Human Motor Behavior Exam 1

Fundamental Motor Patterns Stage

1 - 7 years old (1st or 2nd grade) base camp for rest of mountain build motor repertoire (run, jump, throw, hop) building blocks for context-specific skills move because it is fun, interesting, and exciting ends when individual no longer does skills simply for the sake of doing it

Application of Dynamic System Theory to Practice

1. Observe the mover doing a task within the authentic environment 2. Determine most efficient preferred state based on the individual, task and environment 3. Create movement choices 4. Identify rate limiters for the particular individual 5. Manipulate rate limiters (possible by creating affordances) 6. Repetition

3 Types of Infantile Reflexes

1. Primitive 2. Postural 3. Locomotor

Assumptions of Developmental Change

1. Qualitative 2. Age-related 3. Sequential 4. Cumulative 5. Directional 6. Holistic and Integrated

Motor Development Mountain Metaphor

1. Reflexive 2. Preadapted 3. Fundamental patterns 4. Context-specific 5. Skillful 6. Compensation (can happen any time)

Individual Constraints

2 Types: Structural & Functional

Types of Motor Milestones

2 months: lifts head and chest in prone position 5 months: rolls over, sits unsupported 9 months: pulls to stand; cruises furniture 12 months: walks

Newell's Model of Constraints

All effect each other and all constraints effects the way we move All constraints interact and work together

Bones Stop Growing at Different Times

All typically close by age 18 or 19 closure occurs at a younger age in girls

Palmar grasp

An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infant grasps the object. primitive

Skillful Stage

Approximately 11 years old and up passage into this stage typically associated with significant practice, puberty and growth spurt (some drop skills) not everyone makes it to this peak with every skill

Reflexive Stage

Around birth to 2 weeks base of mountain Survival and communication with a new environment Reflexes (primitive, postural) ends with the initiation of voluntary movement

Qualitative

Change in technique Change how we do something (process, form, technique) to see a difference

Motor Development

Continuous process Age-related (but not age-dependent) Sequential Adaptive change toward movement competence

Motor Milestones and Environmental Constraints

Culturally Based Practices (walked around in carrying straps on parent) Parental Practices (in crib all day, always carried?)

Ecological Perspective

Devleopment driven by interrelationship of individual, environemnt, and task (importance of multiple systems) Neural system is one of the many responsivle for action Two branches (Dynamic Systems and Perception action) Both driven by constraints

Sex Differences in early and later childhood, and adolescence

Early: minimal (boys might be slightly taller and heavier) Later: girls mature faster than boys Adolescence: girls start growth spurt earlier (age 9) than boys (age 11)

Ecological vs Information Processing

Ecological: multiple systems exert control, direct perception, movement results from muscles self assembling into groups, requires fewer commands from brain Information Processing: brain is executive, brain processes all perceptual info, movement is a result of thousands of commands from the brain to individual muscles

Ecological/Dynamic Systems vs. Maturational

Ecological: multiple systems, lifelong process, the environment is key Maturational: CNS, ends at puberty/adulthood, environment plays a limited role (can affect rate, but not direction)

Task Constraints

External to body Related specifically to tasks or skills (goal of task, rules guiding task performance, equipment)

Assessment of Skeletal Age

Hand and wrist X ray is compared with standards for average skeletal development by chronological age. X ray is matched with picture for ossification at ends of long bones and in short round bones.

Afforadance Examples - Slide

Infant: all four limbs, sitting often occurs, exploring Child: slide College Student: workout, aerobic capacity, get to class (mode of transportation) Elderly: point A to point B, workout just by using, rehab, use railings, feel dread, dangerous

Muscular System in Adults

Loss of muscle mass is minimal until age 50. By 80, average 30% of muscle mass is lost. Loss occurs in number and size of muscle fibers (the latter usually after age 70). Whether type II fibers undergo greater loss is unclear.

Postural

Maintain posture in changing envionrments, 2 months - 18 months Parachute, derotative righting

Theories of Motor Development

Maturational Perspective Information Processing Perspective Ecological Perspective

Maturational Theory

Motor development driven by maturation of systems (neural system is important) CNS development leads to new motor skills (structure precedes function) Invariable, genetically determined sequence basic motor skills emerge automatically (not special training needed) minimal influence from the environment (can speed up or slow down but cannot alter biologically determined course)

Proposition #1 of Dynamic Systems

Moving and developing individuals are high dimensional systems and movement behavior reflects a compression of the degrees of freedom Degrees of freedom are chosen based on the goal for the movement/task, environmental characteristics and individual characteristics movement is a result of group degrees of freedom into larger units

Motor Milestone and Individaul Constraints

Neck and shoulder strength (head control, upright posture) Perception - action coupling development Experience First Child Syndrome

