Human Nutrition Final Study Questions

About ___ of women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 2-5 years a. 10-15% b.20-25% c. 30-40% d. 50-60% e. 75%

a. 10-15%

An underweight 17-year-old male was 15 minutes late to his nutrition counseling appointment and he has to leave for a schoolrelated practice in 20 minutes. What dietary assessment method would be the most appropriate for the dietitian to begin assessing his food-intake pattern as well as a method that the dietician could reliably complete on the telephone at a later time? a. 24 hour recall b. food frequency c. food record d. diet history

a. 24 hour recall

Refer to "The Bogalusa Heart Study". Fatty streaks begin to appear in the aorta even earlier than ___ of age a. 3 years b. 4 years c. 5 years d. 7 years

a. 3 years

Reference the article "Mother Littlest Helpers" to answer the question. Which of the following is a beneficial microbe that resides in a healthy infant guy? a. bifidobacterium b. clostridium leptum c. staphylococcus d. non of the above are beneficial bacteria

a. Bifidobacterium

The inability to comprehend or express speech refers to ___ a. aphasia b. agnosia c. apraxia d. none of the above

a. aphasia

The recommendation for use of herbal teas in nursing women is: a. be cautious drinking herbal teas, as constituents of tea can transfer to breastmilk b. choose natural teas c. choose synthetic teas d. choose teas that have traditional uses dating back thousands of years e. choose whatever teas is preferred; all tea is safe

a. be cautious drinking herbal teas, as constituents of the tea can transfer to breastmilk

___ are more likely to have abnormal cholesterol levels during adolescence than ____ a. boys; girls b. girls; boys

a. boys; girls

The process of breaking down body protein to generate energy is known as: a. catabolism b. cannibalism c. anabolism d. annihilation e. anaerobic metabolism

a. catabolism

Phenylkeetonuria is an inherited condition ___ a. caused by a deficiency of an enzyme that metabolizes phenylalanine b. caused by a defective pancreas c. diagnosed by measuring ketones in urine d. requiring enzyme capsules to aid digestion e. of muscle coordination problems affecting the gastrointestinal tract

a. caused by a deficiency of an enzyme that metabolizes phenylalanine

What is the function of oxytocin at the time of delivery in pregnancy? a. causes smooth muscle contraction of the uterus b. relaxes uterine cervix c. calms sudden uterine contractions d. none of the above e. all of the above

a. causes smooth muscle contraction of the uterus

Hyperbilirubinemia in newborns is caused by ___ a. destruction of red blood cells b. high blood lipid levels c. high maternal intake of vitamin A d. labor lasting over 12 hours

a. destruction of red blood cells

The Gomez-Diaz et. al metformin paper implemented what type of experimental design? a. double-blinded randomized control trial b. randomized crossover design c. pretest-posttest randomized control trial

a. double-blinded randomized control trial

Persons 85 and older are the ___ growing population group in the U.S. a. fastest b. slowest c. intermediate compared to other age groups

a. fastest

Which is considered more severe? a. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) b. alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND) c. they are similarly severe

a. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of females who mature early? a. fewer eating problems and a better body image b. more likely to smoke c. more likely to drink alcohol d. engaging in sexual behavior at an early age e. all of the above are typical of females who mature early

a. fewer eating problems and a better body image

Reading "Meformin decreased plasma resistin concentrations in a pediatric patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. The most dominant reason for exclusion from the cohort for the largest group of people was: a. having heathy glucose tolerance b. having impaired glucose tolerance c. having healthy fasting glucose d. having impaired fasting glucose e. none of the above

a. having healthy glucose tolerance

The recommended daily dietary intake (RDA) of folate during pregnancy is: a. higher than before pregnancy b. lower than before pregnancy c. the same

a. higher than before pregnancy

Adolescent protein RDAs in total grams ___ for children as they age from 9-13 years to 14-18 years a. increase b. decrease c. remains the same

a. increase

The RDA of iron for boys and girls 14-18 years old ___ for boys and ____ for girls compared to children age 9-13 years old a. increases, increases b. decreases, decreases c. decreases, increases c. remains the same

a. increase, increase

The changes in maternal physiology affect all parts of the body. Which of the following would NOT be a normal change in a woman's gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy? a. increase intestinal motility b. relaxed gastrointestinal tract muscle tone c. heartburn d. constipation e. nausea

a. increased intestinal motility

According to the "Primitive Reflexes of Newborn Babies" video, primitive reflexes are defined as: a. involuntary muscle movements that originate in the lower portions of the CNS b. involuntary muscle movements that originate in the higher portions of the CNS c. voluntary muscle movements that originate in the lower portions of the CNS d. voluntary muscle movements that originate in the higher portions of the CNS

a. involuntary muscle movements that originate in the lower portions of the CNS

Good feeding practices to limit baby bottle carries and ear infections related to baby bottles include all of the following except: a. letting the baby have juice in a bottle throughout the day as desired b. offering juice in a cup c. limiting the use of a bottle as part of a bedtime ritual d. examining and cleaning emerging baby teeth on a regular basis

a. letting the baby have juice in a bottle throughout the day as desired

Refer to the article by Wu et al., 2014 Circulating Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality for questions 1-4. ___ was the most abundant n-6 PUFA in total plasma phospholipids a. linoleic acid b. arachidonic acid c. gamma linolenic acid d. di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid

a. linoleic acid

If taken in supplement form, folic acid has ___ bioavilability as the form found in leafy green vegetables a. more b. less c. the same

a. more

As discussed in class, what is the NWCR? a. national weight control registry b. national weight care requirements c. national women's cancer registry d. new weed control research

a. national weight control registry

What hormone is neccessary for the let-down reflex? a. oxytocin b. prolactin c. estrogen d. progesterone e. both c and d

