Human Nutrition Final Study Tool

Fetal alcohol syndrome birth defects include:

- Smaller than normal head circumference - Reduced width of eye opening - Low nasal bridge - Short nose - No midline groove - Thin upper lip

It is best to avoid serving cow's milk until the infant reaches the age of ________. -18 months -12 months -10 months -6 months

12 months

What is the RDA for calcium in older adults? -1200 mg/day -1000-2000 mg/day -2000 mg/day -500-1000 mg/day

1200 mg/day

What is the EAR for energy in older adult males? -1600 g/day -1000 g/day -25 g/day -2000 g/day

2000 g/day

Exposure to alcohol during fetal life may cause ________. -mental retardation -inadequate prenatal and infant growth -physical deformities -All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

This is responsible for neurodegenerative diseases in cattle. -Aflatoxins -Norovirus -Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) -Scombrotoxin

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Which of the following food preservation methods treats the food with a high amount of energy that destroys the genetic material of pathogens? -Canning -Irradiating -Drying -Chilling

Irradiating

Jenna is a 73-year-old woman who complains to her doctor that her food does not have any taste. The physician told Jenna to add more spices in each dish she prepares. Based on your knowledge about the process of aging, ________. -Jenna is experiencing a normal decline in her sense of taste -Jenna is showing symptoms of early pancreatic failure -Jenna should chew her food slowly and drink plain water with meals -Jenna is suffering from several vitamin and mineral deficiencies

Jenna is experiencing a normal decline in her sense of taste

________ is the production of milk by cells that line the mammary alveoli in breast tissue. -Pregnancy -Lactation -Let-down reflex -Breastfeeding

Lactation

This bacteria the illness listeriosis. -Bacillus cereus -Escherichia coli -Campylobacter jejuni -Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes

Older adults consume more than the recommended amount of...? Less than?

More- Sodium, Solid fats, Added sugars Less - Whole grains, Vegetables, legumes, dairy

What is the carbohydrate intake for a non-pregnant and pregnant women?

Non-Pregnant - 130g Pregnant - 175g

What is the protein intake for a non-pregnant and pregnant women?

Non-Pregnant - 46g Pregnant - 71g

What is the most common major pathogen that causes illness in the US?

Norovirus

The following substances were detected in a slice of enriched bread. Which of the substances is a not a direct food additive? -Folic acid -Sugar -Thiamin -Plastic wrap

Plastic wrap

Which of the following minerals is often lacking in the diets of older adults? -Vanadium -Potassium -Sodium -Sulfur

Potassium

Briefly talk about the theories of aging.

Programmed Aging Theories - Imply that aging is inevitable and healthy dietary and lifestyle choices have little influence on it. Emphasizes environmental assault to living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of aging Damage Theories on Aging- Have the premise that organs wear out with use and abuse due to lifestyle one way being through glycation which involve elevated blood levels of glucose or other sugars

Which of the following factors has a negative effect on a school-age child's diet? -Viewing television advertisements for sugar-sweetened soft drinks -Parents serving fresh fruit with meals and snacks -Eating meals at home -Caregivers setting limits on consumption of chips and soft drinks

Viewing television advertisements for sugar-sweetened soft drinks

Older adults require more...

Vitamin D

Which of the following vitamins is often lacking in the diets of older adults, especially elderly women? -Niacin -Thiamin -Pantothenic acid -Vitamin D

Vitamin D

Which vitamins are breast milk low in?

Vitamin D & Vitamin K

What's the gradual shifting to solid foods called?

Weaning

Instead of a double cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for lunch, the hungry adolescent could make a healthier choice by choosing ________ instead. -a grilled chicken sandwich with lettuce and tomato -a hot dog and cola -french fries and fruit juice -fried chicken and creamy potato salad -None of these choices are correct.

a grilled chicken sandwich with lettuce and tomato

Which cereal is least likely to cause allergies in infants? -barley -oats -wheat -rice

rice

Bernard is 83 years of age. His ________ is likely to have a negative influence on his nutritional status. -daily exercise regimen -social isolation -ethnic background -full set of natural teeth

social isolation

In the United States, the diets of many school-age children supply too much ________. -sodium -potassium -iron -calcium

sodium

The ________ reflex enables an infant to draw milk and swallow when a nipple is put into its mouth. -suck -extrusion -rooting -meconium

suck

During pregnancy, edema can be a sign of a serious health problem if ________. -weight loss and morning sickness also occur -morning sickness, heartburn, and fatigue also occur -the swelling is accompanied by hypertension and protein in the urine -the swelling is limited to the hands and feet

the swelling is accompanied by hypertension and protein in the urine

What is the EAR for energy in older adult females? -25 g/day -1600 g/day -2000 g/day -1000 g/day

-1600 g/day

Where can these pathogens be?

