Human Growth and Development
____ refers to any attempt to deal with the impact of stress.
coping
An individual's sense of themselves as a male or female is their
gender identity
Which term does NOT belong in this group?
hereditary
A(n) ____ is the process by which people reflect on the events and experiences of their years.
life review
When Jordan, who is a 25-year-old and married father of one infant daughter, is laid off from his job, it impacts him with a devastating amount of worry and fear. When Jackson, who is a 72-year-old married man with five grandchildren, is laid off from his job, he seems to take it in stride and decides that this is a good time to retire. Which of the following forces BEST explains the different reactions of Jordan and Jackson?
life-cycle forces
According to Erikson's concept of ____, different life periods are associated with different psychosocial strengths.
naturalistic observation
One form of child maltreatment is called ____, and involves depriving a child of adequate food, clothing, and/or medical care.
neglect
The most rapidly growing segment of the United States population is the group of people
over the age of 85
Physical functioning generally peaks during
young adulthood
The hospice philosophy is best summarized as
"promote death with dignity"
Why is it that middle-aged men tend to experience more negative impact of a job loss than do younger or older men?
They often have more financial responsibilities than the other two groups.
Most people have not saved anything close to what they will need in retirement.
True
Decades of research show that stress is linked to ____ problems.
cardiovascular
Personal ____ beliefs reflect the degree to which you believe that your performance in a situation depends on something you do.
control
The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt shifts in behavior BEST fits with the ____ approach.
discontinuity
Once a zygote implants itself in the uterine lining, it officially becomes a(n) ____.
embryo
The number of years a person can expect to live is his or her _____.
longevity
Fathers tend to emphasize ____ as they interact with their babies.
physical play
A ____ is a set of cultural guidelines that dictate how a person should behave, particularly with other people.
social role
Toddlers' first conversations tend to be about
themselves
In Vygotsky's theory, the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance is called the
zone of proximal development
Which of the following is a drawback associated with sequential studies?
Sequential studies tend to be very expensive and time consuming.
The average age of the onset of puberty in girls is ____, while the average age of onset of puberty in boys is ____.
11 years, 13 years
Traditionally, giftedness was defined by having an IQ score of ____ or higher.
130
Colleges usually refer to students over the age of ____ as returning adult students, which implies that these individuals have already reached adulthood.
25
How many stages of labor are there?
3 stages
In general, pregnancies are most likely to proceed normally when the mother is between the ages of 20 and ____ years.
35
How many chromosomes are found in the organism that results from the union of a human sperm cell and an egg cell?
46
Binge drinking is defined for men as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row and for women as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row within the past two weeks.
5;4
In order to assess the physical health of a newborn baby, an obstetrician would assign ratings according to the ____ scale. If the baby receives a score of 7 or higher, (s)he is considered to be in good physical condition.
Apgar
What is the primary thrust of the psychosocial theory of development?
At each of eight different stages, people encounter a unique crisis that must be resolved for development to proceed normally.
Why is it that 22 weeks is considered the earliest "age of viability" for an unborn child?
Because this is the age by which the child's systems are functioning well enough to potentially sustain life outside of the mother's body.
__________ is the state or condition caused by loss through death.
Bereavement
____ is a disease in which people binge eat and then purge by vomiting or using laxatives.
Bulimia nervosa
In ____ conditioning, a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally evoked by a different stimulus.
Classical
When people in the United States watch television programs about children in other cultures, they are often surprised to find out that children from other countries often have very different skills and abilities than their own kids, even though they are the same age. This difference demonstrates the concept of
Context-specific development
Which of the following BEST summarizes the current thinking in human development with regard to the nature and nurture question?
Development is always shaped by both nature- and nurture-related factors.
According to a theory proposed by ____, identity is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of career.
Donald Super
Alissa is a 41-year-old, married, professional woman who has just found out that she is pregnant with her third child. According to your textbook, which of the following conditions is her baby at higher risk of due to Alissa's age?
Down Syndrome
According to your textbook, the very first comprehensive life-span view of human development was forwarded by
Erik Erikson
According to ____, adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. They must balance the desire to try out different selves with the need to select a single self.
Erik Erikson
Which developmentalist is credited with having proposed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
The ____ and Medical Leave Act of 1993 entitles workers to take unpaid time off from work to take care of their dependents with the right to return to their jobs.
Family
________ older adults are those older individuals who have physical disabilities, are very ill, and may have cognitive or psychological disorders.
Frail
____ is the sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, and other feelings that arise after suffering a loss.
Grief
According to your text, the most influential developmental psychologist of the 20th century was
Jean Piaget
The concept that personality emerges from conflicts that children experience when what they want to do differs from what society wants them to do is the basis of ____'s psychodynamic theory.
Jean Piaget
The idea that children act like little scientists, constantly creating theories about the relationships between their physical and social worlds, is central to the theory of
Jean Piaget
Russian psychologist ____ proposed the idea that development in childhood is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate with more-skilled others.
Lev Vygotsky
Which of the following is the correct formula for determining one's intelligence quotient (IQ), a measure that was first employed in intelligence testing by Lewis Terman in 1916?
MA/CA X 100
____ is an approach based on the idea that the more prepared a couple is for marriage, the better the relationship will survive over the long run.
Marriage education
____ concerns the way in which we express the feelings that we have following a loss.
Mourning
________ care focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms at any point during the disease process.
Palliative
____ disease is known mostly for its characteristic motor symptoms, including slow walking, difficulty getting in and out of chairs, and tremors.
Parkinson's
____ is often regarded as an irresistible harmful force, but research has found that it can have positive consequences as well.
Peer pressure
____ is the process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation.
Perception
____ refers to a collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence, including changes height, weight and body composition, and transitions in sexual maturation.
Puberty
___ are psychological structures that organize information and regulate behaviors.
Schemes
Felicia is at the end of her pregnancy, and she is now in labor. She has been having contractions for about 18 hours, and her cervix is slowly dilating to approximately 10 centimeters. Which stage of labor is Felicia currently in?
Stage One
Which of the following BEST encapsulates the majority of relationships between adolescents and their parents?
The relationships are warm, loving, and satisfying.
What is a central defining characteristic of the basic emotions?
They are experienced by human beings worldwide.
Why are theories such an important part of the understanding of human development?
They provide the "whys" for development.
According to Erik Erikson, the major task of young adulthood is dealing with the psychosocial conflict of intimacy versus isolation.
True
Roughly half of young adults in the United States of America return to their parents' home at least once after they have moved out.
True
____ are caused by changes to the structure of the skin and its connective and supporting tissue and worsened by sun exposure and cigarette smoking.
Wrinkles
For most adults, the decision to remain single is
a gradual one that develops over time
Genetic factors appear to play _____ role in determining how long people will live.
a major
Validity is to reliability as
accuracy is to consistency
Two-month-old Sheldon is snuggled in his mother's arms. He is quietly looking around, and appears to be simply 'absorbing' his environment. He is attentive to sounds around him, and is very calm. Sheldon's current state would be described as
alert inactivity
A worker described as ____ would feel devalued.
alienated
Every year on August 6th, Racquel gets very sad. She remembers that this is the day on which her brother, Tommie, died of leukemia when he was just a teenager. Even though Racquel is now in her 50s, she never forgets to think about Tommie on this day. This is an example of a(n) ____ reaction.
anniversary
Basic emotions include all EXCEPT which of the following?
apathy
A(n) ________ living facility is a supportive living arrangement for people who need aid with their activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living, but who are not so impaired that they require 24-hour support and care.
assisted
Adolescents are more likely to achieve an identity when parents encourage discussion and recognize the adolescent's growing ____.
autonomy
The ____ child in a classroom is liked by some classmates, and disliked by other classmates, but in neither case is there a high level of intensity to those feelings.
average
Infant mortality rate is defined as the percentage of infants who die
before their first birthday
There was this family—maybe you've heard of them. There was a father who had three sons, and he married a woman with three daughters. They were a really fun "bunch." This group is an example of a(n) ____ family.
blended
Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a grossly distorted ____.
body image
____ is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion that results from job stress.
burnout
On modern tests of intelligence, IQ scores are determined
by comparing a child's score with the average score of other children of the same age.
Focusing on how people think and how those thinking processes change over time is the central feature of the ____ theory.
cognitive-development
When all is said and done, the most important thing to predicting the long-term success of a marriage is ____.
communication
The most effective sex education programs are those that are _____.
comprehensive and emphasize responsibility
The information-processing theory of development likens human cognitive processes to the functions of a
computer
The third stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which typically occurs between ages 7 and 11 years, is the ____ period.
concrete operational
The people who go through your life with you, providing support in both good times and bad, comprise a social ________.
convoy
Reevaluating one's roles and dreams and making the necessary corrections is referred to as a midlife
correction
Which of the following represents the correct order in which speech skills develop in babies?
crying, cooing, babbling
The ability to draw a conclusion from a set of facts reflects ____ reasoning.
