Human Motor Behavior Exam 1
Fundamental Motor Patterns Stage
1 - 7 years old (1st or 2nd grade) base camp for rest of mountain build motor repertoire (run, jump, throw, hop) building blocks for context-specific skills move because it is fun, interesting, and exciting ends when individual no longer does skills simply for the sake of doing it
Application of Dynamic System Theory to Practice
1. Observe the mover doing a task within the authentic environment 2. Determine most efficient preferred state based on the individual, task and environment 3. Create movement choices 4. Identify rate limiters for the particular individual 5. Manipulate rate limiters (possible by creating affordances) 6. Repetition
3 Types of Infantile Reflexes
1. Primitive 2. Postural 3. Locomotor
Assumptions of Developmental Change
1. Qualitative 2. Age-related 3. Sequential 4. Cumulative 5. Directional 6. Holistic and Integrated
Motor Development Mountain Metaphor
1. Reflexive 2. Preadapted 3. Fundamental patterns 4. Context-specific 5. Skillful 6. Compensation (can happen any time)
Individual Constraints
2 Types: Structural & Functional
Types of Motor Milestones
2 months: lifts head and chest in prone position 5 months: rolls over, sits unsupported 9 months: pulls to stand; cruises furniture 12 months: walks
Newell's Model of Constraints
All effect each other and all constraints effects the way we move All constraints interact and work together
Bones Stop Growing at Different Times
All typically close by age 18 or 19 closure occurs at a younger age in girls
Palmar grasp
An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infant grasps the object. primitive
Skillful Stage
Approximately 11 years old and up passage into this stage typically associated with significant practice, puberty and growth spurt (some drop skills) not everyone makes it to this peak with every skill
Reflexive Stage
Around birth to 2 weeks base of mountain Survival and communication with a new environment Reflexes (primitive, postural) ends with the initiation of voluntary movement
Qualitative
Change in technique Change how we do something (process, form, technique) to see a difference
Motor Development
Continuous process Age-related (but not age-dependent) Sequential Adaptive change toward movement competence
Motor Milestones and Environmental Constraints
Culturally Based Practices (walked around in carrying straps on parent) Parental Practices (in crib all day, always carried?)
Ecological Perspective
Devleopment driven by interrelationship of individual, environemnt, and task (importance of multiple systems) Neural system is one of the many responsivle for action Two branches (Dynamic Systems and Perception action) Both driven by constraints
Sex Differences in early and later childhood, and adolescence
Early: minimal (boys might be slightly taller and heavier) Later: girls mature faster than boys Adolescence: girls start growth spurt earlier (age 9) than boys (age 11)
Ecological vs Information Processing
Ecological: multiple systems exert control, direct perception, movement results from muscles self assembling into groups, requires fewer commands from brain Information Processing: brain is executive, brain processes all perceptual info, movement is a result of thousands of commands from the brain to individual muscles
Ecological/Dynamic Systems vs. Maturational
Ecological: multiple systems, lifelong process, the environment is key Maturational: CNS, ends at puberty/adulthood, environment plays a limited role (can affect rate, but not direction)
Task Constraints
External to body Related specifically to tasks or skills (goal of task, rules guiding task performance, equipment)
Assessment of Skeletal Age
Hand and wrist X ray is compared with standards for average skeletal development by chronological age. X ray is matched with picture for ossification at ends of long bones and in short round bones.
Afforadance Examples - Slide
Infant: all four limbs, sitting often occurs, exploring Child: slide College Student: workout, aerobic capacity, get to class (mode of transportation) Elderly: point A to point B, workout just by using, rehab, use railings, feel dread, dangerous
Muscular System in Adults
Loss of muscle mass is minimal until age 50. By 80, average 30% of muscle mass is lost. Loss occurs in number and size of muscle fibers (the latter usually after age 70). Whether type II fibers undergo greater loss is unclear.