Product

Outcome or end result of a movement Height, distance, speed

Negative Constraints

Produces a movement form that is NOT preferred, successful, and/or an improvement

Positive Constraints

Produces a movement form that is preferred, successful, and/or an improvement

Babinski Reflex

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched primitive

Moro Reflex

Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment startle reflex primitive

Stepping Reflex

Reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface locomotor

Locomotor

Resemble voluntary movements, but disappear before infant develops voluntary movement Stepping, swimming

Body Scaling

Scaling external environment (equipment) to match relative body size

Weight

Sigmoid pattern Individuals grow up, then fill out Peak weight velocity follows speak height velocity 2.5-3 months in boys 3.5-10.5 months in girls Extrinsic Factors: diet and exercise

Rate Limiter

Specific body system characteristics that is limiting or discouraging performance manipulate constraints to compensate for rate limiter

Primitive

Strong at birth, weaken over time Sucking, Palmar, Grasping

The _______ the attractor state, the harder it is to create destabilization or perturbation. The _______ the attractor state, the easier it is to create destabilization or perturbation.

Stronger Weaker

Purpose of Reflexes

Survival (protection, nutrition) Communicate with environment Building blocks for voluntary movement

Proposition #4 of Dynamic Systems

The rate limiters/control parameters for an individual mover change over time

Individual Appropriateness

Uniqueness of each person

Crawling Reflex

When baby is placed on stomach and pressure is applied to soles the arms and legs move rhythmically locomotor

Developmentally Appropriate

age appropriateness and individual appropriateness

Rooting and Sucking Reflex

allows baby to nurse/eat primitive

Bone Girth Growth

appositional growth layers are added under the periosteum (thin outer covering of bone)

Preadapted Stage

approximately 2 weeks to one year old life head, sit up unsupported rolling over to sit up basic manipulative skills (reaching, grasping) ends with walking and self feeding

Context-specific Stage

approximately 7 - 11 years old adapt and modify motor skills to different environments/tasks applies fundamental motor skills of running, throwing, and catching to playing baseball

Gravity Reflexes

automatic posture maintenance in changing environment postural

Matches x rays for chronological age = Matches x rays for an older chronological age = Matches x rays for a younger chronological age =

average maturer early maturer late maturer

Age Appropriateness

based on predictable sequences of growth and development

Informational Processing

basic intent = brain is like a computer human is passive environment provides the input, person processing input and wait for the response processing information, compares it to stored information, and puts out a response research focuses on practice, feedback, knowledge of results, attention, memory, and learning conditions

Proposition #2 of Dynamic Systems

behavior emerges in a self-organizing fashion as a function of the cooperation of the many sub-systems involved in a task if you change one system, all others have to change no central motor program/pattern exists to preprogram all the specifics of each movement movement is determined by the dynamic interaction of sub-systems (individuals), task demands and environmental context

Affordances result from ______ ________ and the ______ ______ of the task and environment

body scaling individuals perception

Purpose of Stereotypies

calming stimulating the senses building blocks (supine kicking for walking, stretching arms for grasping)

Embryo skeleton

cartilage

Perturbation

change, alter, or destabilize

Cumulative

current behaviors are built from previous ones (stepping stones)

Directional

development has an ultimate goal or purpose

Age-Related

development is age related, NOT age dependent Similar sequence, but timing varies

Sequential

development is sequential but individual pattern of development is fairly predictable = sigmoid curve orderly appearance of motor patterns and skills Rate and pathway of development are individual

Constraints shape movement behavior by

encouraging some movement discouraging other movements

Style of soccer playing changed according to surface: less sliding tackles and more passing on turf (example of )

environmental physical constraint

The foot binding of Chinese women was

environmental sociocultural constraint

Holistic and Integrated

everything changes and matters and interacts development is largely influenced by Nowells model of constraints

Parachute Reflex

extension of both arms when thrust downward in the prone position postural

Overall Post Natal Growth

follows sigmoid pattern timing differs between sexes timing of spurts and steady periods varies between individuals

Motor Milestones

fundemental motor stills building blocks cumulative and sequential Each skill has a required preceding milestone

Cephalocaudal Development

head to toe, top to bottom

Height and Weight of Adults

height is stable but may decrease in older adulthood with compression of cartilage pads in vertebral column and osteoporosis average adult starts gaining weight in the 20s with loss of muscle mass, diet and exercise

Biological age

how mature someones body is

Prenatal Muscular System

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Postnatal Muscular System

hypertrophy

Proximodistal Development

in to out

Variability

individual differences exist different characteristics ex. all have hair, but different hair color

