Human Growth & Development: Test 2

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Post conventional thinking example

"Heinz had to steal the drug because nothing outweighs the universal principle of saving a life"

Preconventional thinking example

"Heinz should not take the drug because he will go to jail" or "Heinz should take the drug because then his wife will treat him well"

Conventional thinking example

"Heinz shouldn't/should steal the drug b/c it's a person's duty to obey the law (or stick up for his wife)" or "Yes, human life is sacred, but the rules must be obeyed"

Empathy

Directly feeling another person's emotions

How does divorce impact parenting?

Divorce can lead parents to set the child against the other one or limit the balance both parents had during marriage

What does it mean to be academically gifted?

scoring higher than average on the IQ test & either skipping a grade/joining a program with special learning courses

Learned helplessness

Feeling powerless to affect your fate & gives up w/o trying

Internalizing tendencies

Form the habit of hanging back in social situations; usually timid, self-conscious, frightened & depressed

What is the mental health effect on sexual activity outside of committed relationships for girls and boys?

Girls feel dirty & conflicted about noncommitted intercourse while guys are praised as studs for it

Fine motor skills

Girls; small, coordinated movements (ex. drawing, hitting a ball with a bat, etc.)

What is the typical sequence of change in puberty for both girls and boys?

Growth spurts, lengthening of the reproductory organs, and production of pubic hair

Authoritative parents

High on nurturing & setting limits

Proactive aggression

Hurtful behavior we initiate to achieve a goal

What are the characteristics of formal operations?

Hypothetical, scientific, flexible reasoning

Induction

Ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize w/pain he has caused another

What are the disadvantages of authoritative parents?

May have strict rules, yet they are bent sometimes in favor of a special event

What is the name of the trend in early puberty?

Merache (female) & spermarche (male)

Sympathy

More muted feeling that we experience for another human being

What are the disadvantages of an early-maturing boy/girl?

More prone to abuse substances, at risk for depression, friendship with more mature friends (smoking, drinking, & drugs), unprotected sex, low self-worth, bullying, shorter & stockier

Anorexia nervosa

Most serious eating disorder, defined by self-starvation to the point of reaching 85% of one's ideal body weight or less

What are the effects of obesity in life?

Negative emotional effects

Do girls & boys play the same?

No Girls' play is gentle & subdued, usually one-on-one and more talk than play Boys' play is rough & tumble, usually in big groups and more physical than talkative

How do we effectively prevent bullying?

No audience to encourage the bully

Inhibition

Not doing what we feel like doing (pressing a button whenever a kid sees an animal, but not a dog)

What is the difference b/t sympathy & empathy?

Sympathy less directly involved while empathy is feeling others' emotions directly

What are the advantages of later maturing boy/girl?

Taller & better proportioned

Which hormone is responsible for teenage acne?

Testosterone/androgen androgens

IQ

Tests & measures academic potential

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations (practically-smarter people=higher average scores

What is the explanation of the transition to concrete operational thinking by the information processing framework?

The way memories are made

What is an example of the preoperational stage?

Thinking a ball of clay has different amount when it's flattened/believing a glass of water poured into a different shaped glass magically increases the liquid's volume (no/little knowledge of laws of conservation)

What is the developmental trajectory of prosocial behavior during childhood?

This behavior during childhood is very open & giving, but narrows to sophistated skills to know when to help another & if one has the capability to even be helpful

What types of people do we pick as friends?

Those similar to us (similar likes/hobbies)

Rejecting-neglecting parents

Worst of both fields: low on structure & on love

What do aptitude and achievement tests measure?

a child's academic performance & progress in various subjects

Why do so many teenagers have sex?

b/c they're not educated about it, merely being told to wait on it without any explanation/much reason behind it; curiosity about it

How do school age children describe themselves?

based on what they have to offer others, their attitude, & the values they hold that have an impact on themselves & those around them (internal & psychological)

How do preschoolers describe themselves?

based on what they have, physical appearance, & unrealistic views of their abilities/temperament (external facts)

According to David Elkind, how do teenagers think about the world?

become emotionally & logically intuned to their parents (what they say vs. what they do) & begin to question why things the way they are

How do teenagers' relationships with their parents change as they age?

begin to distance from their parents as they get a car, can drive, & take on more responsibility

What is the best way to parent difficult children?

being sensitive to their needs is crucial to the development & positive outcome for the child

How does menarche compare to spermache?

both at the beginning of a period & have to do w/the major changes, like lengthening reproductive organs

What do teenagers want from sex education courses?

define what sex is in an open & comprehensive way, willing to answer any questions & straighten out misunderstandings

What is an example of intrinsic motivation?

determination to get better at a class, love of learning, stubbornness to meet a challenging subject

What is the prognosis of dyslexia?

inhibit many children/adults who test well on IQ tests but not on general tests

What is the cause of dyslexia?

many causes, including often being an inherited trait

Under what circumstances do children deal with failures well?

physical failures as they realize they're still growing

What is the cause of ADHD?

primarily genetic/ biological surrounding the frontal lobes taking longer than normal to mature

What is the best route of action when children are being abused?

report abuse to authorities & be willing to stand up for abused child in trial if need be

How does learned helplessness develop?

when kids fail once/many times & decide there's no point in trying since they won't succeed anyway

When did adolescence become a defined life stage in our country?

