Human-Computer Interaction

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What are the effects on a human user who must engage with a poor HCI interface?

-*s*tress -higher *c*ognitive workload -higher *a*bsenteeism -increased system *b*reakdowns -decreased job *s*atisfaction -lower safety + performance levels ~SCABS lower safety and performance~

What is the difference between friendly and malevolent AI?

-Assumption: AI would conform to human morality -Shaky -Issue of control

What is machine ethics?

-Autonomous agents -Treatment of humans + other machines

What are the goals of HCI?

-Effectiveness -Safety -User-friendliness

Know Nielsen's Usability Heuristics that do not correspond with Shneiderman's rules

-aesthetic + minimalist design -help & documentation

3 areas of future research for the development of BMIs

-disorders of consciousness -stroke recovery -functional brain mapping

What are the 4 approaches for studying HCI?

-empirical approach -anthropometric approach -cognitive approach -predictive modeling

GOMS model

-goals -operators -methods -selection

Underlying causes of poor HCI interfaces include:

-ignorance or misunderstanding of user capacities and limitations/user needs/user's environment -places undue stress on human user -intolerant of minor errors

ideological underpinnings of the AI concept

-power of creation myths -Jewish folklore

What are the human traits or capabilities that AI tries to replicate?

-problem solving -learning -natural language processing -motion + manipulation -social intelligence -creativity

Why does there remain a great need for HCI research despite great strides in technological innovation?

-rapid technological evolution -designers' understanding of user has not changed (main obstacle: no communication with end-user. ex: menu based system>command based system)

Why is HCI research so important?

-technology is constantly changing -prevalence in academia, industry and military -billion dollar industry

Know the four key ethical considerations affecting the development of AI

-treatment of humans + other machines -malevolent vs friendly AI -devaluation of humanity -decrease in demand for human labor

Know Asimov's 3 Laws of Robotics

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws

Know the differences between the 3 types of BMIs and advantages/disadvantages of each

1. Invasive -Advantage: largest, most reliable signal to device -Disadvantage: can produce scar tissue that weakens signal conductivity over time 2. Partially Invasive -Advantage: no risk of scarring -Disadvantage: moderate signal conductivity 3. Non-Invasive -Advantage: Wearable, no surgery necessary -Disadvantage: poor spatial resolution/ poor signal quality

Know Shneiderman's 8 Golden Rules of Interface Design

1. reduce short-term memory load 2. consistency 3. universal usability 4. informative feedback 5. design dialogues to yield closure 6. prevent errors 7. permit easy reversal of actions 8. support internal locus of control

Who created the Turing Test?

Alan Turing -British computer scientist/crypt-analyst -father of AI

Intelligent agents (computers and/or softwares) exhibiting "intelligent" behavior

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

historical antecedents leading to Fitt's List

Developed in light of increased understanding of limitations/dangers of automation as well as an increased understanding of human capabilities and limitations

What are brain-machine interfaces?

Direct communication system b/w human neural system and an exogenous device -can compensate for compromised human cognitive or sensory-motor function

What is the Uncanny Valley?

Features/movement are sufficiently life-like (but not indistinguishable)

Human-Computer Interaction

HF principles in the understanding, design, and evaluation of human-computer or human-machine systems and human-machine systems

How does the Turing test work?

Q & A sessions with written answers -Arbiter must make judgment about opponent deciding if it is a human or machine?

Fitt's List

Task allocation should depend on -Task type -Benefits + drawbacks of human contribution -Benefits + drawbacks of automation contribution

What is the Turing test?

a task designed to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior "equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human"

Automation aids beyond computers such as "smart" devices are a form of ______.

embedded computation

The emphasis in HCI is on the ______.

interface

______ better communicates how to interact w/ the system, basing it on real world

metaphoric design

_______ are brain-machine interfaces that compensate for damaged sensory or motor systems

neuroprothetics

the intersection of social behavior and computational systems based on creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology

social computing


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