Human-Computer Interaction
What are the effects on a human user who must engage with a poor HCI interface?
-*s*tress -higher *c*ognitive workload -higher *a*bsenteeism -increased system *b*reakdowns -decreased job *s*atisfaction -lower safety + performance levels ~SCABS lower safety and performance~
What is the difference between friendly and malevolent AI?
-Assumption: AI would conform to human morality -Shaky -Issue of control
What is machine ethics?
-Autonomous agents -Treatment of humans + other machines
What are the goals of HCI?
-Effectiveness -Safety -User-friendliness
Know Nielsen's Usability Heuristics that do not correspond with Shneiderman's rules
-aesthetic + minimalist design -help & documentation
3 areas of future research for the development of BMIs
-disorders of consciousness -stroke recovery -functional brain mapping
What are the 4 approaches for studying HCI?
-empirical approach -anthropometric approach -cognitive approach -predictive modeling
GOMS model
-goals -operators -methods -selection
Underlying causes of poor HCI interfaces include:
-ignorance or misunderstanding of user capacities and limitations/user needs/user's environment -places undue stress on human user -intolerant of minor errors
ideological underpinnings of the AI concept
-power of creation myths -Jewish folklore
What are the human traits or capabilities that AI tries to replicate?
-problem solving -learning -natural language processing -motion + manipulation -social intelligence -creativity
Why does there remain a great need for HCI research despite great strides in technological innovation?
-rapid technological evolution -designers' understanding of user has not changed (main obstacle: no communication with end-user. ex: menu based system>command based system)
Why is HCI research so important?
-technology is constantly changing -prevalence in academia, industry and military -billion dollar industry
Know the four key ethical considerations affecting the development of AI
-treatment of humans + other machines -malevolent vs friendly AI -devaluation of humanity -decrease in demand for human labor
Know Asimov's 3 Laws of Robotics
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws
Know the differences between the 3 types of BMIs and advantages/disadvantages of each
1. Invasive -Advantage: largest, most reliable signal to device -Disadvantage: can produce scar tissue that weakens signal conductivity over time 2. Partially Invasive -Advantage: no risk of scarring -Disadvantage: moderate signal conductivity 3. Non-Invasive -Advantage: Wearable, no surgery necessary -Disadvantage: poor spatial resolution/ poor signal quality
Know Shneiderman's 8 Golden Rules of Interface Design
1. reduce short-term memory load 2. consistency 3. universal usability 4. informative feedback 5. design dialogues to yield closure 6. prevent errors 7. permit easy reversal of actions 8. support internal locus of control
Who created the Turing Test?
Alan Turing -British computer scientist/crypt-analyst -father of AI
Intelligent agents (computers and/or softwares) exhibiting "intelligent" behavior
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
historical antecedents leading to Fitt's List
Developed in light of increased understanding of limitations/dangers of automation as well as an increased understanding of human capabilities and limitations
What are brain-machine interfaces?
Direct communication system b/w human neural system and an exogenous device -can compensate for compromised human cognitive or sensory-motor function
What is the Uncanny Valley?
Features/movement are sufficiently life-like (but not indistinguishable)
Human-Computer Interaction
HF principles in the understanding, design, and evaluation of human-computer or human-machine systems and human-machine systems
How does the Turing test work?
Q & A sessions with written answers -Arbiter must make judgment about opponent deciding if it is a human or machine?
Fitt's List
Task allocation should depend on -Task type -Benefits + drawbacks of human contribution -Benefits + drawbacks of automation contribution
What is the Turing test?
a task designed to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior "equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human"
Automation aids beyond computers such as "smart" devices are a form of ______.
embedded computation
The emphasis in HCI is on the ______.
interface
______ better communicates how to interact w/ the system, basing it on real world
metaphoric design
_______ are brain-machine interfaces that compensate for damaged sensory or motor systems
neuroprothetics
the intersection of social behavior and computational systems based on creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology
social computing