Human Growth and Development
In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that ___ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult
10
Guidelines recommenced that preschool children engage in ___ of physical activity per day
2 hours
The second Piagentian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately ____ years of age
2 to 7
Life expectancy in the US has increased by __ years during the 20th century
30
Infants usually double their birth rate by the age of
4 months
By the second birthday, a toddlers brain is about ___ percent of its adult weight
75
The life expectancy in the United States is currently
78 years
Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thought are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in
Adolescence
If you subscribe to Paul Baltes perspective of life-span development, with of the following statements would you NOT agree with
Development is unidirectional
__ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children
Early adulthood
___ the units of hereditary information are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins
Genes
Which of the following statements is false regarding separation protests
It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months
Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid forties. Which of the following developmental periods are they currently in
Middle adulthood
Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with a ___ reflex where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and rapidly closes her arms and legs
Moro
___ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocutrual, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retierment
Normative age-graded influences
In terms of nutrition, what a child eats affects all the following except
Peer relations
_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics
Phenotype
___ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes
Proteins
Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true
REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy
____ processes involve changes in the individuals relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality
Socioemtional
Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with
Turner Syndrome
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to
a persons position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a ____ temperament, whereas in China, a ____ temperament is more highly valued
active; inhibited
Life span develop mentalists who focus on adult development and aging describes life span development tin terms of four stages "ages". The "third stage" in this conceptualization spans from
approximately 60 to 79 years of age
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at the 90th percentile is
at risk of being overweight
The fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called
axon
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that
begins at conception and continues though the human life span
Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in
behavioral organization
A recessive gene exerts its influence only if
both genes in a pair are recessive
Clark's genotype contains a dominate gene for brown eye color and a recessive gene for blue eye color. According to the dominate recessive gene principle, which of the following phenotypes is most likely to be observed in Clark
brown eyes
Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a __ pattern of growth
cephalocaudal
Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true
children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being over weight at age 12
____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language
cognitive
Which of the following is an emotional expression that infants display when interacting with parents
crying
Samantha has been diagnosed with ___ which is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production
cystic fibrosis
Two concepts that help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individuals development are
development processes and periods
The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional process is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of
developmental biological neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience
A recent study examined the synchronous relationship between maternal responses and infants. Mothers who received a negative evaluation and displayed negative emotions had infants who
displayed similar negative emotions as evidenced by increases in heart rate
Jason was born with ___. The doctor tells his parents that this genetic disorder occurred because he has an extra copy of chromosome 21
down syndrome
Scientists have found that there are ___ the brains of children between the ages 3 and 15
dramatic changes in local patters within
Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early, so they take the baby's fav toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Their belief is most consistent with the ___ system view of development
dynamic
The view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an infants problems is know as ___ systems theory
dynamic
Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long term prospects. Travis is most likely in the __ period of development
early adulthood
Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that ___ is an important dimension of temperament in infants
effortful control
Feelings or attractions that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her especially to his or her well being are known as
emotions
When infants become stressed, they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregiver
engage in sensitive care giving with them
Which of the following statements about the activity of genes is true
events inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression
_____ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
evolutionary
The food scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high caloric foods a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obestiy when food is plentiful. This illustrates how
evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society
by the end of early childhood, girls have more ___ tissue than boys
fatty
____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell
fertilization
When four year old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses fork and spoon, she is demonstrating her
fine motor skills
The portion farthest from the spinal cord is known as the
forebrain
Tristan has a genetic disorder that results form an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. His doctor told Tristan's mother that he has
fragile X syndrome
Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the __- lobe areas of the brain
frontal
In terms of height and weight during the preschool years, ___ have more fatty tissues
girls
When 4 to 5 year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their
gross motor skills
Four year old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures. However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this
he tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked
Fred and Wayne are 4 years old and friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will
help the boys develop gross motor skills
The genome wide association method is used to
identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease
In which of the following circumstances is it recommended that a mother not breast feed
if the mother has active tuberculosis
Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?
infancy
Since 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommend that ___ to reduce the rick of SIDS
infants be placed to sleep on their backs
According to Erik Erikson, the psychological stage that characterizes early childhood is
initiative versus guilt
According to Jeome Kagen, tempermanet
is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperment can be modified to some degree by the environment
Which of the following is TRUE of phenylketonuria
it results from a recessive gene
Which of the following is true of down syndrome
its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities
Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as ___ is to ___
jumping; writing
Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is due to
lateralization
Infants show ___ when they are in the familiar settings
less stranger anxiety
Jermone weighed in at 4.5 pounds when he was born. Compared to other new born in North America, his weight is
less than average
Late adulthood is a time of
life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health
_____ genes are those that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age
longevity
Erin is 90 years old. She has relatively good health and is fully mobile. Most of Erin's blood relatives lived to a ripe, old age. Which of the following genes might be responsible for this
longevity genes
Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, ___ and ____ in her capacities will take center stage
maintenance; regulation of loss
Which of the following is TRUE of mitosis in humans
mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes
A(N) ____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon
myelin sheath
One of the major changes in brain development between the ages 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling though the nervous system. This change is brought about by
myelination
___ refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells
myelination
___ selection is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones that are most likely to survive and reproduce
natural
The ___ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brains development
neuroconstructivist
When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ___ event can influence a persons development
nonnormative life
When toddlers hear their parents quarreling, they
often react with distress
By two years of age, children have reached about ___ of their adult weight and about ___ of their adult height
one fifth, one half
Mentally adding and subtracting numbers are examples of
operations
Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a play date and teases her about wearing night time diapers. This is an example of ___ emotions
other conscious
Gina, 6, has a BMI in the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for disease control and prevention, she would be classified as
overweight
Jack, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the
pincer grip
___ means the capacity for change
plasticity
Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in
poverty
magical beliefs
preoperational
Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a __- patterns of growth
proximodistal
When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscience would identify this process as
pruning
According to developmental psychologists, the best time to soothe an infant is
right before the infant gets into an intense, agitated stage
When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in a ___ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast
rooting
Which of the following can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease
saturated and trans fat
Most of the ___emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year
self conscious
In Erik portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop______ which is the representation of self, the substance and contents of self conceptions
self understanding
During early childhood, on average, girls are __ than boys
slightly smaller
According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, an ____ child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
slow to warm up
_____ is(are) a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
social policy
___ genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or acceleration of aging
susceptibility
In the ___ substage, children use scribble designs to represent people, houses, cars, clouds, and so on
symbolic function
Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants
synchronous
____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
temperament
When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, the infant is exhibiting
the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions
Which of the following is true of social smiling
the eternal stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants
Babies have three types of cries . Which of the following is not one of them
the hunger cry
According to evolutionary psychology, the observed advantage in spatial skills for men over women might be the result of
the need to track and slay ones food for survival
The ___ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age
traditional
Children exposed to tabacco smoke in the home are more likely to develop ___ than children in homes where no one smokes
wheezing and asthma
Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One believes in the traditional approach of developmental change, and the other believes in the life-span approach. Which of the following issues would they most likely differ on
whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood
jaron is an overweight 5 year old. By age 14, we can expect that jaron
will be obese
During fertilization, and egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a
zygote