Human Growth & Development: Test 2
Post conventional thinking example
"Heinz had to steal the drug because nothing outweighs the universal principle of saving a life"
Preconventional thinking example
"Heinz should not take the drug because he will go to jail" or "Heinz should take the drug because then his wife will treat him well"
Conventional thinking example
"Heinz shouldn't/should steal the drug b/c it's a person's duty to obey the law (or stick up for his wife)" or "Yes, human life is sacred, but the rules must be obeyed"
Empathy
Directly feeling another person's emotions
How does divorce impact parenting?
Divorce can lead parents to set the child against the other one or limit the balance both parents had during marriage
What does it mean to be academically gifted?
scoring higher than average on the IQ test & either skipping a grade/joining a program with special learning courses
Learned helplessness
Feeling powerless to affect your fate & gives up w/o trying
Internalizing tendencies
Form the habit of hanging back in social situations; usually timid, self-conscious, frightened & depressed
What is the mental health effect on sexual activity outside of committed relationships for girls and boys?
Girls feel dirty & conflicted about noncommitted intercourse while guys are praised as studs for it
Fine motor skills
Girls; small, coordinated movements (ex. drawing, hitting a ball with a bat, etc.)
What is the typical sequence of change in puberty for both girls and boys?
Growth spurts, lengthening of the reproductory organs, and production of pubic hair
Authoritative parents
High on nurturing & setting limits
Proactive aggression
Hurtful behavior we initiate to achieve a goal
What are the characteristics of formal operations?
Hypothetical, scientific, flexible reasoning
Induction
Ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize w/pain he has caused another
What are the disadvantages of authoritative parents?
May have strict rules, yet they are bent sometimes in favor of a special event
What is the name of the trend in early puberty?
Merache (female) & spermarche (male)
Sympathy
More muted feeling that we experience for another human being
What are the disadvantages of an early-maturing boy/girl?
More prone to abuse substances, at risk for depression, friendship with more mature friends (smoking, drinking, & drugs), unprotected sex, low self-worth, bullying, shorter & stockier
Anorexia nervosa
Most serious eating disorder, defined by self-starvation to the point of reaching 85% of one's ideal body weight or less
What are the effects of obesity in life?
Negative emotional effects
Do girls & boys play the same?
No Girls' play is gentle & subdued, usually one-on-one and more talk than play Boys' play is rough & tumble, usually in big groups and more physical than talkative
How do we effectively prevent bullying?
No audience to encourage the bully
Inhibition
Not doing what we feel like doing (pressing a button whenever a kid sees an animal, but not a dog)
What is the difference b/t sympathy & empathy?
Sympathy less directly involved while empathy is feeling others' emotions directly
What are the advantages of later maturing boy/girl?
Taller & better proportioned
Which hormone is responsible for teenage acne?
Testosterone/androgen androgens
IQ
Tests & measures academic potential
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations (practically-smarter people=higher average scores
What is the explanation of the transition to concrete operational thinking by the information processing framework?
The way memories are made
What is an example of the preoperational stage?
Thinking a ball of clay has different amount when it's flattened/believing a glass of water poured into a different shaped glass magically increases the liquid's volume (no/little knowledge of laws of conservation)
What is the developmental trajectory of prosocial behavior during childhood?
This behavior during childhood is very open & giving, but narrows to sophistated skills to know when to help another & if one has the capability to even be helpful
What types of people do we pick as friends?
Those similar to us (similar likes/hobbies)
Rejecting-neglecting parents
Worst of both fields: low on structure & on love
What do aptitude and achievement tests measure?
a child's academic performance & progress in various subjects
Why do so many teenagers have sex?
b/c they're not educated about it, merely being told to wait on it without any explanation/much reason behind it; curiosity about it
How do school age children describe themselves?
based on what they have to offer others, their attitude, & the values they hold that have an impact on themselves & those around them (internal & psychological)
How do preschoolers describe themselves?
based on what they have, physical appearance, & unrealistic views of their abilities/temperament (external facts)
According to David Elkind, how do teenagers think about the world?
become emotionally & logically intuned to their parents (what they say vs. what they do) & begin to question why things the way they are
How do teenagers' relationships with their parents change as they age?
begin to distance from their parents as they get a car, can drive, & take on more responsibility
What is the best way to parent difficult children?
being sensitive to their needs is crucial to the development & positive outcome for the child
How does menarche compare to spermache?
both at the beginning of a period & have to do w/the major changes, like lengthening reproductive organs
What do teenagers want from sex education courses?
define what sex is in an open & comprehensive way, willing to answer any questions & straighten out misunderstandings
What is an example of intrinsic motivation?
determination to get better at a class, love of learning, stubbornness to meet a challenging subject
What is the prognosis of dyslexia?
inhibit many children/adults who test well on IQ tests but not on general tests
What is the cause of dyslexia?
many causes, including often being an inherited trait
Under what circumstances do children deal with failures well?
physical failures as they realize they're still growing
What is the cause of ADHD?
primarily genetic/ biological surrounding the frontal lobes taking longer than normal to mature
What is the best route of action when children are being abused?
report abuse to authorities & be willing to stand up for abused child in trial if need be
How does learned helplessness develop?
when kids fail once/many times & decide there's no point in trying since they won't succeed anyway
When did adolescence become a defined life stage in our country?
