Human Physiology Exam 2 & 1
Vasopressin is primarily involved in maintaining water balance by regulating the amount of water the kidneys retain for the body during urine formation. true or false
true
flow rate of blood through a vessel is inversely proportional to: a. vascular resistance b. vascular gradient c. pressure gradient e. vessel strength
Flow rate= radius/ vascular resistance
Tension by each muscle fiber is influenced by:
Frequency of stimulation, fiber length at contraction onset, extent of fatigue, and fiber thickness
Atrial excitation and contraction should be complete before the onset of ventricular contraction. true or false
TRUE
What nerve fibers cause the first initial feeling of pain when you get stung by a bee? a. A-alpha fibers b. A-delta fibers c. A-beta fibers d. B fibers e. C fibers
b. A-delta fibers
what are the two types of lymphocytes? a. plasma cells and macrophages b. B cells and T cells c. A lymphocytes and B lymphocytes d. monocytes and basophils e. neutrophils and eosinophils
b. B and T cells
what is the average rbc life span?
120 days
How many net molecules of ATP are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose? 32 or 36
32
stroke volume is determined by a. the extent of venous return and by parasympathetic activity b. the extent of venous return and by sympathetic activity c. the extent of arterial return and by parasympathetic activity d. the extent of arterial return and by sympathetic activity e. blood pressure and ventricular stress
B. the extent of venous return and by sympathetic activity
what effect does histamine have? a. reduced local edema b. increased erythrocyte proliferation c. reduced capillary permeability d. vasoconstriction e. vasodilation
DILATION
The stronger the triggering event, the larger the resultant action potentials T or F
F, has to do with frequency
Bicuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) exist between the ventricles and major arteries true or false
FAKE NEWS-- Semilunar valves are there
Decreased blood flow in response to enhanced tissue activity is called active hyperemia true or false
FALSE active: intrinsic effect of arteriole radius, increased blood flow in response to enhanced tissue activity REACTIVE: Increased blood flow to an organ in response to a period of reduced blood flow (after an occlusion is removed) -intrinsic
Throughout the entire CNS, white matter consists of densely packaged neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, in addition to most glial cells. T or F
FFFFFFFFFFF
The greater the lipid solubility of a substance, the slower the substance can diffuse through the membrane's lipid bilayer down its concentration gradient. T or F
False
Gap Junctions can be found in some non-muscle tissues, where they permit unrestricted passage of small nutrient molecules between cells. True or False
True
Prozac is an example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor T or F
True
Sensitization is defined as increased responsiveness to mild stimuli followed a strong or noxious stimulus T or F
True
The sodium-potassium pump works continuously to transport ions back across the membrane, maintaining the concentration gradients for an action potential to occur. T or F
True
During muscle contraction, what becomes smaller? a. H zone b. Thin filaments c. the width of the A band d. thick filaments e. myosin molecules
a. H ZONE!
Pitch discrimination depends on the shape and properties of the _________ a. basilar membrane b. ossicles c. stereocilia d. micivilli e. inner hair cells
a. basilar membrane
Cadherins and integrins are examples of what types of membrane protein?
a. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Rough endoplasmic Reticulum is most abundant in what kind of cells? a. cells specialized in protein secretion b. nerve cells c. cells that require minimal membrane synthesis d. cardiac muscle cells e. slowly growing cells
a. cells specialized in protein secretion
What photosensitive cells within the retina perceive colors? a. cones b. rods c. bipolar cells d. horizontal cells e. ganglions
a. cones
What contributes to the feeling of "runners high"
a. endorphins
what occurs when a cell differentiates? a. it becomes specialized to perform a particular function b. it stops using nutrients and dies c. it morphs into a faster dividing cell d. it divides into other cells that contain lesser number of chromosomes e. it becomes physically larger and more complex
a. it becomes specialized to perform a particular function
what component of blood is directly related to the immune system? a. leukocytes b. erythrocytes c. platlets d. cell fragments e. thrombocytes
a. leukocytes
what is virulence? a. the disease producing power of a pathogen b. the toxicity of a virus c. the strength of a microorganism d. # of pathogens in the body e. deadliness of a toxin
a. the disease producing power of a pathogen
How does the heart muscle extract O2 or nutrients from the blood a. via the coronary circulation b. absorption through the ventricles c. absorption through the atria d.via the vena cava e. via the pulmonary artery
a. via the coronary circulation
Local arteriolar myogenic and chemical mechanisms that keep tissue blood flow fairly constant (despite rather wide deviations in mean arterial driving pressure) is termed: a. hemo-control b. auto regulation c.hemo-stimulation d. pararegulation e. sympathetic
b. autoregulation
What are the most basic building blocks of matter? a.tissue b. cells c. atoms d. bones e. amino acids
b. cells
what provides arteries with tensile strength? a. elastin fibers (elastic recoil) b. collagen fibers c. glucosamine d. smooth muscle e. valves
b. collagen fibers
Proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer are called _________. a. intercepting proteins b. integral proteins c. bilayer proteins d. bilamina proteins e. penetrating proteins
b. integral proteins
One motor neuron, plus all the muscle fibers it innervates, is known as a(n): a. nerve bundle b. motor unit c. activated component d. cross bridge e. functional unit
b. motor unit
What molecules form thick filaments within muscle? a. microfilaments b. myosin c. myoblasts e. troponin
b. myosin
what compound brings about local arteriolar vasodilation by causing relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle in the vicinity? a. NaCl b. nitric oxide c. dopamine d. endothelin
b. nitric oxide
what happens when two or more overlapping action potentials are added together within a muscle? a. twitch fatigue b. twitch summation c. contraction addition d. contraction paralysis e. functional unit
b. twitch summation and tetanus result primarily from a sustained elevation in cytosolic Ca2+
What two compounds link the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system? a. NAD2 and FAD2 b. H2O and O2 c. NAD+ and FAD d. H202 and ATP synthase e. H+ ions and glucose
c. NAD+ and FAD
What are two basic forms of electrical signals? a. high and low potentials b. physical and action potentials c. graded and action potentials d. graded potentials and chemical potentials e. physical potentials and chemical potentials
c. graded and action potentials
What element is energized by ATP for muscle contraction to occur? a. sarcolema b. actin c. myosin d. calcium e. phosphate
c. myosin
what are the two major regulatory systems in the body? a. nervous and urinary b. endocrine and urinary c. nervous and endocrine d. circulatory and endocrine e. nervous and circulatory
c. nervous and endocrine
Storing long-term memories involves the synthesis of what new compounds? a. nucleic acids b. electrolytes c. proteins d. steroids
c. proteins
Within the eye, what innermost pigment layer contains nervous tissue? a. vitreous humor b. choroid c. retina d. sclera e. cornea
c. retina
What kind of nerves carry subconscious input information? a. sensory afferent b. sensory efferent c. visceral afferent d. visceral efferent e. peripheral motor
c. visceral afferent
as the thrombus breaks apart, what freely floating clot can cause serious problems downstream? a. fatty streak b. cholesterol disc c. embolus d. protein plug e. LDL
c.embolus
where are the erythrocytes produced in the human body? a. spleen b. kidneys c. plasma d. bone marrow e. GI system
d. bone marrow
what two sensory systems are in the inner ear? a. eardrum and pinna b. auditory ossicles and eustachian tube c. cochlea and auditory ossicles d. cochlea and vestibular apparatus e. vestibular apparatus and circular canals
d. cochlea and vestibular apparatus
Hemostasis involves three major steps: a. vascular relaxation, formation of a fatty plug, and blood thinning b. vascular constriction, formation of a fatty plug, and blood thinning c. vascular spasm, formation of a protein plug, and blood thinning d. vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, and blood coagulation
d. d. vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, and blood coagulation -is the arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel
what are the immune defense cells of he CNS called? a. astrocytes b. interneurons c. oligodendrocytes d. microglia e. ependymal cells
d. microglia
What are the four most common chemical elements in the human body? a. water, salt, protein, and fat b. iron, carbon, oxygen, potassium c. blood, muscle, fat, and bone d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
which of the following is NOT one of the four main tissue types: a. muscle b. nervous c. epithelial d. smooth
d. smooth (Connective is the main tissue type)
Physiology is best defined as the_______ a. study of all living organisms b. maintenance of physical fitness c. maintenance of body temperature d. study of the bodily functions of living things e. study of human relationships
d. study of the bodily functions of living things
The plasma membrane consists mostly of lipids and proteins plus small amounts of _______ a.collagen b. chondroitin c. glucosamine d. coenzyme Q10 e. Carbohydrates
e. Carbohydrates
A cell's cytoplasm consists of: a. cytosol, plasma membrane, and mitochondria b. plasma membrane, organelles, and ribosomes c. cellular plasma, organelles, and exoskeleton d. osmotic fluid, dna, and cytoskeleton e. cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton
e. cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton
A cancerous condition involving uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs is known as: a. neutrophilia b. lymphoma c. sickle cell anemia d. malaria e. leukemia
e. leukemia
how do antibodies physically hinder some antigens from exerting their detrimental effects? a. aggulation and engulfing b. aggulation and lysing c. lysing and membrane destruction d. neutralization and engulfing e. neutralization and agglutination
e. neutralization and agglutination
Smooth muscle cells are interconnected by gap junctions found in intercalated discs that join smooth muscle cells together true or false
false
parasympathetic stimulation and epinephrine enhance the heart's contractility true or false?
false (sympathetic stim)
the immediate "borrowed" immunity conferred in receipt of pre-formed antibodies is known as active immunity true or false
false, adaptive immunity
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, CAC, OxPhos
Besides receptor density, a second factor influencing acuity is_________ inhibition
lateral
Skeletal muscle is inntervated by the ____________ nervous system, the branch of the ____________ division subject to voluntary control
somatic, efferent