Human Physiology Exam 2 & 1

Vasopressin is primarily involved in maintaining water balance by regulating the amount of water the kidneys retain for the body during urine formation. true or false

true

flow rate of blood through a vessel is inversely proportional to: a. vascular resistance b. vascular gradient c. pressure gradient e. vessel strength

Flow rate= radius/ vascular resistance

Tension by each muscle fiber is influenced by:

Frequency of stimulation, fiber length at contraction onset, extent of fatigue, and fiber thickness

Atrial excitation and contraction should be complete before the onset of ventricular contraction. true or false

TRUE

What nerve fibers cause the first initial feeling of pain when you get stung by a bee? a. A-alpha fibers b. A-delta fibers c. A-beta fibers d. B fibers e. C fibers

b. A-delta fibers

what are the two types of lymphocytes? a. plasma cells and macrophages b. B cells and T cells c. A lymphocytes and B lymphocytes d. monocytes and basophils e. neutrophils and eosinophils

b. B and T cells

what is the average rbc life span?

120 days

How many net molecules of ATP are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose? 32 or 36

32

stroke volume is determined by a. the extent of venous return and by parasympathetic activity b. the extent of venous return and by sympathetic activity c. the extent of arterial return and by parasympathetic activity d. the extent of arterial return and by sympathetic activity e. blood pressure and ventricular stress

B. the extent of venous return and by sympathetic activity

what effect does histamine have? a. reduced local edema b. increased erythrocyte proliferation c. reduced capillary permeability d. vasoconstriction e. vasodilation

DILATION

The stronger the triggering event, the larger the resultant action potentials T or F

F, has to do with frequency

Bicuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) exist between the ventricles and major arteries true or false

FAKE NEWS-- Semilunar valves are there

Decreased blood flow in response to enhanced tissue activity is called active hyperemia true or false

FALSE active: intrinsic effect of arteriole radius, increased blood flow in response to enhanced tissue activity REACTIVE: Increased blood flow to an organ in response to a period of reduced blood flow (after an occlusion is removed) -intrinsic

Throughout the entire CNS, white matter consists of densely packaged neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, in addition to most glial cells. T or F

FFFFFFFFFFF

The greater the lipid solubility of a substance, the slower the substance can diffuse through the membrane's lipid bilayer down its concentration gradient. T or F

False

Gap Junctions can be found in some non-muscle tissues, where they permit unrestricted passage of small nutrient molecules between cells. True or False

True

Prozac is an example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor T or F

True

Sensitization is defined as increased responsiveness to mild stimuli followed a strong or noxious stimulus T or F

True

The sodium-potassium pump works continuously to transport ions back across the membrane, maintaining the concentration gradients for an action potential to occur. T or F

True

During muscle contraction, what becomes smaller? a. H zone b. Thin filaments c. the width of the A band d. thick filaments e. myosin molecules

a. H ZONE!

Pitch discrimination depends on the shape and properties of the _________ a. basilar membrane b. ossicles c. stereocilia d. micivilli e. inner hair cells

a. basilar membrane

Cadherins and integrins are examples of what types of membrane protein?

a. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Rough endoplasmic Reticulum is most abundant in what kind of cells? a. cells specialized in protein secretion b. nerve cells c. cells that require minimal membrane synthesis d. cardiac muscle cells e. slowly growing cells

a. cells specialized in protein secretion

What photosensitive cells within the retina perceive colors? a. cones b. rods c. bipolar cells d. horizontal cells e. ganglions

a. cones

What contributes to the feeling of "runners high"

a. endorphins

what occurs when a cell differentiates? a. it becomes specialized to perform a particular function b. it stops using nutrients and dies c. it morphs into a faster dividing cell d. it divides into other cells that contain lesser number of chromosomes e. it becomes physically larger and more complex

a. it becomes specialized to perform a particular function

what component of blood is directly related to the immune system? a. leukocytes b. erythrocytes c. platlets d. cell fragments e. thrombocytes

a. leukocytes

what is virulence? a. the disease producing power of a pathogen b. the toxicity of a virus c. the strength of a microorganism d. # of pathogens in the body e. deadliness of a toxin

a. the disease producing power of a pathogen

How does the heart muscle extract O2 or nutrients from the blood a. via the coronary circulation b. absorption through the ventricles c. absorption through the atria d.via the vena cava e. via the pulmonary artery

a. via the coronary circulation

Local arteriolar myogenic and chemical mechanisms that keep tissue blood flow fairly constant (despite rather wide deviations in mean arterial driving pressure) is termed: a. hemo-control b. auto regulation c.hemo-stimulation d. pararegulation e. sympathetic

b. autoregulation

What are the most basic building blocks of matter? a.tissue b. cells c. atoms d. bones e. amino acids

b. cells

what provides arteries with tensile strength? a. elastin fibers (elastic recoil) b. collagen fibers c. glucosamine d. smooth muscle e. valves