-Air water, soil, sewage, various surfaces - Human skin, nasal passages, large intestine - Animals, especially in their mouths and intestinal tracts

What's the difference between food borne illness and influenza

-Food-borne illness primarily affects the digestive system while influenza affects the respiratory system -Coughing isn't a sign of food borne illness while influenza is

What factors determine spoilage?

-Moisture and Nutrient content -Temperature -Exposure of the food to microorganisms

What do contaminants include?

-Pathogens (Always harmful) -Insect parts -Residues of compounds used to kill insects -Small fragments of food-processing equipment

Common routes for pathogenic contamination include

-Transmission from animals -Improper personal hygiene practices -Poor food-handling practices -Improper heating(or cooling) of foods

All of the following are recommendations of the FDA in regards to the selection and use of cutting boards EXCEPT ________. -to use wood cutting boards made from a soft wood -to use easy-to-clean cutting boards -to use a different cutting board for cutting meat as for cutting vegetables -to replace cutting boards when they become streaked

-to use wood cutting boards made from a soft wood

A toddler is a child between the ages of ________. -6 to 18 months -2 to 4 years -6 to 12 months -1 to 3 years

1-3 years

A preschool-age child is between the ages of ________.

3-5 years

The preconception period is ________ window of time before pregnancy. -1-year -3-month -1-month -5-month

3-month

During the second trimester, a pregnant woman needs an average of an additional ________ kcal per day. -500 -100 -340 -450

340

_____________ is a naturally occurring compound in foods that form food is heated to high temperatures. -Acrylamide -Pesticides -BPA -Benzene

Acrylamide

The toxin produced by ________ can cause blurry vision, muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, and even death. -Giardia -Salmonella species -Trichinella -Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium botulinum

What are the milks given to babies?

Colostrum - 1st Transitional - 2nd Mature - 3rd

Which federal agency is responsible for overseeing the quality of drinking water? -EPA -CDC -FDA -USDA

EPA

_____ is a direct (intentional) food additive. -Glass -Sand -Rodent hair -FD&C Red No. 40

FD&C Red No. 40

What's the difference between the FSIS and the FDA?

FSIS - Ensures the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and processed egg products is safe FDA - Assuring that foods except meat from livestock, poultry and some egg products are safe also has a food code

________ is a common sign or symptom of early pregnancy that occurs in many healthy pregnant women. -Pernicious anemia -Gestational diabetes -Hypertension -Fatigue

Fatigue

How long should a woman breastfeed her baby?

First 6 months

Nyala is 20 weeks pregnant and has read online about the potential benefits of taking a particular over-the-counter medication to help with management of some of the symptoms she has been experiencing during her pregnancy. Which of the following statements about medication use during pregnancy is FALSE? -Certain medications can contribute to low birth weight or preterm birth. -Women should consult their healthcare provider before taking any medication. -Most medications have been tested in pregnant women and have been deemed safe by the FDA. -Certain medications may result in neurodevelopmental delay

Most medications have been tested in pregnant women and have been deemed safe by the FDA.

What is a critical nutrient for an infant's growth and development?

Protein

________ is a normal physiological change associated with aging. -Less heartburn -Reduced estrogen production -Increased skin elasticity -Increased secretion of saliva

Reduced estrogen production

Clostridium perfringens

Time of onset - 16 hours Transmitted - Foods that are improperly cooled and then not reheated properly

Clostridium botulinum

Time of onset- 18 to 36 hours Transmitted - Foods that were not heat processed correctly and packaged anaerobically

