Human Development, Section Eight: Middle Adulthood

refers to the pleasant times after daily work hours when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing

Leisure

Which of the following are among theories that define stages of adult development? Levinson's seasons of a man's life Erikson's life-span view Freud's psychoanalytical approach Bowlby's attachment theory

Levinson's seasons of a man's life Erikson's life-span view

Which of the following statements regarding changes in midlife are true? Middle age is starting earlier than in years past. Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today. Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. Many 50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago.

Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today. Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. Many 50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago.

-time tasks are one common way of assessing speed of information processing.

reaction

______ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion.

religion, religiousness

Viktor Frankl has identified which of the following as our most distinct human qualities? communication responsibility freedom spirituality

responsibility freedom spirituality

parents who live vicariously through their children and who report a decline in marital satisfaction when their children leave the home are experiencing insecure attachment. generativity. stagnation. empty nest syndrome.

empty nest syndrome.

The big five factors of personality can be condensed into the acronym OCEAN. It includes all of the following personality factors, EXCEPT neuroticism. agreeableness. excitability. openness. conscientiousness.

excitability.

Which of the following are part of the Big Five factors of personality? dependability extraversion agreeableness honesty openness

extraversion agreeableness openness

What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked "when you think of who you are, you think mainly of _____?" work religion culture family

family

What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked "when you think of who you are, you think mainly of _____?" Multiple choice question. work family religion culture

family

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern, while women are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern. fight or flight; tend and befriend friendship-seeking; therapy-seeking therapy-seeking; friendship-seeking tend and befriend; fight or flight

fight or flight; tend and befriend

The ability to reason abstractly that begins to decline in middle adulthood is called ______ intelligence. emotional fluid cognitive crystallized

fluid

Middle adulthood has been defined as the age period between the forties to mid-sixties. teens to twenties. twenties to mid-forties. mid-sixties to mid-eighties.

forties to mid-sixties.

Approximately ______ percent of 45- to 54-years-olds were in the workforce in 2019.

80

By 2020, experts project that _____ percent of children at 30 years of age will still have living grandparents. Multiple choice question. 60 40 80 20

80

Roughly, what percentage of adults responded that adults have a duty to care for their aging parents? 90 percent 50 percent 30 percent 80 percent

80

_ disorders have a slow onset and a long duration. Seasonal Chronic Mental Acute

Chronic

What was Victor Frankl's view about people's search for meaning in life? Searching for meaning is destined to be a fruitless exercise. People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist. People will best find meaning when they finally realize that free will is an illusion. It is difficult to find meaning in life without organized religion to provide a framework.

People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist.

Which of the following is true of adult stage theories? They assert that midlife is unimportant compared to other developmental stages. They tend to stress the overall stability of midlife. They focus on individual variations in adult development. They have contributed to the view that midlife brings a crisis in development.

They have contributed to the view that midlife brings a crisis in development.

Studies report that there is _________ association between religious participation and longevity. no a negative a neutral a positive

a positive

Select the leading causes of death in middle adulthood. cardiovascular disease and automobile accidents cerebrovascular disease and cancer cancer and cardiovascular disease automobile accidents cerebrovascular disease

cancer and cardiovascular disease

Metabolic syndrome may result in which of the following? cardiovascular disease sarcopenia weight loss diabetes

cardiovascular disease diabetes

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. menarchic climacteric perimenopausal menopausal

climacteric

The majority of sibling relationships in middle adulthood can be described as rivalrous. close. ambivalent. distant.

close.

omantic love tends to be stronger in early adulthood, while ______ love tends to be stronger in middle adulthood. Multiple choice question. fatuous companionate passionate empty

companionate

An accumulation of information and verbal skills that increases throughout life is called ______ intelligence. fluid crystallized cognitive emotional

crystallized

Speed of processing information ______ in middle adulthood.

decreases

Which of the following factors has most changed the role of grandparenting today? family conflicts small family units high health care costs increased longevity

increased longevity

What are the characteristics of metabolic syndrome? insulin resistance hypertension muscle loss obesity bone loss

insulin resistance hypertension obesity

Today, middle age is starting ______ and lasting ______ for increasing numbers of individuals.

later; longer

One of the top six regrets among U.S. adults was not engaging in more religion. work. exercise. leisure.

leisure.

The developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age is referred to as ___________ adulthood.

middle

The term climacteric refers to the

midlife transition in which fertility declines.

A cumulative personality model states that with time and age people become ______ at interacting with their environment in ways that promote ______ stability in personality. less adept; increased more adept; decreased less adept; decreased more adept; increased

more adept; increased

In middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes which of the following qualities? physical attraction mutual emotional interest passion security loyalty

mutual emotional interest security loyalty

Research on possible causes for the declining speed of processing information in adults involves which of the following levels of analysis? physiological neuroanatomical cognitive neurochemical

neuroanatomical cognitive neurochemical

Companies' emphasis on profits has resulted in mandating retirement at age 70. offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults. efforts to keep middle-aged adults as part of the workforce. an increase in benefits for American workers.

offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults.

companies' emphasis on profits has resulted in an increase in benefits for American workers. offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults. mandating retirement at age 70. efforts to keep middle-aged adults as part of the workforce.

offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults.

Who of the following are the most likely to experience a decline in marital satisfaction? parents whose adult children ask them for their opinions on important decisions parents who experience the empty nest syndrome after living vicariously through their children parents who successfully send children into adulthood parents whose adult children regularly visit them

parents who experience the empty nest syndrome after living vicariously through their children

Women are more likely than men to react to stress with a tend-and-befriend approach, which can involve alcohol use. aggressive behaviors. social isolation. seeking social alliances.

seeking social alliances.

Chronic disorders have a _____ onset and a _____ duration. slow; long fast; short slow; short fast; long

slow; long

According to Neugarten, the is the _______________ ______________timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks.

social. clock

______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others in society. Multiple choice question. Morality Religion Religiousness Spirituality

spirituality

In the early version of the life-events approach, life events were viewed as situations in which individuals could rise to the occasion and demonstrate grit. part of the context of an individual's life that may or may not affect development. mediating factors in individual personality development. stressful circumstances that forced individuals to undergo a change in their personality.

stressful circumstances that forced individuals to undergo a change in their personality.

The process by which, over time, people become more adept at interacting with the environment and in ways that promote increased stability in personality can be described as midlife crises. identity certainty. the cumulative personality model. generativity versus stagnation.

the cumulative personality model.

The challenges facing many of today's middle-aged workers include all of the following, EXCEPT pension and health care concerns. the decline in information technologies. globalization. downsizing of organizations.

the decline in information technologies.

The death of a spouse, divorce, and marriage all involve varying degrees of stress and are therefore likely to influence an individual's development according to the contemporary life-events approach. Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life. the early life-events approach. Erkson's stage of generativity versus stagnation.

the early life-events approach.

hich of the following defines the social clock? the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks the difference in social relationships as a person moves through the phases of life the ability of an individual to monitor relationships over time the accomplishments a person has based on the sociohistorical context in which the person is raised

the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks

True or false: It is rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood.

true

True or false: Whether it involves being a homemaker, volunteering, working a part-time job, or having a full-time career, work has a central role in middle adulthood.

true

true or false: Religious attendance and commitment have been positively associated with health outcomes in middle adulthood.

true

Which of the following responses to stress are more common among men than women? seeking therapy trying to solve the problem themselves seeking out friends isolating themselves drinking engaging in comfort eating

trying to solve the problem themselves isolating themselves drinking

Crystallized intelligence includes which of the following? problem solving verbal skills abstract reasoning accumulated information

verbal skills accumulated information