a. oxytocin

Refer to the article by Deutz et al., 2013 Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on lean body mass during 10 days of bed rest in older adults for questions 1-4. What was the experimental design of the study? a. randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial b. randomized, crossover design c. randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial d. randomized, 8 x 8 latin-square design

a. randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

Reading "Meformin decreased plasma resistin concentrations in a pediatric patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Which of the following contributed to the exclusion of subjects in the study? a. some subjects had type 2 diabetes b. some subjects had impaired glucose tolerance c. some subjects had medical insurance d. some subjects had diet counseling e. some subjects were on a high carbohydrate diet

a. some subjects had type 2 diabetes

Food choices made by adolescents while snacking tend to favor foods hign in ___ and relatively low in ____ a. sugar, sodium, and fat; vitamins and minerals b. fiber; vitamins and minerals c. vitamins and minerals; sugar, sodium, and fat d. meats; sugar and sodium e. none of the above is correct

a. sugar, sodium, and fat; vitamins and minerals

The term fetal alcohol spectrum is now being used to describe: a. the range of effects alcohol has on fetal growth and development b. the number of rinks a woman can safely consume while pregnant c. a set of characteristics seen in children with alcoholic mothers d. all of the above

a. the range of effects alcohol has on fetal growth and development

More than 50% of people with anorexia do not fully recover a. true b. false

a. true

Refer to the paper "Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder". True or False: this study provides evidence for an association between increased maternal supplemental iron intake and reduced risk of autism spectrum disorder. a. true b. false

a. true

The best guesses about how many homeless youth living in the united states are likely much lower than actual numbers of kids who are homeless a. true b. false

a. true

True or False: children mimic adult behavior a. true b. false

a. true

True or False: lifestyle and dietary behaviors strongly influence healthy/accelerated aging a. true b. false

a. true

true or false: fiber requirements increase as children age from 4-8 years of age to 9-13 years of age a. true b. false

a. true

Which type of diabetes is potentially the most hazardous to the mother and fetus? a. type 1 diabetes b. type 2 diabetes c. gestational diabetes d. they are all equally hazardous

a. type 1 diabetes

Based on the data above, Jane will likely be diagnosed with: a. type 2 diabetes b. polycystic oviarian syndrome c. celiac disease d. hypothalamic amenorrhea e. gestational diabetes

a. type 2 diabetes

The major component of breat milk (Lactogenesis Stage III) is ___, while the second largest component is___ a. water, lipids b. lipids, water c. protein, carbohydrate d. water, protein e. protein, lipids

a. water, lipids

The primary reason women have given for discontinuation of progestin only contraceptives (e.g. Depo-Provera) is: a. weight gain b. irritability c. fatigue d. headache e. abdominal pain

a. weight gain

Which of the following foods would be the best, most nutrient dense choice for a pregnant adolescent? a. cheez its and peanut butter b. baked potato with low fat yogurt c. grilled cheese sandwich with mayonnaise and orange juice d. big mac and 2% milk e. all of the above

b baked potato and low fat yogurt

Case study: An 88 year old woman is seeking medical and nutritional support. She has been losing weight over the last six months, but she says her appetite and diet has not changed. You ask her what her regular activities are and notice she gets little sleep during the night, as she would rather craft and watch TV. What could this patient possibly be suffering and what could you recommend? a. just an active lifestyle; dont recommend any lifestyle or dietary changes b. "sundowners syndrome" recommend a temporary increase in dietary calories (energy) as you help her develop a healthy sleeping pattern c. "sundowner's syndrome" recommend a temporary increase in dietary protein d. it's probably a genetic disorder, there is litte you can do

b. "sundowners syndrome" recommend a temporary increase in dietary calories (energy) as you help her develop a healthy sleeping pattern

Jane is 5'7'', weighs 195 lb, and has a BMI of 31. Jane becomes pregnant. How many pounds should Jane gain during her pregnancy, based on her BMI? a. 11 to 20 b. 15-25 c. 25-35 d. 28-40 e. 35-45

b. 15-25

It will take approximately ___ hour(s) to eliminate the alcohol in one glass of wine from a 120-pound nursing woman a. less than 1 b. 2 to 3 c. 4 to 5 d. 6 to 7 e. 12 or more

b. 2 to 3

Approximately what percentage of individuals suffering from bulimia die from the disease? a. 1% b. 3% c. 8% d. 12%

b. 3%

A critical period of spinal cord development following conception is: a. 1-2 weeks after conception b. 3-4 weeks after conception c. 5-6 weeks after conception d. 7-8 weeks after conception e. 9-10 weeks after conception

b. 3-4 weeks after conception

Refer to the article by Wu et al., 2014 Circulating Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality for questions 1-4. At baseline, the mean age of study participants was ___ years, the majority of whom were ___ (64%) a. 65, women b. 74, women c. 60, men d. 65, men

b. 74, women

Compare the binding affinities of adult hemoglobin (HbA) and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) to oxygen a. HbA has greater affinity than HbF for oxygen b. HbF has greater affinitiy than HbA for oxygen c. they have similar binding affinities for oxygen d. they don't bind to oxygen

b. HbF has greater affinity than HbA for oxygen

When a mother's milk "comes in", this is often called which stage of lactogenesis? a. Lactogensis I b. Lactogenesis II c. Lactogenesis III d. Lactogenesis IV e. Lactogenesis V

b. Lactogenesis II

According to the "Primitive Reflexes of Newborn Babies" video, "rooting" refers to: a. a baby turning his/her head away from a stimulus applied to the cheek b. a baby turning his/her head towards a stimulus applied to the cheek and suckling c. a baby turning his/her head away from a stimulus applied to the cheek and suckling

b. a baby turning his/her head toward a stimulus applied to the cheek

In order to prevent obesity, how often should toddlers and preschoolers participate in physical activity? a. 30 min/day b. at least 60 min/day c. 2 hr/week d. 4 hr/week e. allow them to exercise as they feel

b. at least 60 min/day

Case Study: you suspect your patient, a 15 y.o. obese young woman, is deficient in iron. By asking for the lab value of her hemoglobin and hematocrit, you are asking for: a. anthropometry test b. biochemical test*** c. clinical test d. dietary test e. all of the above

b. biochemical test

There is overlap between the two sets of growth charts health care professionals use for children between the ages of 24 and 26 months. If a child's recumbent length is measured, than the ___ is the appropriate chart to use. If the child is over 2 years old and measured standing, the ___ is the correct choice. a. 2-10 year old growth chart; birth to 26 month growth chart b. birth to 26 month growth chart; 2 to 20 year old growth chart c. you would use a body mass index (BMI) chart for both d. neither; you only track weight, height, and head circumference e. none of the above is correct.

b. birth to 26 month growth chart; 2 to 20 year old growth chart

Hemodilution of nutrients occur during pregnancy because: a. women are eating less b. blood volume increases so much c. amniotic fluid displaces many nutrients d. glomerular filtration decrease e. maternal organs and tissues grow

b. blood volume increases so much

Which meal is most commonly missed by adolescents? a. lunch b. breakfast c. dinner d. snacks

b. breakfast

Lean individuals have increased functional ___ compared to obese individuals in response to cold temperatures a. white adipose tissue b. brown adipose tissue c. muscle tissue d. hepatocytes

b. brown adipose tissue

The term by which a stressor is placed on the fetus during development whose effects cannot be completely restored in subsequent time is: a. essential development b. critical period c. late period d. deficiency syndrome

b. critical period

For girls exhibiting symptoms of the female triad, bone mineral density usually ___ a. increases b. decreases c. remains the same

b. decreases

The RDA of iron for boys and girls 9-13 years old ___ for boys and ___ for girls compared to children age 4-8 years old a. increases, decreases b. decreases, decreases c. increases, decreases d. remains the same

b. decreases, decrease

What is the best treatment for obese adolescents? a. bariatric surgery b. dietary and lifestyle changes c. metformin d. skipping meals e. none of the above

b. dietary and lifestyle changes

Food insecurity is most likely to hit children in families who: a. qualify for federal assistance programs b. do not qualify for federal assistance programs c. have adequate access to transportation, shelter, medical care d. live in alaska or hawaii e. none of the above

b. do not qualify for federal assistance programs

According to the NOVA Epigenetics Video, which of the following statements are true? a. the DNA and epigenetics remain identical for monozygotic twins b. epigenetics change among identical twins as they age c. understanding the impact of epigenetics is not as important as the DNA d. environment and diet does not impact epigenetics e. none of the above

b. epigenetics change amoung identical twins as they age

Reading "Meformin decreased plasma resistin concentrations in a pediatric patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. The authors wanted the metformin group to start out with higher BMI than the placebo group a. true b. false

b. false

True or False: Cow's milk formula is an equal alternative to human milk: a. true b. false

b. false

True or False: Most cases of jaundice in babies are pathologic rather than physiologic a. true b. false

b. false

True or False: The size of the breast impacts the amount of milk the mother can produce? a. true b. false

b. false

An 85 year old man is seeking medical and nutritional support. While looking over his medical record, you notice that he suffered a fractured tibia 3 months ago while hiking and is still recovering. What information will help you in aiding his rehabilitation? a. cancer is an increasing risk in the elderly. you should assess his risk for cancer b. fractures in the elderly predicts for death within 1 year. therefore you should carefully monitor his health status as well as wound recovery c. fractures in the elderly predicts for death within 5 years. therefore you should monitor his health status as well as wound recovery through annual exams d. encourage him to consult a physician about Metformin prescription

b. fractures in the elderly predicts for death within 1 year. therefore you should carefully monitor his health status as well as wound recovery

Which of the following foods would be the best choice for a parent trying to increase fiber in her/his child's diet? a. protein or energy bar b. fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain breads c. fresh juice and enriched bread d. canned fruits e. all of the above would be great sources of fiber

b. fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain breads

____ is an unsafe food to give to one-year-old infants a. cooked green beans b. gummy bears c. cooked oatmeal d. cooked ground hamburger e. sliced peaches

b. gummy bears

Breast milk is iso-osmotic, which means breast milk ____. a. contains milk proteins b. has the same concentration of molecules as the mother's body plasma c. has the same concentration of molecules as human milk substitutes d. has a greater concentration of molecules than human milk substitutues

b. has the same concentration of molecules as the mother's body plasma

Factors associated with reduced fetal growth include all of the following EXCEPT: a. pre-pregnancy underweight and shortness b. high-carbohydrate diets c. low weight gain during pregnancy d. smoking e. poor dietary intake

b. high-carbohydrate diets

When cell size increases due to an accumulation of protein and lipids, the increase is characterized as ___ a. hyperplasma b. hypertrophy c. differentiation d. maturation e. apoptosis

b. hypertropy

The trend for obesity incidence among aging populations is ___ a. decreasing b. increasing c. not changing

b. increasing

Reading "Meformin decreased plasma resistin concentrations in a pediatric patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. This paper shows data from the usage of an off-label effect of metformin because: a. it sought to show lowering of HCL-cholesterol and triglycerides b. it sought to show glucose lowering in teenages c. it cured type 2 diabetes d. a and c e. all of the above

b. it sought to show glucose lowering in teenagers

Approximately what proportion of girls (9-18 yrs) consumes the recommended amount of dietary calcium (1300 mg/d)? a. less than 1 in 10 b. less than 1 in 6 c. less than 1 in 4 d. about half

b. less than 1 in 6

Functional unit(s) of the mammary gland is/are the: a. adipose b. lobules c. macrophages d. pertoris major e. c and d

b. lobules

What populations are considered to be at-risk for lead poisoning? a. middle class and low-income households b. low-income households c. upper class households d. agriculture communities

b. low income households

___ full term infants will become visibly jaundice with their serum bilirubin levels exceeding 5 to 7 mg/dL a. almost all b. many c. no

b. many

Refer to the article by Wu et al., 2014 Circulating Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality for questions 1-4. The association between linoleic acid intak and plasma phospholipi linoleic acid was ___ a. linear b. nonlinear c. no association

b. nonlinear

The hormone responsible for uterine contractions and the minimization of maternal postpartum blood loss is: a. prolactin b. oxytocin c. estrogen d. progesterone e. testosterone

b. oxytocin

While analyzing a blood sample from an overweight patient, you notice that his AST nad ALT levels are high. What does this imply? a. poor kidney function b. poor liver function c. poor lipid absorption d. he's had bariatric surgery e. all of the above

b. poor liver function

According to the Tanner scale, a sexual maturation rating (SMR) of 1 refers to: a. occurrences of puberty b. prepubutal growth and development c. sexual maturation has concluded d. the end of a growth spurt

b. prepuburtal growth and development

A 14 y.o. female weighed 150 lb at the end of sexual maturation rating (SMR) stage 3 and had an estimated 25% body fat stores. Which of the following statements best describes her reproductive capabilities? a. she has adequate body fat stores, but is unable to start menses due to her SMR rating b. she has adequate body fat stores and has started and can support menses c. she has limited body fat stores and is unable to support menses due to body composition stores d. she has breast buds and pubic hair, based on her SMR rating e. she is showing rapid weight gain

b. she has adequate body fat stores and has started and can support menses

Growth spurts generally occur at what maturation stage for girls? a. tanner stage 1 b. tanner stage 2 c. tanner stage 3 d. tanner stage 4 e. tanner stage 5

b. tanner stage 2

"BMI Rebound" can be defined as: a. the period in which your weight "rebounds" and settles in at your normal weight b. the normal increase in percent body fat which occurs after percent body fat declines and reaches its lowest point c. the point at which you have the greatest amount of fat you will ever have, typically between the ages of 8 and 10 d. the weight you attain by the age of 13 after you have had a growth spurt e. the loss of all child's baby fat, which occurs at about 6 year of age

b. the normal increase in percent body fat which occurs after percent body fat declines and reaches its lowest point

Which of the following nutrients can have adverse effects if consumed in excess of its RDA, causing microcephalia and nervous system malformations? a. folic acid b. vitamin A c. iron d. calcium e. vitamin C

b. vitamin A

Aged adults likely require more ___ than young adults a. vitamin A b. vitamin D c. iron d. a and b e. b and c

b. vitamin D

___ is the first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people a. medication b. weight loss c. hormone therapy d. in-vitro fertilization e. surgery

b. weight loss

The majority of twins born are ___ a. monozygotic b. dizygotic c. trizygotic d. in the same placenta

b.dizygotic

Energy and protein needs for children with cystic fibrosis are ___ those of healthy children a. less than b. the same as c. two to four times greater than d. greater than four times

c two to four times greater than

The AVERAGE caloric need of infants in the fist six months of life is ___ per kg of body weight, based on growth in breast-fed infants. a. 57 calories b. 98 calories c. 108 calories d. 122 calories e. 154 calories

c. 108 calories

Refer to the article by Wu et al., 2014 Circulating Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality for questions 1-4. After adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, cardiocascular, and dietary risk factors, circulating linoleic acid was inversely associated with total mortality, with ___ risk. a. 5% b. 8% c. 13% d. 17%

c. 13%

Which of the following best explains the maternal energy needs during singleton pregnancy? a. 1st trimester = same, 2nd trimester = same, 3rd trimester 340 kcal more per day b. 1st trimester = same, 2 nd trimester = 500 kcal more per day, 3rd trimester = 500 kcal more per day c. 1st trimester = same, 2nd trimester = 340 kcal more per day, 3rd trimester = 450 kcal more per day d. 1st trimester = same, 2nd trimester = 400 kcal more per day, 3rd trimester = 800 kcal more per day

c. 1st trimester = same, 2nd trimester = 340 kcal more per day, 3rd trimester = 450 kcal more per day

The mean weight of newborns from a twin pregnancy is ___ a. 1800 grams; 4 lb b. 2000 grams; 4.4 lb c. 2400 grams; 5.5 lb d. 2800 grams; 6.2 lb

c. 2400 grams; 5.5 lb

The recommended weight gain range for normal-weight women is: a. 5-10 lb b. 15-25 lb c. 25-35 lb d. 28-40 lb e. 35-45 lb

c. 25-35 lb

Approximately what proportion of total dietary energy is consumed by snacks for adolescents? a. 10% b. 15% c. 30% d. 50%

c. 30%

Undernutrition is present in ___ of elderly with dementia a. 5% b. 17% c. 31% d. 45%

c. 31%

Approximately ___ of term infants will become visibly jaundiced with their serum bilirubin levels exceeding 5 -7 mg/dL a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 50% e. 60%

c. 40%

What is the proportion of adolescent kids battling obesity (overweight and obese)? a. 30% b. 41% c. 52% d. 63%

c. 52%

Refer to the article by Deutz et al., 2013 Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on lean body mass during 10 days of bed rest in older adults for questions 1-4. The following inclusion criteria were verified at screening: male or female ____ of age; body mass index (BMI) ___ a. 50-85; 30 b. 60-85; 20 but 35 c. 60-79; 20 but 35 d. 55-75; 25 but 30

c. 60-79; 20 but 35

Infants weighing ___ are least likely to die within the first year of life a. 5 lb 11 oz to 6 lb 5 oz b. 6 lb 10 oz to 7 lb 2 oz c. 7 lb 12 oz to 8 lb d. 9 lb to 10 lb 2 oz

c. 7 lb 12 oz to 8 lb

what is the gestation-adjusted age for a 9-month old infant born preterm (32 weeks)? a. 6.5 month b. 7 month c. 8 month d. 8.5 month

c. 8 month

The development of arterial fatty streaks is related to elevated serum ___ a. LDL and HDL b. HDL and triglycerides c. VLDL and triglycerides d. HDL and VLDL

c. VLDL and triglycerides

When the nutrient concentration in the fetal blood is greater than the nutrient concentration in the maternal blood, nutrients will likely be transferred against the concentration gradient, requiring energy via: a. passive diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. pinocytosis e. exocytosis

c. active transport

Refer to the paper "Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder". According to the paper, the highest association with autism spectrum disorder and iron supplement intake was found during which maternal stages? a. early gestational b. late gestational c. breastfeeding d. all of the above

c. breastfeeding

Which of the following compounds have a low milk/plasma ratio? a. alcohol b. nicotine c. caffeine d. a and b e. all of the above

c. caffeine

how can the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy best be described? a.cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease due to the increased water volume in the blood b. cholesterol and triglyceride levels remain the same as pre-pregnancy c. cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase dramatically from prepregnancy levels d. cholesterol and triglyceride levels fluctuate daily depending on when the fetus is building nerve cells

c. cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase dramatically from pre-pregnancy levels

Which of the following should a mother avoid feeding her baby (less than 12 months) a. iron fortified rice cereals b. strained fruits and vegetables c. combination of food in one dish d. all of the above

c. combination of foods in one dish

The DiGeorge syndrome is a ___ a. condition in which 3 copies of chromosome 21 occur b. condition mostly occurring in males c. condition in which chromosome 22 has a small deletion d. condition that requires soy formula instead of breast milk e. condition in which infants cannot break down glucose

c. condition in which chromosome 22 has a small deletion

___ in childhood has been identified by research as a predictor of adult overweight a. late BMI rebound b. late introduction of solid foods c. early BMI rebound d. early cognitive stimulation e. all of the above

c. early BMI rebound

A 5-year-old boy is brought in for a nutrition assessment and health check. He weighs 51.5 lb (23.4 kg), is 45 in (114 cm) tall, and has a BMI of 18. As his dietician, how would you counsel him and his parents? a. encourage him to exercise, in order to lose weight and low his BMI b. Implement a calorie-restricted diet, to promote weight loss c. encourage a healthy diet plan with regular exercise, while promoting weight maintenance as he grows d. encourage a healthy lifestyle, without worrying about his BMI

c. encourage a healthy diet plan with regular exercise, while promoting weight maintenance as he grows

Decreased conversion to glucose to glycogen and fat and lowered maternal utilization of glucose help: a. ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half of pregnancy b. ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs c. ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development d. ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth e. promote healthy weight gain for pregnant women

c. ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development

Restricting or eliminating a food group without evidence-based need refers to what kind of eating behavior? a. binge eating b. inclusive eating c. food exclusion d. healthy dieting e. none of the above

c. food exclusion

Reference the article "Mother Littlest Helpers" to answer the question. The major available carbon source in breast milk is ___ a. galactose b. glucose c. glycan d. maltose

c. glycan

Which of the following symptoms would indicated that Jane has this diagnosis? a. her blood pressure, weight, and height b. hard time with conception and her age c. high fasting blood glucose, blood triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels d. her waist circumference, age, and blood pressure

c. high fasting blood glucose, blood triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels

Why does iron have to be bound to protein in the body? a. if unbound to protein, iron can react with oxygen, forming ferric oxide, which promotes iron transfer to the fetus b. all proteins are unstable without iron c. if unbound to protein, iron can react with oxygen and increase the production or reactive oxygen species, causing inflammation d. all of the above e. none of the above

c. if unbound to protein, iron can react with oxygen and increase the production or reactive oxygen species, causing inflammation

The dominant carbohydrate in human milk is ____ a. galactose b. glucose c. lactose d. sucrose e. maltose

c. lactose

Which of the following is/are considered to be "essential" nutrients? a. fiber b. cholesterol c. linoleic acid d. glucose e. all of the above are considered essential

c. linoleic acid

Which of the following conditions are strong predictor(s) for children to be at-risk for micro nutrient deficiency? a. sedentary lifestyle b. raised in a rural community c. low-income household d. all of the above

c. low-income household

Diabetes mellitus is defined by a fasting blood glucose level ___ a. more than 100 mg/dL b. less than 120 mg/dL c. more than 126 mg/dL d. more than 145 mg/dL e. none of the above

c. more than 126 mg/dL

Which of the following is NOT appropriate for toddlers/preschool? a. 1 cup per day of fruit juice b. 2 cups per day of milk c. more than 9 oz per day of soft drinks d. water as a "thirst quencher"

c. more than 9 oz per day of soft drink

Which of the following can be observed as opposite to failure to thrive (FTT) in infants? a. poor weight gain b. low energy intake c. obesity d. a and b e. all of the above

c. obesisty

A body mass index (BMI) in the 90th percentile would indicate that a 3 year old was: a. underweight b. normal weight c. overweight d. at the risk of overweight e. obese

c. overweight

The most significant predictor of childhood obesity has been found to be: a. low family income b. food insecurity c. parental obesity d. lower cognitive stimulation e. use of formula instead of breastfeeding

c. parental obesity

Refer to the article by Deutz et al., 2013 Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on lean body mass during 10 days of bed rest in older adults for questions 1-4. Mixed skeletal muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was measured by the incorporation of a stable isotope of which amino acid? a. leucine b. isoleucine c. phenylalanine d. glucose

c. phenylalanine

Failure to thrive (FTT) may result from a complex interplay of medical and enviromental factors that include all of the following except: a. pediatric AIDS b. digestive problems such as gastrointestinal reflux c. post-term birth and high birth rates d. asthma e. neurological conditions such as seizures

c. post-term birth and high birth weight

Jane is an avid runner and tried to stay in top-notch physical shape, maintaining a BMI under 18. However, Jane and her husband, Frank, have been having difficulty conceiving a baby. As her dietitian, which of the following would you recommend her to do? a. counsel her to continue to exercise but to eat more fruit and vegetables b. have Jane increase her daily consumption of water c. Recommend to Jane to reduce the amount of exercise and increase caloric intake, in order to increase her BMI d. There is little Jane can do; it is likely a genetic problem e. Have Frank start running with Jane

c. recommend to Jane to reduce the amount of exercise and increase caloric intake, in order to increase her BMI

Target behaviors in the prevention of overweight or obesity from birth would conclude all of the following except: a. limiting sugary beverages b. encouraging consumption of fruits and vegetables c. skipping breakfast everyday d. limiting portion sizes e. eating a fiber-rich diet

c. skipping breakfast every day

Increase in testosterone production results in waht characteristic in boys toward the end of puberty? a. soft tissue growth b. softens growth plates and promotes linear bone growth c. solidifies growth plates and stops linear bone growth d. induces a decrease in muscle mass

c. solidifies growth plates and stops linear bone growth

Growth spurts generally occur at what maturation stage for boys? a. tanner stage 1 b. tanner stage 2 c. tanner stage 3 d. tanner stage 4 e. tanner stage 5

c. tanner stage 3

Fertility refers to ___ a. the biological ability to bear children after intercourse b. the absence of production of children c. the actual production of children*** d. the number of births per 1000 miscarriages

c. the actual production of children

Orthorexia is: a. the ability of choose the correct foods when given a menu b. the willingness to try new foods c. the obsession of eating "clean" foods to maximize health d. the obsession of trying new foods e. the inability to consume enough calories to sustain growth

c. the obsession of eating "clean" foods to maximize health

Imagine you are a pediatrician and are consulting a mother and her son about healthy habits. You noticed her son, now age 10, has a BMI between the 75-90th percentile. At his last visit 1.5 years ago, the son has a BMI between the 10-25th percentile. Would you be concerned with his change in BMI? a. yes, he is now overweight and should be placed on a diet immediately b. no, he may start puberty in the next few years, so a high BMI is normal c. yes, his BMI has increases more than 2 percentiles, which warrants attention d. no, it is common for 10 year old boys to have high BMI

c. yes, his BMI has increased above 2 percentiles, which warrants attention

The recommended age for weaning an infant from the breast or bottle to a cup is from ___ months a. 6 to 8 b. 8 to 10 c. 10-12 d. 12 to 24 e. 24 to 36

d. 12 to 24

Refer to the paper "Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder". What percent of women are deficient in iron during pregnancy? a. 5-10% b. 10-20% c. 25-35% d. 40-50% e. 50-60%

d. 40-50%

What proportion of "dieting" individuals regain their weight? a. 50% b. 75% c. 85% d. 95% e. 99%

d. 95%

A breastfeeding mother asks you if alcohol can be eliminated from her breast milk by pumping immediately after drinking a few glasses of wine. what would you tell her? a. yes, in fact discarding you breast milk is a good thing to do if you would like to drink while breastfeeding b. yes, pumping will help, but you need o pump for the next 24 hours and discard any milk that you collect c. No, your breast milk will still contain alcohol, you will need to wait 1 hour per alcoholic beverage and then pump the milk and discard it to be safe d. No, the alcohol will still be in the breast milk and will clear from the milk as soon as it clears from the blood stream; roughly 2 to 3 hours per drink for a 120-lb woman e. none of the above will help eliminate alcohol from breast milk

d. No, the alcohol will still be in the breast milk and will clear from the milk as soon as it clears from the blood stream; roughly 2 to 3 hours per drink for a 120-lb woman

According to the continuum of eating disorders concept, which of the following precedes disordered eating actions? a. dieting behaviors b. body dissatisfication c. clinically significant eating disorders d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

According to the time magazine article, "How the First Nine Months Shape the Rest of Your Life" which of the following appear to be true? a. babies with low birth weight are predisposed to cardiovascular diseases b. women who remain obese during pregnancy are more likely to have obese children c. babies with a large birth weight are predisposed to cardiovascular disease d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

During embryonic development (3-8 weeks post-conception), the first mammalian systems of the fetus to form are: a. neural tissue b. heart c. palate and teeth d. a and b e. ALL begin to form immediately in the embryonic development stage

d. a and b

In general, what is an appropriate dietary goal for eating disorders? a. inclusive eating b. re-establishing regular timing and sized of meals c. high fiber, low fat foods d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

Physical activity recommendations for older adults include: a. strength training twice a week b. aerobic exercise at least 150 minutes per week c. aerobic exercise at least 50 minutes per week d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

Pregnancy increase the absorption of ___ and ___ a. iron b. calcium c. zinc d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

Refer to "The Bogalusa Heart Study". The mean intima media thickness (IMT) of which segment(s) of the carotid artery is related to cardiovascular disease risk factors? a. common carotid b. outer carotid c. carotid bulb d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

Refer to "The Bogalusa Heart Study". Which of the following are strong predictors of children developing cardiovascular disease? a. serum total cholesterol b. serum low-density lipoprotein c. serum high-density lipoprotien d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

Refer to the article by Deutz et al., 2013 Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on lean body mass during 10 days of bed rest in older adults for questions 1-4. During bed rest treatment, HMB improved which of teh following measurements in the subjects? a. change in total lean mass b. change in leg lean mass c. change in knee extensor strength d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

The major contributors to the increase in childhood weight problems are thought to include: a. high energy, high fat diets b. sedentary lifestyles c. lack of time to eat regular meals d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