Anna would like to offer a high-fiber, nutrient-dense snack to her healthy 4-year-old son. Based on this information, she should serve ________. -2 slices of baked ham on a toasted English muffin -1 cup of French fries from a fast-food restaurant that has been salted with iodized salt -½ of a chocolate doughnut that has the frosting removed -a small unpeeled apple that has been cut into wedges

a small unpeeled apple that has been cut into wedges

Growth plates at the end of long bones are called ________. -calcification -osteoporosis -epiphyses -rickets

epiphyses

During which trimester is the most critical time for development? -second -first -third -fifth

first

The medical specialty that focuses on the healthcare needs of older adults is called _______. -orthopedics -pediatrics -obstetrics -geriatrics

geriatrics

The first solid food usually introduced to the infant's diet is ________. -pureed meats -iron-fortified infant cereals -strained fruits -cow's milk

iron-fortified infant cereals

Clint is 82 years of age. Compared to when he was 27 years of age, his ________ now. -stomach secretes more intrinsic factor -kidney cells don't function as well -cells require more energy -body synthesizes more vitamin D

kidney cells don't function as well

The primary carbohydrate in the diet of most infants is ________. -lactose -sucrose -maltose -glucose

lactose

Which hormone increases in secretion during pregnancy? -more than one is correct -androgens -progesterone -prolactin

more than one is correct

The common practice of taking several prescribed medication daily to treat a variety of health conditions is called ________. -holistic healing -wellness approach -self-medication -polypharmacy

polypharmacy

Introducing solid foods to an infant's diet before the infant needs them can ________. -help the child walk at a younger age -potentially strain the young infant's organs -help the child sleep through the night -help the child achieve optimal height

potentially strain the young infant's organs

A ________ is simply a piece of genetic material coated with protein. -protozoan -bacterium -virus -parasite

virus

Average additional dietary energy requirements for lactation are approximately ________ kcal per day. -200 -800 -350 -600

350

________ are poisonous substances produced by certain molds that can cause liver damage and death. -Teratogens -Pathogens -Chelates -Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins

________ is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength combined with an increase in body fat. -Macular degeneration -Sarcopenic obesity -Sarcopenia -Retinopathy

Sarcopenic obesity

Forty-year old-Mateo/Frank has a family history of Alzheimer's disease. What recommendations do you have for Mateo/Frank to reduce their risk for Alzheimer's disease? -Continue learning and reading -Consume foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids -All of these choices are correct. -Engage in regular physical activity

All of these choices are correct.

Which food-related behaviors can negatively affect the quality of adolescents' diets? -meal skipping -eating out -snacking -All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

When selecting foods for an emergency food supply, which of the following criteria is least important? -Are lightweight -Can be eaten without cooking -Require no refrigeration -Have a long storage life

Are lightweight

Which minerals are in breast milk?

Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Sodium

This bacteria is considered by many food scientists as the number one agent that causes foodborne illness. -Shigella -Clostridium botulinum -Campylobacter jejuni -Bacillus cereus

Campylobacter jejuni

To reduce the risk of food-borne illness, which of these guidelines should you follow? -Do not buy food in dented cans. -When shopping in a supermarket, select fresh meat first so their drippings do not contaminate other items in your shopping cart. -Purchase fresh meat that has a use-by date of today to help the store minimize food waste. -Store eggs in the build-in egg holder in your refrigerator.

Do not buy food in dented cans.

Which of the following would you recommend to a friend that is having difficulties breastfeeding her baby? -Decrease calorie intake. This will help with the production of more milk. -Find a relaxing environment to breastfeed your baby. -Drink alcohol. This will have a relaxing effect. -Consume more milk. The excess milk will be converted into breastmilk.

Find a relaxing environment to breastfeed your baby.

Which of the following pesticides controls the spread of molds that damage crops? -Herbicide -Rodenticide -Fungicide -Insecticide

Fungicide

Which form of arthritis involves the build up of uric acid crystals? -Rheumatoid -Osteoarthritis -Juvenile -Gout -All of the choices are correct.

