming, hurricane.

What are limiting factors?

Environment conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism. More limiting factors=less people. Less limiting factors=more people

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.

pioneer species

First species to populate an area during primary succession

logistic growth

Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Destiny independent factors

Have the same affect of an individual's probability to survive and amount of reproduction that any population size

Describe the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophobic substances

Hydrophilic means water loving; hydrophobicmeans resistant to water. 2. Hydrophilic moleculesget absorbed or dissolved in water, while hydrophobic molecules only dissolve in oil-based substances.

Explain the differences between hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions. You may usea picture to help your describe

Hypertonic is when the cell shrinks, hypotonic is when the cell swells, isotonic is when the cell stays the same.

Classify solutions as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic based on a diagram or description.

Identical water concentrations to what is found in a cell's cytoplasm-isotonic

infer how a population's growth would be affected by a change in the availability (increase or decrease) or any limiting factor

In the natural world, limiting factors like the availability of food, water, shelter and space can change animal and plant populations. Other limiting factors, like competition for resources, predation and disease can also impact populations. ... Other changes in limiting factors will cause a population to decrease.

Describe ALL PHASES of the cell cycle, as well as the stages of mitosis in order.

Interphase- Growth Mitosis- Cell division process Prophase- Chromosomes condense and are visible as sister chromatids and the nuclear membrane disappears. Metaphase- Chromatids move to the middle Anaphase- Sister chromatids seperate becoming their own chromosome Telophase- Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each side of the cell. Chromoses turn to chromatid. Cytokinesis- Divides into 2 cells.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

List the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates lipids compose each macromolecule

Monomers : Carbohydrates - monosaccharidesLipids - glycerol and fatty acids Nucleic acids - nucleotides Proteins - amino acids Polymers : Proteins (polymers of amino acids) Carbohydrates (polymers of sugars)Lipids (polymers of lipid monomers) Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA; polymers of nucleotides)

list and define each of the five levels or organization

Multicellular organisms are made of many parts that are needed for survival. These parts are divided into levels of organization. There are five levels: cellular level - a degree of organism complexity; these are either unicellular or colonial tissue level - a degree of organism complexity; organisms at this level have their cells arranged into tissues organ level - a degree of organism complexity; organisms at this level have their cells arranged into organs system level - a degree of organism complexity; organisms at this level have their cells arranged into system, organisms level - the highest level of complexity of a living thing in which the systems work together for the good of the whole (any living thing must be considered to have reached this level) All living things are made up of cells.

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

List six elements for life

Nonetheless, all organisms are built from the same six essential elemental ingredients: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur (CHNOPS)

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

Describe the functions of the following organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria, vesicles, lysosome, chloroplasts, vacuoles, ribosomes, cilia, flagella, cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer), cell wall, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), centrioles (centrosomes).

Nucleus-protects DNA Mitochondria-where food is broken downduring cellular respiration so ATP can be released to be used by the cell Vesicles-transports proteins around the cellLysosome-destroys armful substances or worn out cell parts Chloroplasts-were photosynthesis occurs Vacuoles-large storage container for water, food, and waste (only in plant cells) Ribosomes-made of proteins, provides structural support for animal cells Cilia-sweep away particlesFlagella-acts like a whip to move the cell Cell Membrane-made of 2 layers of phospholipids, controls what moves in and out of the cell Cell Wall-made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria Cytoplasm-liquid that organelles rest in Golgi Apparatus-processed and sorts proteins to be shipped Rough E.R.-covered in ribosomes and surrounds nucleus Smooth E.R.-makes lipids Centrioles-made of microtubules, helps the cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart

Infer which type of cell transport would be best suited to move a given substance across a cell membrane.

Passive transport or facilitated diffusion.

idenitfy a type of succession as primary or secondary based on an illustration or description

Primary succession occurs following an opening of a pristine habitat, for example, a lava flow, an area left from retreated glacier, or abandoned strip mine. In contrast, secondary succession is a response to a disturbance, for example, forest fire, tsunami, flood, or an abandoned field.

Classify a type of cellular transportation as active or passive based on a diagram or description

Spreading of molecules across a membrane until they are equally concentrated on both sides of the membrane.-passive

Explain the structure, location, and purpose of phospholipids.

Structure = consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and fatty acid "head" which consist of a phosphate group Location = often occur with other molecules - proteins, glycolipids, etc// in a bilayer such as a cell membrane Purpose = consist of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail// main component of all cell membranes

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

Predict the consequences of the failure or absence of an organelle inside a eukaryotic cell.

The cell wouldn't survive without the organelles such as mitochondria.

explain the structure of the cell membran and how its structure allows it to control what goes in and out of the cell

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable; it regulates what passes from one side to the other. A selectively permeable membrane will allow water to flow freely while limiting the passage of molecules, especially large molecules or those with a charge.

Explain how the relationship between predators and prey generates stability over time.

The relationship generates stability by monitoring each other. If there is a high number of predators, the prey population will decrease. If the prey population is decreasing, the predator population will also decrease.

Describe the role of pioneer species in beginning the process of primary ecological succession, as well as a climax community at the end of both primary and secondary succession

The role of lichens and moss is to take something from their enviornment and adapt to it so that it increases the survival of them as well as others. Climax community really comes into play when these successions are stable and are able to stay consistent and away from thes ecological changes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth)

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a membranous organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. ... Its main functions are the synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, the detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts and the storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell.

Nuceleus

The structure in the cell that contains the chromosomes is

Explain the influence humans have on the three geochemical cycles in Concept 2.

Their impact on the cycles can change the climate in the area of the cycles

List the levels of organization that make up an organism

There are five levels: cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and organisms. All living things are made up of cells.

explain the difference between immigration and emigration

To immigrate is to enter and settle in a foreign country, leaving a past home. "Immigrate" implies a permanent move and applies only to people. For example, My grandparents immigrated to the United States in the 1920s. To emigrate is to leave one country or region to settle in another. "Emigrate" implies a permanent move and only applies to people. For example, My grandparents emigrated from Norway. The difference between "immigrate" and "emigrate" is that "immigrating" is the act of entering a foreign country to live while "emigrating" is the act of leaving a country to live in another. Consider the differences in our above examples, My grandparents immigrated to the United States. My grandparents emigrated from Norway.

Explain the difference between multicellular and unicellular organisms

Unicellular only have 1 cell, multicellular have many that organize into organ systems

List where living organisms (both human and non-human) play a role in each geochemical cycle.

Water Cycle:All organisms use water for nutrient transport, chem. reactions, diffusion, cellular respiration, photosynthesis(negative human impact: deforestation, pollution) Carbon Cycle:Decomposers: break down dead stuff to return nutrients to soil Photosynthetic organisms: remove CO2 from atmosphere, convert it to simple sugars Animals, Plants, Fungi: cellular respiration to break down carbon rich foods for energy Nitrogen Cycle:Bacteria: most important in converting nitrogen to different forms Fungi - break down nitrogen rich waste and put it in soil

The four cycles you learned about

Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles

What is the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth?

With unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially. When those resources become less available, a logistic growth occurs.

malignant

cancerous

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Golgi apparatus function

modifies, packages, stores, and transports lipids made by Smooth ER

benign

not cancerous

Mitochondra

organelles where energy is released from breaking down food into carbon dioxide and water

biota

plants and animals living in a region