deductive
According to one theory, people face their own death by going through five different stages. Which of the following is the correct order of those stages?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
Which disorder is associated with a pervasive feeling of sadness, irritability, low self-esteem, poor sleep, and difficulty concentrating?
depression
A style of controlling a child's behavior where the parent tells them what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done is called
direct instruction
When a job is awarded or denied to a person solely on the basis of whether they are a man or a woman, gender ____ has occurred.
discrimination
According to ____ systems theory, learning to walk involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific goals.
dynamic
According to Bandura, experience gives people a sense of self-____, which to a person's beliefs about their own abilities and talents.
efficacy
Making threats of physical or other harm is considered to be a form of _____ violence.
emotional
Regulating the way one feels, recognizing how others feel, and correctly interpreting the facial expressions of others are all elements of ____ intelligence.
emotional
Before a person can successfully create an intimate relationship with another person, Erikson felt that they had to first
establish an identify of their own
The practice of ending one's life for the purpose of mercy is called ________.
euthanasia
A(n) ____ is someone who is much better at a task than people who have not put much effort into that task.
expert
Preconventional moral reasoning is based on ____ forces.
external
There are three fundamental characteristics of human development, according to your authors. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
external and internal
Teenagers are more likely to engage in sexual activity when parents
fail to monitor their activities
For many people, the key to establishing their identity as an adult is achieving ____ independence.
financial
When parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation, adolescents are more likely to remain in the identity ____ status because they are prevented from experimenting with different selves, and simply do what they are told to do.
foreclosure
A ____ is a voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.
friendship
In Erikson's theory, middle adulthood is occupied by the search for ____, which involves being productive by helping others in order to ensure the continuation of society by guiding the next generation.
generativity
Your authors suggest that reality shock in the workplace is a phenomenon that
happens to everyone
A "Do Not Resuscitate" order pertains to efforts to restore functioning of the
heart
Which maternal characteristic is most strongly associated with giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome?
higher maternal age
The fact that a teen growing up during the Vietnam War will develop in a different manner than a teen growing up during the Iraq War is best explained in terms of
historical context
Research into the eyesight of older individuals that was conducted by human development researchers has led some states to change the way older drivers are screened when they renew their driver's licenses. This reflects
how research can affect social policy
What type of reasoning skills, usually developed during the formal-operational stage of Piaget's theory, are needed for an adolescent to experiment with different selves to learn more about possible identities?
hypothetical reasoning skills
Monozygotic is to ____ as dizygotic is to _____.
identical; fraternal
Which BEST describes the relationship between biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces in human development?
independent
Most older adults live
independently
Aging is a(n) ____ process involving many variations across people.
individual
____ aggression occurs when a child uses aggressive actions to achieve an explicit goal.
instrumental
The one word that best distinguishes simple social play from parallel play is
interaction
According to Erikson, the major task for young adults is to deal with the psychosocial conflict of ____.
intimacy versus isolation
Which statement concerning part-time work and teenagers is true?
jobs that require the use of some skill tend to enhance self-esteem
Some developmentalists have categorized the ____ as a period called emerging adulthood.
late teens to the mid- to late twenties
Prenatal development, brain maturation, puberty, and menopause are all examples of ____ forces.
life-cycle
Harold has decided that he does not want to have his life prolonged by life-support machines should he ever become so injured or ill that he needs them. He decides to create a document where his wishes about life support and other treatments will be clearly stated. Harold is going to write a what is best described as a ____.
living will
A child's ability to move around in the world is referred to as
locomotion
Erikson felt that in order for one to achieve a sense of integrity, they must
make peace with the fact that the end of their life is approaching.
The term ____ refers to the amount of energy one's body needs.
metabolism
Between the ages of two and five, children develop a theory of ____, which refers to a naïve understanding of the relationship between thoughts and behaviors.
mind
With regard to the level of behavioral control parents assert over children, research finds that a(n) ____ amount of control is best for children.
moderate
A primary cause of death that is common to both adolescent girls and boys is
motor vehicle accidents
Monroe wants to conduct a research study assessing the way children play with each other at different ages. After getting the appropriate permissions, he sits on a bench near a school playground and surreptitiously takes notes on the children's behaviors. Monroe would be best described as engaging in
naturalistic observation
Marjorie believes that her husband, Tom, is an excellent father because he was born with a gentle nature and an abundance of patience. Tom, on the other hand, believes that he is a good father because he learned to be one from his own parents. Which fundamental question of human development does this issue address?
nature and nurture
The most basic unit in the brain and nervous system of a human being is the
neuron
One reason that sibling relationships are thought to be so important is that siblings
often constitute the longest-lasting relationships.
When children play alone but remain aware of and interested in what another child is doing, they are engaging in ____ play.
parallel play
Research suggests that middle aged women who lose a ____ report feeling a complex set of emotions including intense emotional feelings of both loss and freedom, remembering both positive and negative aspects of the person, and they experiencing shifts in their sense of self.
parent
What are the "pieces of bread" on either side of the "sandwich generation?"
parents and children
A rite of ____ involves a ritual or ceremonial event that marks initiation into adulthood.
passage
The textbook identifies three ways in which the environment can contribute to differences in test scores. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
peer pressure
Career ____ occurs when there are few advancement opportunities or a lack of challenge in one's job. It may also take place when a worker decides that he or she is not interested in being promoted within their workplace.
plateauing
Any behavior that benefits another person is properly termed ____.
prosocial
Emotional, personality, and perceptual factors are all examples of ____ forces.
psychological
A(n) ____ refers to an unlearned response that is triggered by a specific stimulation.
reflex
Job ____ refers to the positive feelings that result from an appraisal of one's work.
satisfaction
What is the correct order of the four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget?
sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operational period, formal operational period
According to your textbook, the single biggest contributor to health problems in the United States is
smoking
Influences such as one's parents and siblings, teachers and co-workers, peers, schools, television, and the workplace are all examples of ____ forces.
socioculture
The biopsychosocial framework organizes the contributions of many different forces in human development. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
spiritual forces
According to Erikson, ____ is a state in which people are unable to deal with the needs of their children or to provide mentoring to younger adults.
stagnation
All cultures have gender ____, which refers to beliefs and images about males and females that may or may not be true.
stereotypes
According to novelists and filmmakers, the search for identity is described as a struggle, a time of ____ for adolescents.
storm and stress
Ruth has recently experienced a cerebral vascular accident involving an interruption of the flow of blood to her brain. If you were going to use the more common term for this medical event, you'd say that she had a(n) ____.
stroke
Marital ____ is an umbrella term that refers to any marital outcome.
success
Which of the following would be considered an activity of daily living?
taking a shower or bath
Any agent that interferes with normal prenatal development is a(n) ____.
teratogen
Patrick wakes up one morning to find that he has developed an enormous pimple right on the end of his nose. All throughout the school day he is absolutely sure that everyone is staring at the blemish, when in reality almost nobody cares enough about it to even look. Patrick's certainty that he is the focus of others' attention demonstrates ____.
the imaginary audience
For children and adolescents, the technical definition of overweight is based on ____.
the percentile of their body mass index
Of the three prenatal stages of development which is by far the longest?
the period of the fetus
One reason that adolescents engage in risky behavior is because
the rewards associated with risky behavior are so appealing.
A ____ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.
theory
Which of the following discipline techniques combines the best features of punishment while also avoiding its drawbacks?
time out
According to Erikson, which is the foundation of human development?
trust in one's self and others
The fact that babies from around the world tend to develop language skills at approximately the same age is support for which of the following concepts from the study of human development?
universal development
When a measure being used in a research study actually assesses what the researchers think it measures, it would be described as being
valid.
Which of the following are the two dimensions that differentiate various parenting styles?
warmth and responsiveness and parental control
At what point would a physician MOST LIKELY suggest hospice care?
when nothing can be done to save the patient
Quite possibly the biggest decision that a couple will have to make is
whether or not to have children
The main assumption of Holland's theory is that people
will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities.
The ____ conflict is the feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by the competing demands of occupational and home obligations.
work-family
Why is it that many people consider alcoholism to be a form of addiction?
Because it involves physical dependence as well as the experience of withdrawal symptoms
By proposing a five-stage model of the way people approach dying, ________ changed our understanding of how people consider their own deaths.
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross
Why is it that osteoarthritis would be considered an example of a wear-and-tear disease?
It is a degenerative disease that can be caused by injury or overuse.
Which of the following is NOT one of the key aspects of human development, as described by your textbook?
It is based upon the sound, scientific theories of philosophy.
Due largely to the efforts of ____, we are now able to describe adults' personality traits using five different factors.
Paul Costa, Jr. and Robert McCrae
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to sibling relationships?
Sibling relationships typically last longer than other friendships.
Retirement involves the loss of
occupational identity.
The original purpose of Social Security was to
provide a supplement to savings and other means of financial support.
Piaget believed that children are like little
scientists, creating theories about how the world works.
As women enter midlife, they experience a major biological process called ____, during which they pass from their reproductive to their non-reproductive years.
the climacteric
Which of the following is the single best predictor of adolescent sexual behavior?
there is no single factor that best predicts adolescent sexual behavior