Gout

________ is a common nutrition-related sign of pregnancy that occurs in many healthy pregnant women. -Heartburn -Gestational diabetes -Pre-eclampsia -Pernicious anemia

Heartburn

The following substances were detected in a can of food. Which of the substances is an intentional food additive? -Mouse hairs -Insect eggs -High-fructose corn syrup -Pesticide residues

High-fructose corn syrup

foods to avoid during infancy

Honey Cow's/Goat's Milk Nonfat foods Processed foods Small pieces of hard or coarse foods Sugar-sweetened drinks

Age-related dementia includes ________. -vascular dementia -Parkinson's disease -all of these are correct -Alzheimer's disease

all of these are correct

Elizabeth is 90 years of age. Compared to when she was 30 years of age, her ________ now. -stomach secretes more intrinsic factor -cells require more energy -arteries are less flexible -skin is more elastic

arteries are less flexible

Maternal anemia occurs when a pregnant woman has a hematocrit ________. -below 33% -below 45% -below 60% -below 50%

below 33%

To help children develop good nutritional habits, ________. -serve new foods at the end of the meal when the child is not hungry -be certain children finish all the food they are served -let children make some choices about the food they eat -limit the number of new foods they are offered

let children make some choices about the food they eat

Compared to preschoolers, older children tend to eat ________. -smaller amounts of added sugars -fewer fried foods -more foods away from home -smaller portions of sugar-sweetened beverages

more foods away from home

According to the damage or error theory of aging, ________. -aging is inevitable and diet or exercise does not impact that process -over time, the activity of certain genes results in aging -organs simply wear out with use and abuse -All of the choices are correct.

organs simply wear out with use and abuse

Which of the following nutrients can cause birth defects in the fetus when taken in large amounts during the first trimester? -calcium -folic acid -vitamin A -iron

vitamin A

What two essential fatty acids are needed to be increased for proper fetam brain and retina development? -EPA and DHA -DNA and DHA -DNA and EFA -EPA and CDC

EPA and DHA

Which of the following food preservation techniques involves adding certain types of bacteria or yeast to foods, producing probiotic foods. -Fermentation -Curing -Pasteurization -Sterilization

Fermentation

What are the kilocalories for a nonpregnant and pregnant women?

Non-Pregnant - EER Pregnant - First Trimester: EER + 0 kcal Second Trimester: EER + 340 kcal Third Trimester: EER + 452 kcal

Which of the following reflexes causes an infant to turn its head and open its mouth as the baby's cheek is stroked? -Moro reflex -Rooting reflex -Extrusion reflex -Suck reflex

Rooting reflex

What is the major pathogen that causes deaths in the US?

Salmonella

What is wrong with giving juice in a bottle or propping up a bottle of formula for the child to drink at bedtime? -Often, the contents of the bottle spoil, which can lead to gastrointestinal upsets. -It is best for an infant to be held when drinking from a bottle for the sense of security that it provides. -Sugar bathes the teeth, bacteria grow, acids are produced from sugar, and acids dissolve tooth enamel. -There is nothing wrong with this practice. It helps the child grow developmentally.

Sugar bathes the teeth, bacteria grow, acids are produced from sugar, and acids dissolve tooth enamel.

________ is a foodborne roundworm that cause parasitic infections from infected pork. -Shigella species -Anisakis species -Trichinella spiralis -Rotovirus

Trichinella spiralis

Dorothy is 86 years of age. Her ________ is likely to have a negative influence on her nutritional status. -daily exercise regimen -arthritis -frequent socializing with friends and family -ethnic background

arthritis

Shakena is a 7-year-old girl whose BMI-for-age is in the 86th percentile. According to this information, Shakena's weight is ________. -too low for her age -classified as overweight -in the obese range -healthy for her age

classified as overweight

The point at which a woman's egg is fertilized by a sperm and pregnancy begins is known as _______. -conception -pre-fertilization -ovulation -placenta

conception

To keep gestational diabetes under control, recommendations for pregnant women include ________. -exercise -taking chromium supplements -eating high glycemic load carbohydrates through the day -All of these choices are correct.

exercise

To avoid possible exposure to mercury, pregnant women should avoid what food? -fruits -fish -meat -vegetables

fish

What is an incubation period?

from the time that you are exposed to something to the time that you start having symptoms

The placenta ________. -transfers sperm to the egg so fertilization can occur -filters viruses and toxins from the mother's bloodstream, preventing them from reaching the embryo/fetus -synthesizes the essential micronutrients that the embryo/fetus requires for growth and development -transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus

transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus

To avoid constipation, pregnant women should increase intake of ________. -sugars and starches -whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits -milk and dairy products -lean meat, poultry, and fish

whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits