Human Communication: Chapter 9 Revel

interpersonal violence

physical violence against a partner or child

homogeneity

high degree of similarity

A high degree of similarity is also known as _____.

homogeneity

equity

perception that one's costs (or inputs) are balanced by one's rewards (or outputs)

turning point model

model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship

Knapp's stage model

model of relationship development that views relationships as occurring in "stages" and that focuses on how people communicate as relationships develop and decline

James is angry and teases his roommate Mike because of it. This is inauthentic of James because he is.

not taking responsibility for what he says and means

_____ are behaviors that couples perform that help maintain relationships.

relational maintenance

relational trajectory models

relationship development models that view relationship development as more variable than do stage models

Stacey and James had been in relationship for three years. James thought everything was fine. But one day, Stacey ends it, without giving any prior warning to James. This relationship ended by ______.

sudden death

_____ is a nonlinear model that best captures the fact that relationship development can be bidirectional- that is couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship

Turning point model

Isabelle met Mx during their first year of college. A mutual friend introduced the. Isabelle became interested in Max the moment she saw him. She even commented on how tall, good looking, and muscular he was. This is an example of the ______ theory.

attraction

Inauthentic communication attempts to ______ the interaction or the other person for one's own goals.

manipulate

When Stacey says, "He's too attractive for me. He'd never go out with a girl like me" her thought process is correlating with the tendency called ______.

matching hypothesis

hurtful messages

messages that criticize, tease, reject, or otherwise cause an emotional injury to another

Michelle is in a relationship with John. She is having Carly communicate with John about her unhappiness about the relation and her desire to end it. Michelle is using____.

Machiavellian tactics

Your text notes that the vast majority of marriages in the United States are homogenous. Which of the following statements best illustrates this concept?

Marriages tend to occur between people of similar religious backgrounds

According to research by Muehlenhard and others, in order for a heterosexual man to initiate interaction with a woman, what must occur first?

The woman must send cues to the man that she is interested and available

_____ messages are not intended to hurt the recipient.

Unintentional

jealousy

a complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing relationship

According to your text, people with even a few close relationships experience ______ than those who are lonely.

a greater sense of well-being

Showing how friendship can exert a powerful influence on a person, your text notes that the united States, it is understood that friendship plays a extremely important role in the lives of _____.

adolescents

After spending several months dating, Ari and Ellen are no longer going on any dates or weekend excursions. In fact, they are both working late shifts at work to avoid having to spend too much time together. According to Knapp's step model, Ari and Ellen's relationship development is at the ___step .

avoiding

relational maintenance

behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships

After dating for several months, Sarah and Mark keep getting into arguments over the littlest of things. To avoid getting into another argument, they are only engaging in small talk. According to K nap's step model, Sarah and Mark's relationship development is at the ___ step.

circumscribing

deception

concealment, distortion, or dishonesty in communication

Harry made an anniversary dinner foe Lexi. He accidentally burned the meat and forgot to add seasoning to most of the meal. t the end of dinner, Lexi told him, "Dinner was wonderful." Which of the following best characterizes Lexi's behavior?

deceptive

similarity

degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background

It is vital to _____ issues that are important to the relationship and to the other person to maintain and authentic relationship.

confront

Your text describes three "pitfalls" of inauthentic communication. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

confrontation

The situation in which a message is delivered impacts the recipients' feeling of injury and is referred to as ______.

context

When you deny your partner the right to speak on topic because of his or her sex or because you perceive yourself to be more expert on the topic, you are _____ the person.

disqualifying

Your text lists many factors that distinguish close relationships from other types of interpersonal relationships. Which one of these is NOT one of those factors?

formality

withdrawal/avoidance

friendship termination strategy in which friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other

Machiavellian tactics

having a third party convey one's unhappiness about a relationship

matching hypothesis

he tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are

proximity

how physically close one is to others

People unintentionally wound others when they attempt to express dissatisfaction. When a person is doing this, they are conveying _____ messages.

hurtful

______ messages occur when a person criticizes, teases, rejects, or otherwise causes an emotional injury to another.

hurtful

Sarah and Mark are on date number two. The date is going wonderfully. Both of them are being extremely charming and nice to one another. According to Knapp's step model, Sarah and Mark's relationship development is at the ___ step.

initiating

Many faiths have long prescribed whom their members should marry, how many spouses they could have, and even if they should date. This is an example of how specific ____ impact our communication and relationships.

institutions

Many faiths have long prescribed whom there members should marry, how many spouses they could have, and even if they should date. This is an example of how specific _____ impact our communication and relationships.

institutions

The messages that are perceived as being designed specifically to cause harm to the recipient are called ______ messages.

intentional

Your text describes two types of hurtful messages. What are they?

intentional and unintentional

Authentic communication is particularly important in close relationships because authentic communication is connected to _____.

intimacy

_____ combines anger, sadness, worry, embarrassment, and disappointment.

jealously

Dante's best friends Mike is always picking up the tab at end of the night for both of them. Mike even pays for their joint cab ride home. In this relationship, Dante is ______.

over benefitted

overbenefitted

overbenefitted people perceive that their rewards exceed their costs

The most typical way relationships end is through _____, which is when the relationship simply declines over time and the partners are aware that problems remain unresolved

passing away

sexual coercion

physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex

Phones liked Ariel initially, but over time, as he learned more about her, he discovered that he dint like Ariel at all. This is development can be explained by the ______ theory.

predicted outcome

passing away

process by which relationships decline over time

sudden death

process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant

The attraction theory holds that there are three primary forces that draw people together to form relationships: interpersonal attractiveness, similarity, and _____.

proximity

Researchers have found that a lack of close relationship is associated with which of the following?

psychological disorders

______ is the degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background.

similarity

In which theory do people seek relationships where perceived rewards outweigh perceived costs?

social exchange theory

Which theory states that see-disclosure occurs across three dimensions: breadth, depth, and frequency?

social penetration

bonding

stage of romantic relational development characterized by public commitment

initiating

stage of romantic relational development in which both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable

integrating

stage of romantic relational development in which both people portray themselves as a couple

intensifying

stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness

experimenting

stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to learn about each other

circumscribing

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics

terminating

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples end the relationship

differentiating

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples increase their interpersonal distance

avoiding

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try not to interact with each other

stagnating

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try to prevent change

attractiveness

the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities, or behavior

truth bias

the tendency to not suspect one's intimates of deception

uncertainty reduction theory

theory that argues relationship development is facilitated or derailed by participants' efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other

equity theory

theory that argues that people are more satisfied in relationships they perceive as fair, that is, where their costs are balanced or exceeded by their rewards

predicted outcome theory

theory that attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion

social exchange theory

theory that explains the development and longevity of relationships as a result of individuals' ability to maximize the rewards and minimize the costs of their relationships

attraction theory

theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together

social penetration theory

theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self-disclosure

According to the ______ theory, when you first meet someone much of your interaction is dedicated to reducing uncertainty and determining whether you wish to interact with this person again.

uncertainty reduction

Elsa and her roommate Nikki became friends when living together freshman year. Elsa really enjoyed hanging out with Nikki. Over time though, Elsa realized that she was constantly paying for Nikki's meals because Nikki was forgetting her wallet. Eventually Elsa decided she wasn't enjoying they friendship anymore. Elsa was _____ in their relationship.

underbenefitted

underbenefitted

underbenefitted people perceive that their costs exceed their rewards

People in close relationships tend to see each other as _______.

unique and irreplaceable

The _____ disengagement strategy is characterized by friends that don't return phone calls.

withdrawal/ avoidance