Human Communication: Chapter 9 Revel
interpersonal violence
physical violence against a partner or child
homogeneity
high degree of similarity
A high degree of similarity is also known as _____.
homogeneity
equity
perception that one's costs (or inputs) are balanced by one's rewards (or outputs)
turning point model
model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship
Knapp's stage model
model of relationship development that views relationships as occurring in "stages" and that focuses on how people communicate as relationships develop and decline
James is angry and teases his roommate Mike because of it. This is inauthentic of James because he is.
not taking responsibility for what he says and means
_____ are behaviors that couples perform that help maintain relationships.
relational maintenance
relational trajectory models
relationship development models that view relationship development as more variable than do stage models
Stacey and James had been in relationship for three years. James thought everything was fine. But one day, Stacey ends it, without giving any prior warning to James. This relationship ended by ______.
sudden death
_____ is a nonlinear model that best captures the fact that relationship development can be bidirectional- that is couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship
Turning point model
Isabelle met Mx during their first year of college. A mutual friend introduced the. Isabelle became interested in Max the moment she saw him. She even commented on how tall, good looking, and muscular he was. This is an example of the ______ theory.
attraction
Inauthentic communication attempts to ______ the interaction or the other person for one's own goals.
manipulate
When Stacey says, "He's too attractive for me. He'd never go out with a girl like me" her thought process is correlating with the tendency called ______.
matching hypothesis
hurtful messages
messages that criticize, tease, reject, or otherwise cause an emotional injury to another
Michelle is in a relationship with John. She is having Carly communicate with John about her unhappiness about the relation and her desire to end it. Michelle is using____.
Machiavellian tactics
Your text notes that the vast majority of marriages in the United States are homogenous. Which of the following statements best illustrates this concept?
Marriages tend to occur between people of similar religious backgrounds
According to research by Muehlenhard and others, in order for a heterosexual man to initiate interaction with a woman, what must occur first?
The woman must send cues to the man that she is interested and available
_____ messages are not intended to hurt the recipient.
Unintentional
jealousy
a complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing relationship
According to your text, people with even a few close relationships experience ______ than those who are lonely.
a greater sense of well-being
Showing how friendship can exert a powerful influence on a person, your text notes that the united States, it is understood that friendship plays a extremely important role in the lives of _____.
adolescents
After spending several months dating, Ari and Ellen are no longer going on any dates or weekend excursions. In fact, they are both working late shifts at work to avoid having to spend too much time together. According to Knapp's step model, Ari and Ellen's relationship development is at the ___step .
avoiding
relational maintenance
behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships
After dating for several months, Sarah and Mark keep getting into arguments over the littlest of things. To avoid getting into another argument, they are only engaging in small talk. According to K nap's step model, Sarah and Mark's relationship development is at the ___ step.
circumscribing
deception
concealment, distortion, or dishonesty in communication
Harry made an anniversary dinner foe Lexi. He accidentally burned the meat and forgot to add seasoning to most of the meal. t the end of dinner, Lexi told him, "Dinner was wonderful." Which of the following best characterizes Lexi's behavior?
deceptive
similarity
degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background
It is vital to _____ issues that are important to the relationship and to the other person to maintain and authentic relationship.
confront
Your text describes three "pitfalls" of inauthentic communication. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
confrontation
The situation in which a message is delivered impacts the recipients' feeling of injury and is referred to as ______.
context
When you deny your partner the right to speak on topic because of his or her sex or because you perceive yourself to be more expert on the topic, you are _____ the person.
disqualifying
Your text lists many factors that distinguish close relationships from other types of interpersonal relationships. Which one of these is NOT one of those factors?
formality
withdrawal/avoidance
friendship termination strategy in which friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other
Machiavellian tactics
having a third party convey one's unhappiness about a relationship
matching hypothesis
he tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are
proximity
how physically close one is to others
People unintentionally wound others when they attempt to express dissatisfaction. When a person is doing this, they are conveying _____ messages.
hurtful
______ messages occur when a person criticizes, teases, rejects, or otherwise causes an emotional injury to another.
hurtful
Sarah and Mark are on date number two. The date is going wonderfully. Both of them are being extremely charming and nice to one another. According to Knapp's step model, Sarah and Mark's relationship development is at the ___ step.
initiating
Many faiths have long prescribed whom their members should marry, how many spouses they could have, and even if they should date. This is an example of how specific ____ impact our communication and relationships.
institutions
Many faiths have long prescribed whom there members should marry, how many spouses they could have, and even if they should date. This is an example of how specific _____ impact our communication and relationships.
institutions
The messages that are perceived as being designed specifically to cause harm to the recipient are called ______ messages.
intentional
Your text describes two types of hurtful messages. What are they?
intentional and unintentional
Authentic communication is particularly important in close relationships because authentic communication is connected to _____.
intimacy
_____ combines anger, sadness, worry, embarrassment, and disappointment.
jealously
Dante's best friends Mike is always picking up the tab at end of the night for both of them. Mike even pays for their joint cab ride home. In this relationship, Dante is ______.
over benefitted
overbenefitted
overbenefitted people perceive that their rewards exceed their costs
The most typical way relationships end is through _____, which is when the relationship simply declines over time and the partners are aware that problems remain unresolved
passing away
sexual coercion
physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex
Phones liked Ariel initially, but over time, as he learned more about her, he discovered that he dint like Ariel at all. This is development can be explained by the ______ theory.
predicted outcome
passing away
process by which relationships decline over time
sudden death
process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant
The attraction theory holds that there are three primary forces that draw people together to form relationships: interpersonal attractiveness, similarity, and _____.
proximity
Researchers have found that a lack of close relationship is associated with which of the following?
psychological disorders
______ is the degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background.
similarity
In which theory do people seek relationships where perceived rewards outweigh perceived costs?
social exchange theory
Which theory states that see-disclosure occurs across three dimensions: breadth, depth, and frequency?
social penetration
bonding
stage of romantic relational development characterized by public commitment
initiating
stage of romantic relational development in which both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable
integrating
stage of romantic relational development in which both people portray themselves as a couple
intensifying
stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness
experimenting
stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to learn about each other
circumscribing
stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics
terminating
stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples end the relationship
differentiating
stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples increase their interpersonal distance
avoiding
stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try not to interact with each other
stagnating
stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try to prevent change
attractiveness
the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities, or behavior
truth bias
the tendency to not suspect one's intimates of deception
uncertainty reduction theory
theory that argues relationship development is facilitated or derailed by participants' efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other
equity theory
theory that argues that people are more satisfied in relationships they perceive as fair, that is, where their costs are balanced or exceeded by their rewards
predicted outcome theory
theory that attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion
social exchange theory
theory that explains the development and longevity of relationships as a result of individuals' ability to maximize the rewards and minimize the costs of their relationships
attraction theory
theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together
social penetration theory
theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self-disclosure
According to the ______ theory, when you first meet someone much of your interaction is dedicated to reducing uncertainty and determining whether you wish to interact with this person again.
uncertainty reduction
Elsa and her roommate Nikki became friends when living together freshman year. Elsa really enjoyed hanging out with Nikki. Over time though, Elsa realized that she was constantly paying for Nikki's meals because Nikki was forgetting her wallet. Eventually Elsa decided she wasn't enjoying they friendship anymore. Elsa was _____ in their relationship.
underbenefitted
underbenefitted
underbenefitted people perceive that their costs exceed their rewards
People in close relationships tend to see each other as _______.
unique and irreplaceable
The _____ disengagement strategy is characterized by friends that don't return phone calls.
withdrawal/ avoidance