Human Cognitive Final

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _____ chance that Sarah is a science major. a. 100% b. 50% c. 40% d. 60%

40%

Who invented the lobotomy? a. Egas Moniz b. Sigmund Freud c. Francis Crick

Egas Moniz

Consider the following syllogism: If p then q. p q This syllogism is a(n) ______ syllogism. a. abstract categorical b. abstract conditional c. concrete conditional d. concrete categorical

abstract conditional

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems a. experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices b. experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles c. experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices d. bring an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the a. falsification principle b. typicality principle c. confirmation bias d. permission schema

confirmation bias

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. a. deductive b. intuitive c. falsification d. inductive

deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning. a. deductive b. descriptive c. conjuctive d. inductive

deductive

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tuna swam away across the pond." Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains a. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases b. a focusing illusion c. a belief bias d. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information

descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix, gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates a. group brainstorming b. structural analyses c. creative cognition d. convergent thinking

group brainstorming

The validity of a syllogism depends on a. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusions b. its form c. the truth of its conclusion d. the truth of its premises

its form

Your textbook suggests that a trait appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ____ a. low capacity for divergent thinking b. low pressure tolerance c. latent inhibition d. high levels of neuroticism

latent inhibition

Which group of people receive longer prison sentences? a. less attractive people b. attractive people c. they receive equivalent sentences

less attractive people

How many synaptic connections between neurons are there in a single cubic millimeter of brain tissue? a. two hundred trillion b. one billion c. one hundred million

one hundred million

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. mental sets b. operators c. intermediate states d. subgoals

operators

According to your book, what is a "hallmark characteristic of the majority criminals in the prison system?" a. gambling b. poor impulse control c. above average intelligence

poor impulse control

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a. the falsification principle b. confirmation bias c. the representativeness heurisitc d. utility

the representativeness heuristic

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a. the initial state is not clearly defined b. the solution is immediately obvious c. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state d. the goal state is not clearly defined

the solution is immediately obvious

People tend to overestimate a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings b. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree c. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings d. subjective utility values following a decision

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using a. an atmosphere effect b. an illusory correlation c. the law of large numbers d. the falsification principle

an illusory correlation

The typical purpose of subgoals is to a. solve insight problems b. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state d. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping of this process? a. likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor b. developing schemas for each individual problem c. generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem d. connecting the fortress with the tumor

connecting the fortress with the tumor

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartoons, Ali made several bird-feeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a. convergent thinking b. hierarchical organization c. insight d. divergent thinking

divergent thinking

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an a. integral immediate emotion b. incidental immediate emotion c. immediate emotion d. expected emotion

expected emotion

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had _____ features in common with the radiation problem. a. insufficient-intensity; structural b. fragile-glass; structural c. fragile-glass; surface d.insufficient-intensity; surface

fragile-glass; structural

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the _____ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the _____ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome. a. striate nucleus; locus coeruleus b. diencephalon; putamen c. basal ganglia; corpus callosum d. prefrontal cortex; insula

idk

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of a. incidental immediate emotion b. expected emotion c. integral immediate emotion d. immediate emotion

integral immediate emotion

In the two-string problems, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state. a. goal b. functional fixedness c. intermediate d. initial

intermediate

What does the author hope that punishment decisions will one day be based on? a. severity of the crime b. neuroplasticity c. IQ tests

neuroplasticity

The radiation problem can be solved using a. mental set b. means-end analysis c. representation and restructuring d. warmth judgments

representation and restructuring

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class is descending order (the higher grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should a. search her memory for instances when she get her exam back first and for instances when she did not b. search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first c. wait until the next exam is passed back to see if she gets her back first d. search her memory for instances when she did not get her exam back first

search her memory for instances when she get her exam back first and for instances when she did not

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem? a. social-exchange theory b. falsification principle c. permission schemas d. availability heuristic

social-exchange theory

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem a. target b. source c. prototype d. exemplar

source

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problem shave very different a. operators b. structural features c. mental sets d. surface features

surface features

Experts ____ than novices a. spend less time analyzing problems b. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem c. are better at reasoning in general d. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. a. the argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence b. the argument is weak because there is only one specific case c. the argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities d. the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations

the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if a. fewer tacks are provided b. the candle is already lit c. pliers are also presented d. the box is empty

the box is empty

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow" Conclusion: Therefore, all dags say "meow" Which statement below describes this syllogism? a. both premises are valid b. the conclusion is true c. the conclusion is valid d. the conclusion os not valid

the conclusion is valid

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a. the falsification principle b. selective attention c. illusory correlations d. the availability heuristic

the falsification principle

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner b. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving c. which people can be considered more creative in a ability to solve problems d. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem