Human Nutrition Chapter 8 Assignment and Assessment

________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen.

glycogenesis

To maintain a steady supply of glucose to body cells, the process of _______ frees glucose from its storage form in the muscle and liver.

glycogenolysis

Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver?

cortisol

During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways?

glycolysis

Standard drink for Liquor

1.5 ounces

Standard drink for beer

12 oz

The net yield of oxidation of 1 glucose molecule via glycolysis is ___________ ATP. Enter a whole number

2

During beta-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________.

Acetyl CoA

Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle? Cytochrome C Acetyl CoA Glucose Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

Ketogenesis

Acetyl-CoA to Ketone bodies

Fatty acid synthesis

Acetyl-CoA to fatty acids

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is false? Aerobic process One glucose molecule is catabolized to two pyruvate molecules Occurs in the cytosol of the cell Net gain of two ATP

Aerobic process

How is protein used by the body? Select all that apply Production of ATP Synthesis and repair of muscle tissue Production of fatty acids Synthesis of glucose

All of the above

Cole was told by his healthcare provider that he has metabolic syndrome. Which of the following can occur as a result of metabolic syndrome? Increased insulin secretion Insulin resistance Increased breakdown of glycogen from the liver to replenish blood glucose levels All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

Deamination

Amino acids to carbon skeletons

Gluconeogenesis

Amino acids to glucose

protein synthesis

Amino acids to proteins

Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules? Electron chain transport Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Fermentation

Electron chain transport

Aerobic process is which of the following: Citric Acid Cycle Glycolysis Electron transport chain

Electron transport chain Citric acid cycle

Which of the following nutrients is most likely to be missing from a ketogenic diet? Fiber Saturated fatty acids Vitamin D Protein

Fiber

Which of the following hormones increase blood glucose? Insulin Cortisol Glucagon Epinephrine

Glucagon Epinephrine Cortisol

The thyroid hormone regulates the rate of metabolism. During periods of growth, such as childhood and pregnancy, thyroid hormone production _______

Increases

All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways except ________. glucagon insulin epinephrine cortisol

Insulin

Excessive consumption of alcohol can lead directly to all of the following, except _______.

Lung cancer

Chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients rely on the participation of numerous coenzymes. Match the following B vitamins to their coenzyme forms. NIACIN Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) Coenzyme A (CoA) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Which of the following vitamins is a component of coenzyme A? Niacin Vitamin B-6 Pantothenic acid Riboflavin

Pantothenic acid

Chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients rely on the participation of numerous coenzymes. Match the following B vitamins to their coenzyme forms. VITAMIN B-6 Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) Coenzyme A (CoA) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)

Lipolysis

Triglycerides to fatty acids

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?

Vitamin B-6

________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage.

cirrhosis of the liver

________ contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons.

fad

Beta-oxidation

fatty acids to acetyl CoA

Glycolysis

glucose to pyruvate

________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.

glycogenolysis

Proteolysis

proteins to amino acids

Energy is defined as ________.

the capacity to perform work

Chandra is a 25-year-old female who weighs 140 lbs. She has consumed three alcoholic drinks on an empty stomach within the past hour. Her blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is likely approximately _______.

0.08%

Standard drink for wine

5 ounces

One long-chain fatty acid that is present in food and in the body is stearic acid. Stearic acid is an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid. Beta-oxidation of stearic acid results in the formation of _______ molecules of acetyl CoA that can be oxidized in the citric acid cycle.

9

ATP is converted into ________ when the last high-energy bond on the ATP molecule is cleaved.

ADP

Which of the following is an example of catabolic pathway? Glycogenesis Protein synthesis Lipogenesis Beta-oxidation

Beta-oxidation

Healthcare providers may recommend a ketogenic diet to treat _______. epilepsy type 1 diabetes ulcerative colitis acid reflux

Epilepsy

Lipogenesis

Fatty acids to triglycerides

Catabolic hormones are which of the following: Cortisol Glucagon Insulin Epinephrine

Glucagon Epinephrine Cortisol

Insulin stimulates cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and promotes synthesis of glycogen, triglycerides, and muscle tissue. Insulin is an example of a(n) _______.

Hormone

Which of the following enzymes breaks down the triglycerides stored in adipose tissue to release fatty acids into the bloodstream? Hormone sensitive lipase Lipoprotein lipase Gastric lipase Pancreatic lipase

Hormone sensitive lipase

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a ketogenic diet? Very low in carbohydrate Moderate or low in protein Low in fat

Low in fat

Which substances can be metabolized to yield energy that human cells use to perform work? Do Not Yield Energy Carbohydrates Alcohol Fats Vitamins Proteins Minerals

Minerals Vitamins

Side effects of following a ketogenic diet include all of the following except _______. Rapid heart rate Headache Nausea Fatigue

Rapid heart rate

Which of the following statements accurately describes anabolic reactions of human metabolism? Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones Rids the body of metabolic wastes Results in the net release of energy, sometimes in the form of heat Requires the input of energy to synthesize a molecule from smaller molecules

Requires the input of energy to synthesize a molecule from smaller molecules

Which of the food items below would be included as part of a ketogenic diet? Toast Sausage Fruit Salad Egg

Sausage Egg

Each of the following nutrients can be utilized for energy except___________.

Vitamins

Ketogenesis occurs when ______.

acetyl CoA production from beta-oxidation outpaces pyruvate production from glycolysis

The high-energy phosphate compound that cells use to perform work is _______.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The reactions of human metabolism utilize the _______ energy that is stored in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol.

chemical

Series of specific chemical reactions in the cell are known as ________.

chemical pathways

Glycogenesis

glucose to glycogen

Glycogenolysis

glycogen to glucose

If age, weight, and sex are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol levels of 0.10 will _______.

have different physical effects

The primary function of adipocytes is ________.

triglyceride storage

Alcohol will go any place in the body that ______.

water goes

Anaerobic process is which of the following: Citric Acid Cycle Glycolysis Electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Which of the following statements about hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is false? HSL facilitates lipolysis. HSL acts predominately in liver cells. HSL functions only when insulin levels are low. HSL is an enzyme that facilitates the removal of three fatty acids from the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

HSL acts predominately in liver cells.

Which of the following is a side effect associated with excess consumption of caffeine? Tremors Anxiety All of these choices are correct Sleep disturbances

All of these choices are correct

Which ingredient in the current Keto Smoothie recipe provides the most carbohydrates to the smoothie? Blueberries Coconut milk Coconut oil Vanilla extract

Blueberries

Why has Eric likely been feeling fatigue over the past two weeks? The caffeine in the energy drinks interferes with normal energy metabolism. Eric's energy needs have gone up significantly due to a change his work schedule. Energy drinks provide B-vitamins and excess intake of B vitamins has been associated with fatigue. Energy drinks do not contain a significant amount of nutrients so Eric has likely not been consuming enough calories to fuel his metabolism.

Energy drinks do not contain a significant amount of nutrients so Eric has likely not been consuming enough calories to fuel his metabolism.

Which of the following is an Anabolic Reaction? Lipogenesis Beta-oxidation Lipolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Proteolysis Glycogenesis

Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Lipogenesis

Which of the following hormones decrease blood glucose? Insulin Cortisol Glucagon Epinephrine

Insulin

anabolic hormones are which of the following: Cortisol Glucagon Insulin Epinephrine

Insulin

The Cori Cycle _______.

Is an energy-requiring pathway that requires 6 ATP

Which of the following is a catabolic reaction? Lipogenesis Beta-oxidation Lipolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Proteolysis Glycogenesis

Lipolysis Beta-oxidation Proteolysis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis

Electron transport chain

Series of linked enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane that uses high-energy electrons to power ATP synthesis

Chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients rely on the participation of numerous coenzymes. Match the following B vitamins to their coenzyme forms. THIAMIN Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) Coenzyme A (CoA) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)

What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?

Those controlled by the brain

Which of the food items below would NOT be included as part of a ketogenic diet? Toast Sausage Fruit Salad Egg

Toast Fruit Salad

Which of the following storage sites can yield the greatest amount of energy?

Triglycerides in the adipose tissue

What blood alcohol level is the standard for drunkenness in Canada and the United States?

0.08%

If Eric wants to make his own "energy smoothie" to use as a meal replacement, what do you recommend he add to the smoothie as source of energy? Banana and caffeine powder 1 tbsp almond butter and 1 scoop whey protein 2 tbsp honey and vitamin supplement 2 tbsp cane sugar and calcium supplement

1 tbsp almond butter and 1 scoop whey protein

citric acid cycle

6-step enzymatic process that oxidizes acetyl CoA to yield high-energy electrons that can be used to power ATP synthesis

Glycolysis

8-step enzymatic process that converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules

Which of the following physiological and/or psychological effects often occurs when a person reaches a BAC of 0.20? Loss of consciousness and/or coma Cannot walk without assistance, mental confusion, and/or may pass out Slower-than-normal reaction time, loss of balance, and/or impaired memory Some loss of good judgement and altered mood/relaxation

Cannot walk without assistance, mental confusion, and/or may pass out

Which substances can be metabolized to yield energy that human cells use to perform work? Yield Energy Carbohydrates Alcohol Fats Vitamins Proteins Minerals

Carbohydrates Fats Alcohol Proteins

Chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients rely on the participation of numerous coenzymes. Match the following B vitamins to their coenzyme forms. PANTOTHENIC ACID Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) Coenzyme A (CoA) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients rely on the participation of numerous coenzymes. Match the following B vitamins to their coenzyme forms. RIBOFLAVIN Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) Coenzyme A (CoA) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)

Cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are most dependent on _______ as a source of energy.

Glucose