Postural
Maintain posture in changing envionrments, 2 months - 18 months Parachute, derotative righting
Theories of Motor Development
Maturational Perspective Information Processing Perspective Ecological Perspective
Maturational Theory
Motor development driven by maturation of systems (neural system is important) CNS development leads to new motor skills (structure precedes function) Invariable, genetically determined sequence basic motor skills emerge automatically (not special training needed) minimal influence from the environment (can speed up or slow down but cannot alter biologically determined course)
Proposition #1 of Dynamic Systems
Moving and developing individuals are high dimensional systems and movement behavior reflects a compression of the degrees of freedom Degrees of freedom are chosen based on the goal for the movement/task, environmental characteristics and individual characteristics movement is a result of group degrees of freedom into larger units
Motor Milestone and Individaul Constraints
Neck and shoulder strength (head control, upright posture) Perception - action coupling development Experience First Child Syndrome
Product
Outcome or end result of a movement Height, distance, speed
Negative Constraints
Produces a movement form that is NOT preferred, successful, and/or an improvement
Positive Constraints
Produces a movement form that is preferred, successful, and/or an improvement
Babinski Reflex
Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched primitive
Moro Reflex
Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment startle reflex primitive
Stepping Reflex
Reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface locomotor
Locomotor
Resemble voluntary movements, but disappear before infant develops voluntary movement Stepping, swimming
Body Scaling
Scaling external environment (equipment) to match relative body size
Weight
Sigmoid pattern Individuals grow up, then fill out Peak weight velocity follows speak height velocity 2.5-3 months in boys 3.5-10.5 months in girls Extrinsic Factors: diet and exercise
Rate Limiter
Specific body system characteristics that is limiting or discouraging performance manipulate constraints to compensate for rate limiter
Primitive
Strong at birth, weaken over time Sucking, Palmar, Grasping
The _______ the attractor state, the harder it is to create destabilization or perturbation. The _______ the attractor state, the easier it is to create destabilization or perturbation.
Stronger Weaker
Purpose of Reflexes
Survival (protection, nutrition) Communicate with environment Building blocks for voluntary movement
Proposition #4 of Dynamic Systems
The rate limiters/control parameters for an individual mover change over time
Individual Appropriateness
Uniqueness of each person
Crawling Reflex
When baby is placed on stomach and pressure is applied to soles the arms and legs move rhythmically locomotor
Developmentally Appropriate
age appropriateness and individual appropriateness
Rooting and Sucking Reflex
allows baby to nurse/eat primitive
Bone Girth Growth
appositional growth layers are added under the periosteum (thin outer covering of bone)
Preadapted Stage
approximately 2 weeks to one year old life head, sit up unsupported rolling over to sit up basic manipulative skills (reaching, grasping) ends with walking and self feeding
Context-specific Stage
approximately 7 - 11 years old adapt and modify motor skills to different environments/tasks applies fundamental motor skills of running, throwing, and catching to playing baseball
Gravity Reflexes
automatic posture maintenance in changing environment postural
Matches x rays for chronological age = Matches x rays for an older chronological age = Matches x rays for a younger chronological age =
average maturer early maturer late maturer
Age Appropriateness
based on predictable sequences of growth and development
Informational Processing
basic intent = brain is like a computer human is passive environment provides the input, person processing input and wait for the response processing information, compares it to stored information, and puts out a response research focuses on practice, feedback, knowledge of results, attention, memory, and learning conditions
Proposition #2 of Dynamic Systems
behavior emerges in a self-organizing fashion as a function of the cooperation of the many sub-systems involved in a task if you change one system, all others have to change no central motor program/pattern exists to preprogram all the specifics of each movement movement is determined by the dynamic interaction of sub-systems (individuals), task demands and environmental context
Affordances result from ______ ________ and the ______ ______ of the task and environment
body scaling individuals perception
Purpose of Stereotypies
calming stimulating the senses building blocks (supine kicking for walking, stretching arms for grasping)
Embryo skeleton
cartilage
Perturbation
change, alter, or destabilize
Cumulative
current behaviors are built from previous ones (stepping stones)
Directional
development has an ultimate goal or purpose
Age-Related
development is age related, NOT age dependent Similar sequence, but timing varies
Sequential
development is sequential but individual pattern of development is fairly predictable = sigmoid curve orderly appearance of motor patterns and skills Rate and pathway of development are individual
Constraints shape movement behavior by
encouraging some movement discouraging other movements
Style of soccer playing changed according to surface: less sliding tackles and more passing on turf (example of )
environmental physical constraint
The foot binding of Chinese women was
environmental sociocultural constraint
Holistic and Integrated
everything changes and matters and interacts development is largely influenced by Nowells model of constraints
Parachute Reflex
extension of both arms when thrust downward in the prone position postural
Overall Post Natal Growth
follows sigmoid pattern timing differs between sexes timing of spurts and steady periods varies between individuals
Motor Milestones
fundemental motor stills building blocks cumulative and sequential Each skill has a required preceding milestone
Cephalocaudal Development
head to toe, top to bottom
Height and Weight of Adults