Higher intrinsic motivation and process goals predicted greater exercise adherence (example of)

individual functional constraint

Football players who were shorter, had higher BMIs, and wider hips had superior performance on the front squat (example of)

individual structural constraint

Universality

individuals in a species show great similarity in a pattern of development common characteristics

Importance of Theory

informs choices made in practice drives practice provides proven information provides your truth provides argument for your practices

Key Rate Limiters

limited strength upright posture head control coordination

_________ ______ need to disappear months before the infant attempts the voluntary locomotor skill

locomotor reflex

Compensation Stage

make up for or counterbalance part of a system is not up to standard, so rest of system must adapt to maintain functionality (systems reorganize) Induced by injury or age Can happen at any time

Four predictable changes that impact movement processes and movement products

maturation of CNS increase in muscular strength and endurance increase in posture and balance increase in sensory processing capability

Universal Changes

maturation of CNS (more myelination, synaptic connections) increased muscular strength and endurance increased posture and balance improved sensory processing

Preferred Movement

movement processes that are most effective and efficient for a given task and a given mover represents freezing and unfreezing degrees of freedom preferred states change

Proposition #3 of Dynamic Systems

moving individuals occupy preferred, but not obligatory states for each movement choice

Dynamic Systems

multiple, integrated systems body systems spontaneously self organize so when one systems changes, the whole body changes new movements or movement forms emerge some systems my develop slowly in the young or degrade faster in the old and control the rate of development change occurs across a lifespan EVERYTHING MATTERS, EVERYTHING CHANGES, EVERYTHING INTERACTS

Motor Control

neural, physical, and behavioral aspects that underline human movement

Degrees of Freedom

number of possibilities for movement around a single join sum of possibilities for movement around each join individually and in combination

Infantile Reflexes

occur quickly after onset of stimulus involuntary involve single muscles or specific group of muscles persistence or absence may indicate neurological problems

Skeletal Systems in Adults

old bone is absorbed and new bone is formed bone growth slows, fails to keep pace with reabsorption and bones can become more brittle

Sources of Variability

opportunities experiences rate and pathways culturally-based practices (foot binding)

Affordances

opportunities for action that objects, events, or places in the environment provide perceived movement opportunity that object or environment provides

Enviornmental Constraints

outside of the body, properties of the world around us global, not task specific Physical: gravity, temperature, surfaces, weather Sociocultural: gender roles, cultural norms, expectations/beliefs of others around us

Strong Attractor State

perferred state is strong, stable and not easily perturbed

Weak Attractor State

preferred state is weak, unstable, and easily perturbed

Motor Learning

premanent gains in movement skill capacity associated with practice, experience, and opprotunities not directly observable (inferred through movement performance)

Differentiation

progression from gross, immature movements to precise, well-controlled movements

Maturation

qualitative advance in biological makeup; progress towards physical maturity (functional integration and ability to reproduce) functional changes c

Physical Growth

quantitative increase in size or body mass structural changes

Motor Behavior

refers to the separate yet integrated studies of motor development, motor control, and motor learning

Functional Constraints

related to behavioral function, change over a short period of time motivation knowledge arousal attitude culture willingness disposition

Structural Constraints

related to the body's structure length/height weight hand/foot size leg length strength fitness levels illness disease

Osteoporosis

rib cage collapses, stooped posture, reduced height bone loss influenced by hormones, diet, and exercise

Bone Length Growth

secondary centers at the ends of bones epiphyseal plates, growth plates or pressure epiphyses

Changing our location as we go up the mountain is:

sequential, cumulative, directional step by step not age determined occurs over a lifespan a range of developmental pathways (not just one mountain)

Overall Musccular System Growth

sigmoid pattern increases in diameter and length by the addition of sarcomeres Sex differences become marked in adolescence

Height

sigmoid pattern Girls: age at peak velocity is 11.5-12 years, growth height ends around 16 Boys: age at peak velocity is 13.5-14 years, growth height ends around 18 boys have longer growth period which contributes to absolute height differences

Stereotypies

spontaneous movements voluntary movements whole body movements rhythmical, patterned, controlled not in response to stimulation squirming, thrust arms

Attractor States

stability of a preferred state

Dramatic gain in leg weight without corresponding increase in strength

strength is a rate limiter adding leg weight to infants = decrease in reflex stepping placing older infants in water = stimulated an increase in stepping placing older infants on moving treadmill = increased stepping (children with Down's Syndrome)

Dribbling a basketball is best defined as a

task constraint

Process

technique by which a movement is performed bend knees, follow through, etc

Universal Directional Pattern of Growth

top to bottom inside to outside gross to fine

Swimming Reflex

when they are laid horizontally on their stomachs, infants stretch out their arms and legs locomotor