Human Growth and Development

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that ___ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult

10

Guidelines recommenced that preschool children engage in ___ of physical activity per day

2 hours

The second Piagentian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately ____ years of age

2 to 7

Life expectancy in the US has increased by __ years during the 20th century

30

Infants usually double their birth rate by the age of

4 months

By the second birthday, a toddlers brain is about ___ percent of its adult weight

75

The life expectancy in the United States is currently

78 years

Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thought are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in

Adolescence

If you subscribe to Paul Baltes perspective of life-span development, with of the following statements would you NOT agree with

Development is unidirectional

__ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children

Early adulthood

___ the units of hereditary information are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins

Genes

Which of the following statements is false regarding separation protests

It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months

Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid forties. Which of the following developmental periods are they currently in

Middle adulthood

Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with a ___ reflex where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and rapidly closes her arms and legs

Moro

___ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocutrual, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retierment

Normative age-graded influences

In terms of nutrition, what a child eats affects all the following except

Peer relations

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics

Phenotype

___ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes

Proteins

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true

REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy

____ processes involve changes in the individuals relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality

Socioemtional

Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with

Turner Syndrome

Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to

a persons position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a ____ temperament, whereas in China, a ____ temperament is more highly valued

active; inhibited

Life span develop mentalists who focus on adult development and aging describes life span development tin terms of four stages "ages". The "third stage" in this conceptualization spans from

approximately 60 to 79 years of age

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at the 90th percentile is

at risk of being overweight

The fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called

axon

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that

begins at conception and continues though the human life span

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in

behavioral organization

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if

both genes in a pair are recessive

Clark's genotype contains a dominate gene for brown eye color and a recessive gene for blue eye color. According to the dominate recessive gene principle, which of the following phenotypes is most likely to be observed in Clark

brown eyes

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a __ pattern of growth

cephalocaudal

Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true

children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being over weight at age 12

____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language

cognitive

Which of the following is an emotional expression that infants display when interacting with parents

crying

Samantha has been diagnosed with ___ which is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production

cystic fibrosis

Two concepts that help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individuals development are

development processes and periods

The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional process is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of

developmental biological neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience

A recent study examined the synchronous relationship between maternal responses and infants. Mothers who received a negative evaluation and displayed negative emotions had infants who

displayed similar negative emotions as evidenced by increases in heart rate

Jason was born with ___. The doctor tells his parents that this genetic disorder occurred because he has an extra copy of chromosome 21

down syndrome

Scientists have found that there are ___ the brains of children between the ages 3 and 15

dramatic changes in local patters within

Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early, so they take the baby's fav toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Their belief is most consistent with the ___ system view of development

dynamic

The view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an infants problems is know as ___ systems theory

dynamic

Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long term prospects. Travis is most likely in the __ period of development

early adulthood

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that ___ is an important dimension of temperament in infants

effortful control

Feelings or attractions that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her especially to his or her well being are known as

emotions

When infants become stressed, they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregiver

engage in sensitive care giving with them

Which of the following statements about the activity of genes is true

events inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression

_____ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

evolutionary

The food scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high caloric foods a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obestiy when food is plentiful. This illustrates how

evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society

by the end of early childhood, girls have more ___ tissue than boys

fatty

____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell

fertilization

When four year old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses fork and spoon, she is demonstrating her

fine motor skills

The portion farthest from the spinal cord is known as the

forebrain

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results form an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. His doctor told Tristan's mother that he has

fragile X syndrome

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the __- lobe areas of the brain

frontal

In terms of height and weight during the preschool years, ___ have more fatty tissues

girls

When 4 to 5 year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their

gross motor skills

Four year old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures. However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this

he tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked

Fred and Wayne are 4 years old and friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will

help the boys develop gross motor skills

The genome wide association method is used to

identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease

In which of the following circumstances is it recommended that a mother not breast feed

if the mother has active tuberculosis

Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?

infancy

Since 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommend that ___ to reduce the rick of SIDS

infants be placed to sleep on their backs

According to Erik Erikson, the psychological stage that characterizes early childhood is

initiative versus guilt

According to Jeome Kagen, tempermanet

is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperment can be modified to some degree by the environment

Which of the following is TRUE of phenylketonuria

it results from a recessive gene

Which of the following is true of down syndrome

its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities

Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as ___ is to ___

jumping; writing

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is due to

lateralization

Infants show ___ when they are in the familiar settings

less stranger anxiety

Jermone weighed in at 4.5 pounds when he was born. Compared to other new born in North America, his weight is

less than average

Late adulthood is a time of

life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health

_____ genes are those that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age

longevity

Erin is 90 years old. She has relatively good health and is fully mobile. Most of Erin's blood relatives lived to a ripe, old age. Which of the following genes might be responsible for this

longevity genes

Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, ___ and ____ in her capacities will take center stage

maintenance; regulation of loss

Which of the following is TRUE of mitosis in humans

mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes

A(N) ____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

myelin sheath

One of the major changes in brain development between the ages 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling though the nervous system. This change is brought about by

myelination

___ refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells

myelination

___ selection is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones that are most likely to survive and reproduce

natural

The ___ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brains development

neuroconstructivist

When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ___ event can influence a persons development

nonnormative life

When toddlers hear their parents quarreling, they

often react with distress

By two years of age, children have reached about ___ of their adult weight and about ___ of their adult height

one fifth, one half

Mentally adding and subtracting numbers are examples of

operations

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a play date and teases her about wearing night time diapers. This is an example of ___ emotions

other conscious

Gina, 6, has a BMI in the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for disease control and prevention, she would be classified as

overweight

Jack, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the

pincer grip

___ means the capacity for change

plasticity

Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in

poverty

magical beliefs

preoperational

Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a __- patterns of growth

proximodistal

When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscience would identify this process as

pruning

According to developmental psychologists, the best time to soothe an infant is

right before the infant gets into an intense, agitated stage

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in a ___ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast

rooting

Which of the following can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease

saturated and trans fat

Most of the ___emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year

self conscious

In Erik portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop______ which is the representation of self, the substance and contents of self conceptions

self understanding

During early childhood, on average, girls are __ than boys

slightly smaller

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, an ____ child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

slow to warm up

_____ is(are) a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.

social policy

___ genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or acceleration of aging

susceptibility

In the ___ substage, children use scribble designs to represent people, houses, cars, clouds, and so on

symbolic function

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants

synchronous

____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

temperament

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, the infant is exhibiting

the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions

Which of the following is true of social smiling

the eternal stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants

Babies have three types of cries . Which of the following is not one of them

the hunger cry

According to evolutionary psychology, the observed advantage in spatial skills for men over women might be the result of

the need to track and slay ones food for survival

The ___ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age

traditional

Children exposed to tabacco smoke in the home are more likely to develop ___ than children in homes where no one smokes

wheezing and asthma

Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One believes in the traditional approach of developmental change, and the other believes in the life-span approach. Which of the following issues would they most likely differ on

whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood

jaron is an overweight 5 year old. By age 14, we can expect that jaron

will be obese

During fertilization, and egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a

zygote