Which of the following are considerations you should have when reading research literature? a. what type of study was conducted? b. do these findings support current recommendations? c. how exciting is the research? d. a and b e. all of the above

d. a and b

Which of the following are considered to be nutrient-dense foods? a. whole milk b. broccoli c. HiC and fruit juice d. a and b e. all of the above

d. a and b

Which of the following are fundamental symptoms of the Female Triad? a. eating disorder b. amenorrhea c. hypertension d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

Which of the following compounds have a high milk/plasma ratio? a. alcohol b. nicotine c. caffeine d. a and b e. all of the above

d. a and b

Reading "Meformin decreased plasma resistin concentrations in a pediatric patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Metformin lowers fasting glucose levels by decreasing hepatic production of glucose. What is a feasible explanation for how metformin lowered levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides? a. this could be linked to the lowering of glucose production b. this could be linked to lowered body mass index c. this could be linked with lowered resistin d. a and c e. all of the above

d. a and c

Which of the following accurately describes changes in breastmilk components over time during lactation? a. decrease in protein b. increase in protein c. increase in fat d. a and c e. b and c

d. a and c

Generally, skeletal mass peaks (99%) a what age for healthy, mature adolescents? a. age 16 girls, age 18 boys b. age 20 girls, age 20 boys c. age 20 girls, age 18 boys d. age 18 girls, age 20 boys e. none of the above

d. age 18 girls, age 20 boys

A multifetal pregnancy increases the mother's risk for: a. development of iron-deficiency anemia b. preterm delivery c. cesarean delivery d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to the "Primitive Reflexes of Newborn Babies" video, the "moro reflex" consists of which steps? a. dropping the newborn backwards while supporting the head b. infant's outward arm extension followed by arms lowering to the trunk c. crying d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Excess central body fat is related to___ a. insulin resistance b. ovulatory disorder c. metabolic syndrome d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Factors related to the birth of infants who are large for gestational age (LGA) include: a. pre-pregnancy obesity b. excessive weight gain during pregnancy c. poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy d. all of the above e. a and b only

d. all of the above

Imagine you are a pediatrician and are consulting a mother and her son about healthy habits. You noticed her son, now age 10, has a BMI between the 75-90th percentile. At his last visit 1.5 years ago, the son has a BMI between the 10-25th percentile. What measures would you take during the appointment? a. request a 24 hr recall regarding his daily diet and physical activity b. recommend more physical activity c. recommend nutrient dense, high-fiber foods to provide satiety d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Iron is absorbed best when: a. you consume low doses of iron throughout the day b. you have a higher need for iron c. you eat meat, poultry, or fish d. all of the above e. b and c only

d. all of the above

Parents can influence the eating behaviors of toddlers in which of the following ways? a. what they bring into the house and have available to eat b. how they prepare food and when they serve it c. their attitudes and behaviors around food d. all of the above e. a and b only

d. all of the above

Pregnancies among women with chronic hypertension are associated with higher rates of: a. placenta abruption b. preterm delivery c. fetal growth retardation d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The metabolic syndrome worsens the risk for: a. gestational diabetes b. hypertensive disorders of pregnancy c. large babies d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What advice would be helpful for a first time mom who would like to know how to prevent a decrease in milk production? a. relax and avoid stress b. breastfeed or pump frequently c. completely empty your breasts at each feeding, either by nursing or pumping d. all of the above e. a and c only

d. all of the above

Which of the following are treatment strategies for both anorexia and bulima? a. nutritional therapy b. psychological therapy c. drug therapy d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

The first half of pregnancy is considered the "maternal ___", while the second half of pregnancy is considered the "maternal ____" a. anatomic phase/catatonic phase b. catatonic phase/anatomic phase c. catabolic phase/anabolic phase d. anabolic phase/catabolic phase e. hyperplastic phase/hypertrophic phase

d. anabolic phase/catabolic phase

High maternal blood glucose levels cause the fetus to ___ a. increase calcium output b. convert glucose into triglycerides and store it as fat c. potentially develop type 2 diabetes later in life d. b and c e. all of the above

d. b and c

Preclampsia - exlampsia represents a syndrome characterized by all of the following except: a. seizures in the mother b. increased calcium excretion c. oxidative stress d. inflammation e. excessive protein in urine

d. increased calcium excretion

Newborn health status is assessed by a number of indicators of growth and development taken right after birth, which include all of the following EXCEPT: a. birthweight b. length c. head circumference d. knee to ankle length

d. knee to ankle length

The two essential fatty acids required in an infant's diet are alpha linolenic acid and ____ acid a. stearic b. palmytic c. polymyearic d. linoleic

d. linoleic

A symptom NOT related to PCOS is___ a. insulin resistance b. amenorrhea c. infertility d. low testosterone levels

d. low testosterone levels

The first line treatment for gestational diabetes is to normalize blood glucose levels with ____ a. oral medications b. insulin injections or insulin pump c. a low calorie, high protein diet d. medical nutrition therapy focusing on diet and exercise e. a very low calorie intake

d. medical nutrition therapy focusing on diet and exercise

When women are trying to get pregnant it is recommended that they ___ a. drink one glass of wine in the evening to help with sleep b. drink one glass of wine daily to reduce the effects of stress c. drink one can of beer daily d. restrict their alcohol intake.

d. restrict their alcohol intake.

The term used to describe the loss of lean body mass associated with aging is ____ a. cachexia b. obesity d. sarcopenia e. aphasia

d. sarcopenia

Which of the following best describes the unctions of umbilical veins and umbilical arteries? a. umbilical veins carry waste and CO2 rich blood from the fetus to the placenta, and umbilical arteries carry nutrient and O2 rich blood from the placenta to the fetus b. umbilical arteries carry O2 and iron rich blood from the fetus to the placenta, and umbilical veins carry waste and CO2 rich bllood from the placenta to the fetus c. umbilical veins carry 02 and iron rich blood from the fetus to the placenta, and umbilical arteries carry waster and CO2 rich blood from the placenta to the fetus d. umbilical arteries carry waster and CO2 rich blood from the fetus to the placenta, and umbilical veins carry nutrient and O2 rich blood from the placenta to the fetus e. none of the above

d. umbilical arteries carry waster and CO2 rich blood from the fetus to the placenta, and umbilical veins carry nutrient and O2 rich blood from the placenta to the fetus

Protein needs for children with special health care needs are ___ those for other children a. less than b. the same as c. greater than d. variable, depending on the chronic health care condition

d. variable, depending on the chronic health care condition

If an infant is exclusively breastfed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight, he/she might need a ___ supplement a. calcium b. fluoride c. iron d. vitamin D

d. vitamin D

A 5-year-old boy is brought in for a nutrition assessment and health check. He weighs 51.5 lb (23.4 kg), is 45 in (114 cm) tall, and has a BMI of 18. After plotting his BMI, you see this puts him in the ___ percentile a. 50th b. 75th c. 85th d. 90th e. 95th

e. 95th

After observing several family meals, you notice that the parents continually praise their children for cleaning their plates. They are: a. unconsciously rewarding the children for eating b. altering the children's ability to self-regulate food intake c. encouraging their children to be good eaters by offering praise d. all of the above e. a and b

e. a and b

On the second feeding after birth, a first time mom was concerned that her infant was not getting enough milk. What would the lactation consultant want the new mom to know? a. the first milk is highly concentrated in nutrients and provides a large amount of protein b. the infant needs only 1/2 to 2 tsp at each feeding for the first two days c. the infant needs human milk substitutes to ensure adequate energy intake d. the infant needs supplemental sugar water to ensure adequate energy balance e. a and b

e. a and b

Reference the article "Mother Littlest Helpers" to answer the question. Which of the following statements is/are true? a. probiotics contain live beneficial microbes that colonize the gut b. prebiotic nutrients enhance good gastrointestinal bacteria by nourishing beneficial microbes c. Prebiotics contain live beneficial microbes that colonize the gut d. probiotics nutrients enhance food gastrointestinal bacteria by nourishing beneficial microbes e. a and b f. c and d

e. a and b

Sagittal abdominal diameter a. measures the sag of a persons belly when the person is laying horizontal b. is a good measurement of skeletal muscle c. estimates visceral adiposity d. a and b e. a and c***

e. a and c

Heath advantages for an adolescent consuming a vegetarian diet include: a. a high intake of fiber b. high intakes of B vitamins, especially B12 c. high intakes of vitamins and minerals found in plant foods d. all of the above e. a and c only

e. a and c only

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the spectrum of fetal alcohol disorders? a. for fetal alcohol syndrome to be diagnosed, a specific set of characteristics must be exhibited in the child b. typical maternal characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are older age and multiple pregnancies c. there is no known absolute safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, so women should be counseled that the safest approach is to not drink during pregnancy d. with intense early intervention after birth, the behavioral and cognitive abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders can be completely reversed e. a and c only

e. a and c only

Which of the following is a major function of the placenta? a. hormone and enzyme production b. nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus c. removal of waste products from the fetus d. barrier to drugs and alcohol e. a,b, and c

e. a, b, and c

Which of the following would NOT be considered a common condition that is experienced by a woman who is breastfeeding? a. sore nipples b.engorgement c. mastitis d. plugged ducts e. all of the above are common problems

e. all of teh above are common problems

Adolescent vegetarians are often characterized by which of the following traits? a. shorter during childhood b. menarche occurs 6 months later c. four times more likely to purge d. a and b e. all of the above

e. all of the above

If a child's condition is known to change the rate of weight or height gain, which of the following signs would indicate a need for attention? a. a plateau in weight b. a pattern of gain and then weight loss c. not regaining weight after an illness d. a pattern of unexplained and unintentional weight loss e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The struggle for independence that characterizes adolescent psycholocial development may lead to the development of health compromising eating behaviors, including: a. excessive dieting b. meal skipping c. use of unconventional nutritional supplements d. the adoption of fad diets e. all of the above

e. all of the above

What are some effects of restricting oxygen supply to the fetus? a. reduces fetal growth rate b. fetal body weight is more affected than fetal length c. brain size is spared d. liver weight is increased as a function of percent body weight e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following are characteristics of metabolic syndrome? a. hypertension b. dyslipidemia c. hyperglycemia d. fatty liver e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following are potential consequences of gestational diabetes? a. spontaneous abortion b. increased glucose uptake and triglyceride formation in the fetus c. congenital anomalies d. a and b e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Women with which of the following characteristics are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia? a. obesity b. insulin resistance c. first pregnancy d. high triglyceride levels e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a common barrier to breastfeeding initiation? a. embarrassment b. lack of confidence c. fear of pain d. lack of support e. all of the above are common barriers to breastfeeding

e. all of the above are commone barriers to breastfeeding

Which of the following is a nutritional benefit of breastfeeding? a. it provides optimal nutrition to the infant b. the balance of nutrients matches requirements need for human growth c. infants do not need additional fluids or water when breastfeeding d. the low protein content is easily tolerated e. all of the above are considered nutritional benefits

e. all of the above are considered nutritional benefits

Homeless girls are 5 times less likely to become pregnant than peers. Factors that contribute to this are? a. lack of caring about children b. lack of education about birth control c. trading sex for food or shelter d. a and c e. b and c

e. b and c

A 5-year-old boy is brought in for a nutrition assessment and health check. He weighs 51.5 lb (23.4 kg), is 45 in (114 cm) tall, and has a BMI of 18. What does this boy's BMI mean? a. he is underweight b. he is normal weight c. he is at risk of overweight d. he is overweight e. he is obese

e. he is obese