1904

What are the chances of growing up in poverty if you live in a mother-headed single parent household?

2-out-of-3

What does normal self-esteem issues in a child should look like?

A kid noticing academic areas they struggle in, where others seem to be exceling, & determining to do better

What factors can predict a child having a stormy adolescence?

A poor home life &/or sleep deprivation

Reactive aggression

A response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived

Selective attention

Ability to manage awareness to focus only on what one needs to know (kids being asked to memorize only a few pictures of a certain category and not the other irrelevant info)

Who embarrasses females most regarding their changing body during puberty?

Fathers

When should people be concerned about the self-esteem of children?

"I can't do/am not good at anything" or "why even try if I'm just going to fail mentality

What labels do we use to describe how popular a child is?

"Most well-liked"/"most feared/intimidating"

What are the advantages of permissive parents?

"Provide total freedom & unconditional love"

What are the disadvantages of authoritarian parents?

-"Do just what I say" -Rules are non-negotiable -Child grows up in an uncaring & cold environment

What characteristics of children make them more likely to be prosocial and how do you encourage this type of behavior?

-Prosocial -Refuse moral disengagement -Caregivers encourage good behavior

How should you deal with a preschooler's errors in thinking about the world?

-Understand they can't understand some common sense -Reward right ideas & gently correct thinking

Externalizing tendencies

Act on immediate emotions & often behave disruptively & aggressively

Extrinsic motivation

Activities undertaken in order to get external reinforcers

Relational aggression

Acts designed to hurt relationships

When does a child master theory of mind?

Age 6

Dyslexia

Any reading difficulty or disability

When does theory of mind first appear?

Around age 4/5

Permissive parents-At the opposite end of the spectrum from authoritarian parents

At the opposite end of the spectrum from authoritarian parents

What is a disorder marked by theory of mind problems?

Autism spectrum disorder

What proportion of teenagers and young adults are arrested typically?

Beginning teenagers, risk-taking males, or young adults who often drink

What is the cause of early puberty in girls

Being overweight

Gardener's theory of intelligence

Believes IQ tests aren't completely invalid but don't cover the 8-9 intelligences each person has

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

Believes IQ tests only test 1 type of intelligence rather than the 4 areas of intelligence there truly are

What is an example of animism?

Believing a doll or stuffed animal is conscious and alive

What are the advantages of an early-maturing boy/girl?

Better at sports, more equal with girls, popularity & self-esteem increases

What role do prenatal hormones play in later sex role behavior in play?

Boys believed to biologically have hormones that make them aggressive/boys are afraid of playing w/ girl toys (tough mentality Some girls more masculine b/c of exposure to testosterone & regularly cross the line to play with "boy stuff"

Gross motor skills

Boys; large muscle movements (ex. Running, jumping, etc)

What are some examples of emotional regulation?

Calming down one's anger when receiving a failing grade Stopping fear/intimidation from keeping you from asking the teacher for help

What is an example of egocentrism?

Child believes he/she is the center of the universe

What are the disadvantages of permissive parents?

Child's wishes rules

What are the disadvantages of rejecting-neglecting parents?

Children left to raise themselves

What are the advantages of rejecting-neglecting parents?

Children neglected, ignored, & emotionally abandoned

How should you talk to children about their accomplishments in schools/otherwise?

Children should feel rewarded about their efforts & progress instead of generally being "smart" or they will feel the pressure to be/do right every time

What are the ultimate determinants for the timing of puberty?

Environmental wellness/stress, health of the body, and a variety of other random influences

Authoritarian parents

Inflexible parenting style

Cliques

Intimate groups that have a membership size of about 6

Peer group theory

Judith Rich Harris believes that the environment has a dramatic impact on our development; but, rather than parents, our peer group socializes us to become adults

Conservation

Knowing the amount of a given substance remains identical despite changes in its shape or form

Seriation

Knowledge & ability to arrange items according to a measurable field

Class Inclusion

Knowledge that a category can comprise subordinate elements

Secondary sex characteristics

Label for hundreds of other changes that accompany puberty (ex: breast development, growth of pubic hair, voice changes, & alterations in person's skin)

Crowd

Larger groupings than 6 people, includes both best friends & acquaintances

What are the demographics of childhood obesity?

Less than 1 in 2 second graders spend at least 4 days/week engaging in vigorous exercise

What are the advantages of authoritarian parents?

