Human Cardiovascular Physiology- Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations Chapter 22
The average heart beats approximately _______ to ________ beats per minute, and so the length of the cardiac cycle is about 0.8 second.
70 to 76
"Lub" means what valves close, occurs at the beginning of systole?
AV (tricuspid and bicuspid )
How would venous pressure compare to arterial pressure?
Venous pressure is lower; because veins are further from the pumping action of the heart
Identify phase of the cardiac cycle. Systolic pressure
Ventricular Ejection
Identify phase of the cardiac cycle. Diastolic pressure
Ventricular Relaxation
During ventricular systole, the pressure in the aorta reaches approximately _________ mm Hg.
120
What does the Semilunar valve go to?
Aorta
_________________ pulse counts are routinely ordered for people with cardiac disease
Apical
The pressure the blood exerts against the inner blood vessel walls, it is generally measured into the arteries
Blood pressure
It is the events of one complete heart beat; both the atria and ventricles contract and then relax, and predictable sequence of changes in blood volume and pressure occur within the heart
Cardiac cycle
Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute
Cardiac output
Arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to _____________ ________________ and __________________ ______________
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance
Rising pressure in the ventricles causes the atrioventricular valves to _____________
Close
At the side of the neck
Common carotid artery
While the ventricles are ___________, the atria relax
Contracting
What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased diameter of arterioles
Decrease
What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? hemorrhage
Decrease
Relaxation
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart chambers during which they fill with blood, usually refers to ventricular relaxation
Diastole
Pressure in the heart is very low, and blood is flowing passively from the pulmonary and systemic circulations into the atria and on through the ventricles. The semilunar valves are closed, and the AV valves are open. Then atrial contraction occurs and atrial pressure increases, forcing blood remaining in their chambers into the ventricles.
Diastole (relaxation)
The cuff pressure that corresponds to when the sounds korotkoff disappear ______________ _____________
Diastolic pressure
The pressure that corresponds to arterial pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.
Diastolic pressure
On the dorsum of the foot
Dorsalis pedis artery
In the groin
Femoral artery
What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased blood viscosity
Increase
What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased cardiac output
Increase
What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? Increased pulse rate
Increase
What effect do the following have on blood pressure? Increase or decrease? arteriosclerosis
Increase
As cuff pressure is gradually released, the examiner listens with a stethoscope over the biracial artery for characteristic sounds called the sounds of __________________, which indicate the resumption of blood flow into the forearm.
Korotokoff
Immediately after the second heart sound the ___________ are filling with blood, and the __________ are empty.
Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle
When ventricular pressure exceeds the large heart arteries (pulmonary and aorta), the semilunar valves ______________
Open
__________________ _______________ is increased by blood vessel constriction (most importantly, the arterioles), by an increase in blood viscosity or volume, and by a loss of elasticity of the arteries
Peripheral resistance
Above the medial malleolus
Posterior tibia artery
Two factors that alter blood pressure
Posture and exercise
Refers to alternating surges of pressure (expansion and then recoil) in an artery that occur with each beat of the left ventricle. Normally it equals the heart rate, and averages between 70 to 76 beats per minute in the resting state.
Pulse
Any large difference between the values observed, referred to as a _______ ___________, may indicate a weakened heart that is unable to pump sufficient blood into the arterial tree, or abnormal heart rhythms.
Pulse deficit
At the wrist
Radial artery
In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the lowest?
Reclining
Blood pressure = cardiac output X ___________________
Resistance
And as ventricles chambers fill with blood, atrial pressure gradually ___________.
Rises
"Dub" means what valves close, occurs at the end of systole?
SV
What changes occurred when the subject emptied the forearm of blood (by raising the arm and making a fist) and the flow was blocked with cuff?
Skin becomes pale and cool
In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the highest?
Standing
In front of the ear
Superficial temporal artery
At the end of ventricular ___________________, the ventricles relax; the semilunar valves snap shut, preventing backflow, and the pressure within the ventricles begins to drop
Systole
Contraction of the heart chambers during which blood leaves the chambers, usually refers to ventricular contraction
Systole
The cuff pressure at which blood flow into the arm resumes causing the sounds of korotkoff to occur corresponds to the ______________ ________________
Systolic pressure
The pressure that corresponds to arterial pressure at the peak of ventricular ejection of blood
Systolic pressure
What changes can occur during venous congestion?
The skin becomes pink (red) and warm and veins are congested invisibly
The ____________ pulse (actually the counting of heartbeats) may be slightly faster than the radial because of a slight lag in time as the blood rushes the heart into the large arteries where it can be palpated
apical
The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first sound are the __________________
atria
When the ___________________________ pressure is again less than atrial pressure, the AV valves are forced open, and the ventricles again being to fill with blood. Atrial and aortic pressure decrease, and the ventricles rapidly refill, completing the cycle.
intraventricular pressure
What its the name of the instrument used to compress the artery and record pressures in the auscultatory method of determining blood pressure?
sphygmomanometer
Then ventricular ___________ begins and pressure in the ventricles rises rapidly, closing the AV valves. When it exceeds that of the large arteries leaving the heart, the semilunar valves are forced open, and the blood in the ventricles gushes through the valves.
systole
And the chambers that have just emptied are the _______
ventricles