1904
What are the chances of growing up in poverty if you live in a mother-headed single parent household?
2-out-of-3
What does normal self-esteem issues in a child should look like?
A kid noticing academic areas they struggle in, where others seem to be exceling, & determining to do better
What factors can predict a child having a stormy adolescence?
A poor home life &/or sleep deprivation
Reactive aggression
A response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived
Selective attention
Ability to manage awareness to focus only on what one needs to know (kids being asked to memorize only a few pictures of a certain category and not the other irrelevant info)
Who embarrasses females most regarding their changing body during puberty?
Fathers
When should people be concerned about the self-esteem of children?
"I can't do/am not good at anything" or "why even try if I'm just going to fail mentality
What labels do we use to describe how popular a child is?
"Most well-liked"/"most feared/intimidating"
What are the advantages of permissive parents?
"Provide total freedom & unconditional love"
What are the disadvantages of authoritarian parents?
-"Do just what I say" -Rules are non-negotiable -Child grows up in an uncaring & cold environment
What characteristics of children make them more likely to be prosocial and how do you encourage this type of behavior?
-Prosocial -Refuse moral disengagement -Caregivers encourage good behavior
How should you deal with a preschooler's errors in thinking about the world?
-Understand they can't understand some common sense -Reward right ideas & gently correct thinking
Externalizing tendencies
Act on immediate emotions & often behave disruptively & aggressively
Extrinsic motivation
Activities undertaken in order to get external reinforcers
Relational aggression
Acts designed to hurt relationships
When does a child master theory of mind?
Age 6
Dyslexia
Any reading difficulty or disability
When does theory of mind first appear?
Around age 4/5
Permissive parents-At the opposite end of the spectrum from authoritarian parents
At the opposite end of the spectrum from authoritarian parents
What is a disorder marked by theory of mind problems?
Autism spectrum disorder
What proportion of teenagers and young adults are arrested typically?
Beginning teenagers, risk-taking males, or young adults who often drink
What is the cause of early puberty in girls
Being overweight
Gardener's theory of intelligence
Believes IQ tests aren't completely invalid but don't cover the 8-9 intelligences each person has
Sternberg's theory of intelligence
Believes IQ tests only test 1 type of intelligence rather than the 4 areas of intelligence there truly are
What is an example of animism?
Believing a doll or stuffed animal is conscious and alive
What are the advantages of an early-maturing boy/girl?
Better at sports, more equal with girls, popularity & self-esteem increases
What role do prenatal hormones play in later sex role behavior in play?
Boys believed to biologically have hormones that make them aggressive/boys are afraid of playing w/ girl toys (tough mentality Some girls more masculine b/c of exposure to testosterone & regularly cross the line to play with "boy stuff"
Gross motor skills
Boys; large muscle movements (ex. Running, jumping, etc)
What are some examples of emotional regulation?
Calming down one's anger when receiving a failing grade Stopping fear/intimidation from keeping you from asking the teacher for help
What is an example of egocentrism?
Child believes he/she is the center of the universe
What are the disadvantages of permissive parents?
Child's wishes rules
What are the disadvantages of rejecting-neglecting parents?
Children left to raise themselves
What are the advantages of rejecting-neglecting parents?
Children neglected, ignored, & emotionally abandoned
How should you talk to children about their accomplishments in schools/otherwise?
Children should feel rewarded about their efforts & progress instead of generally being "smart" or they will feel the pressure to be/do right every time
What are the ultimate determinants for the timing of puberty?
Environmental wellness/stress, health of the body, and a variety of other random influences
Authoritarian parents
Inflexible parenting style
Cliques
Intimate groups that have a membership size of about 6
Peer group theory
Judith Rich Harris believes that the environment has a dramatic impact on our development; but, rather than parents, our peer group socializes us to become adults
Conservation
Knowing the amount of a given substance remains identical despite changes in its shape or form
Seriation
Knowledge & ability to arrange items according to a measurable field
Class Inclusion
Knowledge that a category can comprise subordinate elements
Secondary sex characteristics
Label for hundreds of other changes that accompany puberty (ex: breast development, growth of pubic hair, voice changes, & alterations in person's skin)
Crowd
Larger groupings than 6 people, includes both best friends & acquaintances
What are the demographics of childhood obesity?
Less than 1 in 2 second graders spend at least 4 days/week engaging in vigorous exercise
What are the advantages of authoritarian parents?
Love children deeply
What is the behavioral geneticists' view on how parenting affects development?
Parenting must shift its focus more on providing the best possible environments for their children to realize their genetic potential
How do parents and peers impact aggression and anti-social behavior in a child?
Parents over-spanking, shout-scolding, & curling punishing their child Peers rejection leads to more pride & anger in children ("Fine, I don't need anyone anyway")
What groups in school does the IQ test pose problems for?
Poor children
Identity constancy tasks
Preoperational children don't realize that people remain their essential selves despite changes in the way they visually appear/officially set by 2½
Mental health impact of being in different crowds in high school
Punks/outcasts-Desire to stand out by dressing different & express personal opinion Popular-Less importance on following moral standards as long as social acceptance is there Bad crowd-Bad influences lead to careless/harmful actions Gang-Gives an illusion of family relationships lacking at home/w/blood relatives
What is an example of the concrete operational stage?
Reasoning the liquid is the same by realizing that the second glass is taller than the wide one it'd been in/blaming the change on the cups rather than conservation of the liquid
Primary sex characteristics
Refer to body changes directly involved in reproduction (ex: growth of penis & menstruation)
What is the most popular discipline technique in the USA?
Removal of children's privileges
Rehearsal
Repeating material to embed it in memory (elementary school students repeating information to themselves before a test)
What does normal play look like for children?
Running & chasing
Which quality is most likely to promote thriving in teenagers?
Superior executive functions
How does scaffolding fit in w/the zone of proximal development?
Scaffolding (process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development) allows parents and teachers to alter the child's thinking through repetition and gentle correction
How does self-esteem and concrete operations relate to each other?
Self-esteem begins to lower in elementary school as kids look outward & compare themselves to others, grades/looks, & finds themselves lacking Concrete operations help a child see their strengths & accept their weaknesses
Intrinsic motivation
Self-generated actions that arise from inner desires
What are the advantages of authoritative parents?
Set clear standards but also provide freedom & plenty of love
Emotional regulation
Skills involved in controlling our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life
What can fine motor & gross motor skills predict for later skill development?
Success in school/academic levels & sport finesse
What is the average teenager's general worldview?
To question rules, see below the surface, search for freedom, still reason logically & generally value school, but also have fun & follow the examples of friends to fit in
How does the typical teenage girl view her weight?
Too heavy/not light enough due to social pressures to be thin
Bulimia
Typically not life-threatening b/c the person's weight often stays within normal range, but often involves binging on a lot of food & then purging/vomiting it, leading to health issues
Theory of mind
Understanding that other people have perspectives different from their own
What is an example of artifificialism?
Viewing nature as created by humans/parents have eternal power
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's theory about the difference between what the child can do by himself and his level of "potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
When should you be concerned about aggressive play in children?
When a young boy is willing to beat up a girl/doesn't stop even after the person is down Ill intentions when playing rough
How does the zone of proximal development work?
When teaching a child, you have to adjust your instruction to a child's proximal zone and back off as the child grows older
What does resilience do for children?
carry them through life to become a successful/better version of themselves, despite the terrible parenting they received/childhood they endured
What is the developmental timeline of the brain's frontal lobes?
continues to develop into your 20's, especially the myelin sheath of the brain
What impact does learned helplessness have on children's lives?
ensure many/if not all failures in a kid's life as they won't give anything new a chance
How can you treat ADHD?
gentler parenting styles & psycho-stimulant medication
What is the role of the hypothalamus & pituitary gland in signaling the start of puberty?
goes through a 3-step chain reaction to signal the pituitary gland to secrete estrogen and testosterone at the beginning of puberty
How do we measure popularity in kids?
how well-liked/feared someone is by their peers
Autism spectrum disorder
impaired theory of mind in areas of social-referencing and normal conversation
What does Vygotsky claim about the role of inner speech in cognitive development?
inner speech plays a vital role in learning language and general concepts
What are the obligations adults have in reporting suspected child abuse?
law requires adults to report child abuse if they suspect it, even if they're unsure or are even worried about ruining a family
How does a child's body change during childhood?
lengthens and thins out into childhood
What type of infant/child is most at risk for child abuse?
ones who cry a lot/act spiteful
What is an example of extrinsic motivation?
parents' approval, making oneself proud, getting money for good grades
Why are teenagers sleep deprived?
tend to begin going to bed later at 11 & waking up early for school
What type of child is most likely to be labeled as highly aggressive?
those that are harshly/physically punished by parents & rejected by their peers/teachers
What type of infant/child is least at risk for child abuse?
those who are well-mannered/sweet
How is IQ measured?
through testing various logics such as similarities, vocabulary, picture completion, block design, coding, & digit span
What is the problem w/Kohlberg's moral reasoning scale?
wrong in how it defined young people as having no knowledge of morality during toddler years, but also not many people were able to reach post conventional thinking because of his demanding criteria