Love children deeply

What is the behavioral geneticists' view on how parenting affects development?

Parenting must shift its focus more on providing the best possible environments for their children to realize their genetic potential

How do parents and peers impact aggression and anti-social behavior in a child?

Parents over-spanking, shout-scolding, & curling punishing their child Peers rejection leads to more pride & anger in children ("Fine, I don't need anyone anyway")

What groups in school does the IQ test pose problems for?

Poor children

Identity constancy tasks

Preoperational children don't realize that people remain their essential selves despite changes in the way they visually appear/officially set by 2½

Mental health impact of being in different crowds in high school

Punks/outcasts-Desire to stand out by dressing different & express personal opinion Popular-Less importance on following moral standards as long as social acceptance is there Bad crowd-Bad influences lead to careless/harmful actions Gang-Gives an illusion of family relationships lacking at home/w/blood relatives

What is an example of the concrete operational stage?

Reasoning the liquid is the same by realizing that the second glass is taller than the wide one it'd been in/blaming the change on the cups rather than conservation of the liquid

Primary sex characteristics

Refer to body changes directly involved in reproduction (ex: growth of penis & menstruation)

What is the most popular discipline technique in the USA?

Removal of children's privileges

Rehearsal

Repeating material to embed it in memory (elementary school students repeating information to themselves before a test)

What does normal play look like for children?

Running & chasing

Which quality is most likely to promote thriving in teenagers?

Superior executive functions

How does scaffolding fit in w/the zone of proximal development?

Scaffolding (process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development) allows parents and teachers to alter the child's thinking through repetition and gentle correction

How does self-esteem and concrete operations relate to each other?

Self-esteem begins to lower in elementary school as kids look outward & compare themselves to others, grades/looks, & finds themselves lacking Concrete operations help a child see their strengths & accept their weaknesses

Intrinsic motivation

Self-generated actions that arise from inner desires

What are the advantages of authoritative parents?

Set clear standards but also provide freedom & plenty of love

Emotional regulation

Skills involved in controlling our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life

What can fine motor & gross motor skills predict for later skill development?

Success in school/academic levels & sport finesse

What is the average teenager's general worldview?

To question rules, see below the surface, search for freedom, still reason logically & generally value school, but also have fun & follow the examples of friends to fit in

How does the typical teenage girl view her weight?

Too heavy/not light enough due to social pressures to be thin

Bulimia

Typically not life-threatening b/c the person's weight often stays within normal range, but often involves binging on a lot of food & then purging/vomiting it, leading to health issues

Theory of mind

Understanding that other people have perspectives different from their own

What is an example of artifificialism?

Viewing nature as created by humans/parents have eternal power

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's theory about the difference between what the child can do by himself and his level of "potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

When should you be concerned about aggressive play in children?

When a young boy is willing to beat up a girl/doesn't stop even after the person is down Ill intentions when playing rough

How does the zone of proximal development work?

When teaching a child, you have to adjust your instruction to a child's proximal zone and back off as the child grows older

What does resilience do for children?

carry them through life to become a successful/better version of themselves, despite the terrible parenting they received/childhood they endured

What is the developmental timeline of the brain's frontal lobes?

continues to develop into your 20's, especially the myelin sheath of the brain

What impact does learned helplessness have on children's lives?

ensure many/if not all failures in a kid's life as they won't give anything new a chance

How can you treat ADHD?

gentler parenting styles & psycho-stimulant medication

What is the role of the hypothalamus & pituitary gland in signaling the start of puberty?

goes through a 3-step chain reaction to signal the pituitary gland to secrete estrogen and testosterone at the beginning of puberty

How do we measure popularity in kids?

how well-liked/feared someone is by their peers

Autism spectrum disorder

impaired theory of mind in areas of social-referencing and normal conversation

What does Vygotsky claim about the role of inner speech in cognitive development?

inner speech plays a vital role in learning language and general concepts

What are the obligations adults have in reporting suspected child abuse?

law requires adults to report child abuse if they suspect it, even if they're unsure or are even worried about ruining a family

How does a child's body change during childhood?

lengthens and thins out into childhood

What type of infant/child is most at risk for child abuse?

ones who cry a lot/act spiteful

What is an example of extrinsic motivation?

parents' approval, making oneself proud, getting money for good grades

Why are teenagers sleep deprived?

tend to begin going to bed later at 11 & waking up early for school

What type of child is most likely to be labeled as highly aggressive?

those that are harshly/physically punished by parents & rejected by their peers/teachers

What type of infant/child is least at risk for child abuse?

those who are well-mannered/sweet

How is IQ measured?

through testing various logics such as similarities, vocabulary, picture completion, block design, coding, & digit span

What is the problem w/Kohlberg's moral reasoning scale?

wrong in how it defined young people as having no knowledge of morality during toddler years, but also not many people were able to reach post conventional thinking because of his demanding criteria


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