height is stable but may decrease in older adulthood with compression of cartilage pads in vertebral column and osteoporosis average adult starts gaining weight in the 20s with loss of muscle mass, diet and exercise
Biological age
how mature someones body is
Prenatal Muscular System
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Postnatal Muscular System
hypertrophy
Proximodistal Development
in to out
Variability
individual differences exist different characteristics ex. all have hair, but different hair color
Higher intrinsic motivation and process goals predicted greater exercise adherence (example of)
individual functional constraint
Football players who were shorter, had higher BMIs, and wider hips had superior performance on the front squat (example of)
individual structural constraint
Universality
individuals in a species show great similarity in a pattern of development common characteristics
Importance of Theory
informs choices made in practice drives practice provides proven information provides your truth provides argument for your practices
Key Rate Limiters
limited strength upright posture head control coordination
_________ ______ need to disappear months before the infant attempts the voluntary locomotor skill
locomotor reflex
Compensation Stage
make up for or counterbalance part of a system is not up to standard, so rest of system must adapt to maintain functionality (systems reorganize) Induced by injury or age Can happen at any time
Four predictable changes that impact movement processes and movement products
maturation of CNS increase in muscular strength and endurance increase in posture and balance increase in sensory processing capability
Universal Changes
maturation of CNS (more myelination, synaptic connections) increased muscular strength and endurance increased posture and balance improved sensory processing
Preferred Movement
movement processes that are most effective and efficient for a given task and a given mover represents freezing and unfreezing degrees of freedom preferred states change
Proposition #3 of Dynamic Systems
moving individuals occupy preferred, but not obligatory states for each movement choice
Dynamic Systems
multiple, integrated systems body systems spontaneously self organize so when one systems changes, the whole body changes new movements or movement forms emerge some systems my develop slowly in the young or degrade faster in the old and control the rate of development change occurs across a lifespan EVERYTHING MATTERS, EVERYTHING CHANGES, EVERYTHING INTERACTS
Motor Control
neural, physical, and behavioral aspects that underline human movement
Degrees of Freedom
number of possibilities for movement around a single join sum of possibilities for movement around each join individually and in combination
Infantile Reflexes
occur quickly after onset of stimulus involuntary involve single muscles or specific group of muscles persistence or absence may indicate neurological problems
Skeletal Systems in Adults
old bone is absorbed and new bone is formed bone growth slows, fails to keep pace with reabsorption and bones can become more brittle
Sources of Variability
opportunities experiences rate and pathways culturally-based practices (foot binding)
Affordances
opportunities for action that objects, events, or places in the environment provide perceived movement opportunity that object or environment provides
Enviornmental Constraints
outside of the body, properties of the world around us global, not task specific Physical: gravity, temperature, surfaces, weather Sociocultural: gender roles, cultural norms, expectations/beliefs of others around us
Strong Attractor State
perferred state is strong, stable and not easily perturbed
Weak Attractor State
preferred state is weak, unstable, and easily perturbed
Motor Learning
premanent gains in movement skill capacity associated with practice, experience, and opprotunities not directly observable (inferred through movement performance)
Differentiation
progression from gross, immature movements to precise, well-controlled movements
Maturation
qualitative advance in biological makeup; progress towards physical maturity (functional integration and ability to reproduce) functional changes c
Physical Growth
quantitative increase in size or body mass structural changes
Motor Behavior
refers to the separate yet integrated studies of motor development, motor control, and motor learning
Functional Constraints
related to behavioral function, change over a short period of time motivation knowledge arousal attitude culture willingness disposition
Structural Constraints
related to the body's structure length/height weight hand/foot size leg length strength fitness levels illness disease
Osteoporosis
rib cage collapses, stooped posture, reduced height bone loss influenced by hormones, diet, and exercise
Bone Length Growth
secondary centers at the ends of bones epiphyseal plates, growth plates or pressure epiphyses
Changing our location as we go up the mountain is:
sequential, cumulative, directional step by step not age determined occurs over a lifespan a range of developmental pathways (not just one mountain)
Overall Musccular System Growth
sigmoid pattern increases in diameter and length by the addition of sarcomeres Sex differences become marked in adolescence
Height
sigmoid pattern Girls: age at peak velocity is 11.5-12 years, growth height ends around 16 Boys: age at peak velocity is 13.5-14 years, growth height ends around 18 boys have longer growth period which contributes to absolute height differences
Stereotypies
spontaneous movements voluntary movements whole body movements rhythmical, patterned, controlled not in response to stimulation squirming, thrust arms
Attractor States
stability of a preferred state
Dramatic gain in leg weight without corresponding increase in strength
strength is a rate limiter adding leg weight to infants = decrease in reflex stepping placing older infants in water = stimulated an increase in stepping placing older infants on moving treadmill = increased stepping (children with Down's Syndrome)
Dribbling a basketball is best defined as a
task constraint
Process
technique by which a movement is performed bend knees, follow through, etc
Universal Directional Pattern of Growth
top to bottom inside to outside gross to fine
Swimming Reflex
when they are laid horizontally on their stomachs, infants stretch out their arms and legs locomotor