b. collagen fibers

Proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer are called _________. a. intercepting proteins b. integral proteins c. bilayer proteins d. bilamina proteins e. penetrating proteins

b. integral proteins

One motor neuron, plus all the muscle fibers it innervates, is known as a(n): a. nerve bundle b. motor unit c. activated component d. cross bridge e. functional unit

b. motor unit

What molecules form thick filaments within muscle? a. microfilaments b. myosin c. myoblasts e. troponin

b. myosin

what compound brings about local arteriolar vasodilation by causing relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle in the vicinity? a. NaCl b. nitric oxide c. dopamine d. endothelin

b. nitric oxide

what happens when two or more overlapping action potentials are added together within a muscle? a. twitch fatigue b. twitch summation c. contraction addition d. contraction paralysis e. functional unit

b. twitch summation and tetanus result primarily from a sustained elevation in cytosolic Ca2+

What two compounds link the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system? a. NAD2 and FAD2 b. H2O and O2 c. NAD+ and FAD d. H202 and ATP synthase e. H+ ions and glucose

c. NAD+ and FAD

What are two basic forms of electrical signals? a. high and low potentials b. physical and action potentials c. graded and action potentials d. graded potentials and chemical potentials e. physical potentials and chemical potentials

c. graded and action potentials

What element is energized by ATP for muscle contraction to occur? a. sarcolema b. actin c. myosin d. calcium e. phosphate

c. myosin

what are the two major regulatory systems in the body? a. nervous and urinary b. endocrine and urinary c. nervous and endocrine d. circulatory and endocrine e. nervous and circulatory

c. nervous and endocrine

Storing long-term memories involves the synthesis of what new compounds? a. nucleic acids b. electrolytes c. proteins d. steroids

c. proteins

Within the eye, what innermost pigment layer contains nervous tissue? a. vitreous humor b. choroid c. retina d. sclera e. cornea

c. retina

What kind of nerves carry subconscious input information? a. sensory afferent b. sensory efferent c. visceral afferent d. visceral efferent e. peripheral motor

c. visceral afferent

as the thrombus breaks apart, what freely floating clot can cause serious problems downstream? a. fatty streak b. cholesterol disc c. embolus d. protein plug e. LDL

c.embolus

where are the erythrocytes produced in the human body? a. spleen b. kidneys c. plasma d. bone marrow e. GI system

d. bone marrow

what two sensory systems are in the inner ear? a. eardrum and pinna b. auditory ossicles and eustachian tube c. cochlea and auditory ossicles d. cochlea and vestibular apparatus e. vestibular apparatus and circular canals

d. cochlea and vestibular apparatus

Hemostasis involves three major steps: a. vascular relaxation, formation of a fatty plug, and blood thinning b. vascular constriction, formation of a fatty plug, and blood thinning c. vascular spasm, formation of a protein plug, and blood thinning d. vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, and blood coagulation

d. d. vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, and blood coagulation -is the arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel

what are the immune defense cells of he CNS called? a. astrocytes b. interneurons c. oligodendrocytes d. microglia e. ependymal cells

d. microglia

What are the four most common chemical elements in the human body? a. water, salt, protein, and fat b. iron, carbon, oxygen, potassium c. blood, muscle, fat, and bone d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

which of the following is NOT one of the four main tissue types: a. muscle b. nervous c. epithelial d. smooth

d. smooth (Connective is the main tissue type)

Physiology is best defined as the_______ a. study of all living organisms b. maintenance of physical fitness c. maintenance of body temperature d. study of the bodily functions of living things e. study of human relationships

d. study of the bodily functions of living things

The plasma membrane consists mostly of lipids and proteins plus small amounts of _______ a.collagen b. chondroitin c. glucosamine d. coenzyme Q10 e. Carbohydrates

e. Carbohydrates

A cell's cytoplasm consists of: a. cytosol, plasma membrane, and mitochondria b. plasma membrane, organelles, and ribosomes c. cellular plasma, organelles, and exoskeleton d. osmotic fluid, dna, and cytoskeleton e. cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton

e. cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton

A cancerous condition involving uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs is known as: a. neutrophilia b. lymphoma c. sickle cell anemia d. malaria e. leukemia

e. leukemia

how do antibodies physically hinder some antigens from exerting their detrimental effects? a. aggulation and engulfing b. aggulation and lysing c. lysing and membrane destruction d. neutralization and engulfing e. neutralization and agglutination

e. neutralization and agglutination

Smooth muscle cells are interconnected by gap junctions found in intercalated discs that join smooth muscle cells together true or false

false

parasympathetic stimulation and epinephrine enhance the heart's contractility true or false?

false (sympathetic stim)

the immediate "borrowed" immunity conferred in receipt of pre-formed antibodies is known as active immunity true or false

false, adaptive immunity

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, CAC, OxPhos

Besides receptor density, a second factor influencing acuity is_________ inhibition

lateral

Skeletal muscle is inntervated by the ____________ nervous system, the branch of the ____________ division subject to voluntary control

somatic, efferent