Human Cardiovascular Physiology- Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations Chapter 22

The average heart beats approximately _______ to ________ beats per minute, and so the length of the cardiac cycle is about 0.8 second.

70 to 76

"Lub" means what valves close, occurs at the beginning of systole?

AV (tricuspid and bicuspid )

How would venous pressure compare to arterial pressure?

Venous pressure is lower; because veins are further from the pumping action of the heart

Identify phase of the cardiac cycle. Systolic pressure

Ventricular Ejection

Identify phase of the cardiac cycle. Diastolic pressure

Ventricular Relaxation

During ventricular systole, the pressure in the aorta reaches approximately _________ mm Hg.

120

What does the Semilunar valve go to?

Aorta

_________________ pulse counts are routinely ordered for people with cardiac disease

Apical

The pressure the blood exerts against the inner blood vessel walls, it is generally measured into the arteries

Blood pressure

It is the events of one complete heart beat; both the atria and ventricles contract and then relax, and predictable sequence of changes in blood volume and pressure occur within the heart

Cardiac cycle

Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute

Cardiac output

Arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to _____________ ________________ and __________________ ______________

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance

Rising pressure in the ventricles causes the atrioventricular valves to _____________

Close

At the side of the neck

Common carotid artery

While the ventricles are ___________, the atria relax

Contracting

What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased diameter of arterioles

Decrease

What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? hemorrhage

Decrease

Relaxation

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart chambers during which they fill with blood, usually refers to ventricular relaxation

Diastole

Pressure in the heart is very low, and blood is flowing passively from the pulmonary and systemic circulations into the atria and on through the ventricles. The semilunar valves are closed, and the AV valves are open. Then atrial contraction occurs and atrial pressure increases, forcing blood remaining in their chambers into the ventricles.

Diastole (relaxation)

The cuff pressure that corresponds to when the sounds korotkoff disappear ______________ _____________

Diastolic pressure

The pressure that corresponds to arterial pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.

Diastolic pressure

On the dorsum of the foot

Dorsalis pedis artery

In the groin

Femoral artery

What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased blood viscosity

Increase

What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased cardiac output

Increase

What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased pulse rate

Increase

What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? arteriosclerosis

Increase

As cuff pressure is gradually released, the examiner listens with a stethoscope over the biracial artery for characteristic sounds called the sounds of __________________, which indicate the resumption of blood flow into the forearm.

Korotokoff

Immediately after the second heart sound the ___________ are filling with blood, and the __________ are empty.

Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle

When ventricular pressure exceeds the large heart arteries (pulmonary and aorta), the semilunar valves ______________

Open

__________________ _______________ is increased by blood vessel constriction (most importantly, the arterioles), by an increase in blood viscosity or volume, and by a loss of elasticity of the arteries

Peripheral resistance

Above the medial malleolus

Posterior tibia artery

Two factors that alter blood pressure

Posture and exercise

Refers to alternating surges of pressure (expansion and then recoil) in an artery that occur with each beat of the left ventricle. Normally it equals the heart rate, and averages between 70 to 76 beats per minute in the resting state.

Pulse

Any large difference between the values observed, referred to as a _______ ___________, may indicate a weakened heart that is unable to pump sufficient blood into the arterial tree, or abnormal heart rhythms.

Pulse deficit

At the wrist

Radial artery

In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the lowest?

Reclining

Blood pressure = cardiac output X ___________________

Resistance

And as ventricles chambers fill with blood, atrial pressure gradually ___________.

Rises

"Dub" means what valves close, occurs at the end of systole?

SV

What changes occurred when the subject emptied the forearm of blood (by raising the arm and making a fist) and the flow was blocked with cuff?

Skin becomes pale and cool

In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the highest?

Standing

In front of the ear

Superficial temporal artery

At the end of ventricular ___________________, the ventricles relax; the semilunar valves snap shut, preventing backflow, and the pressure within the ventricles begins to drop

Systole

Contraction of the heart chambers during which blood leaves the chambers, usually refers to ventricular contraction

Systole

The cuff pressure at which blood flow into the arm resumes causing the sounds of korotkoff to occur corresponds to the ______________ ________________

Systolic pressure

The pressure that corresponds to arterial pressure at the peak of ventricular ejection of blood

Systolic pressure

What changes can occur during venous congestion?

The skin becomes pink (red) and warm and veins are congested invisibly

The ____________ pulse (actually the counting of heartbeats) may be slightly faster than the radial because of a slight lag in time as the blood rushes the heart into the large arteries where it can be palpated

apical

The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first sound are the __________________

atria

When the ___________________________ pressure is again less than atrial pressure, the AV valves are forced open, and the ventricles again being to fill with blood. Atrial and aortic pressure decrease, and the ventricles rapidly refill, completing the cycle.

intraventricular pressure

What its the name of the instrument used to compress the artery and record pressures in the auscultatory method of determining blood pressure?

sphygmomanometer

Then ventricular ___________ begins and pressure in the ventricles rises rapidly, closing the AV valves. When it exceeds that of the large arteries leaving the heart, the semilunar valves are forced open, and the blood in the ventricles gushes through the valves.

systole

And the chambers that have just emptied are the _______

ventricles