Humanties 2
Imago Dei
"Image of God" Very good
Considerations in Hermeneutics
"To Interpret" ~ A religious endeavor?
Ex Nihilo
"out of nothing"
"Dynamic Equivalence"
"quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors."
Torah
1) Genesis 2) Exodus 3) Leviticus 4) Numbers 5) Deuteronomy
Progressive/Old Earth Creationism
Days did not equal 24-hour periods. Therefore, the time period is stretched out much further than 7 days
Esau/ Jacob
Genesis 25:26 (Leah + Rachel + Bilhah + Zilpah)-Jacob's Ladder, Uncle Laban, Wrestling at the Jabbok-Bad Report: Dinah + Shechem, Judah + Tamar, Joseph
Theistic Evolution
God empowered macroevolution
Hathor
Hathor, goddess of love, birth, and death; pictured as a woman with cow horns and a sun disk on her head
Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu. Hatshepsut came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BC. was the longest-reigning female pharaoh in Egypt, ruling for 20 years in the 15th century B.C. She is considered one of Egypt's most successful pharaohs. died in her 50s of bone cancer and also suffered from diabetes and arthritis
Some complaints about the Bible
How can a 2,000+ year old book apply today? ~The Bible is barbarous, especially or at least in the "Old Testament" (Hebrew Bible / Tanakh) ~The Bible asserts miracles and other scientific impossibilities. We 'know' miracles do not occur. ~Belief in the Bible assumes: a) There is a God. b) If there is a God, God would communicate with us. c) We would understand God's message. d) The record/message was accurately preserved
Imhotep
Imhotep was an Egyptian chancellor to the Pharaoh Djoser, probable architect of the Djoser's step pyramid, and high priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. Very little is known of Imhotep as a historical figure, but in the 3,000 years following his death, he was gradually glorified and deified.
Cain & Abel
In the biblical Book of Genesis, Cain and Abel are the first two sons of Adam and Eve. Cain, the firstborn, was a farmer, and his brother Abel was a shepherd. The brothers made sacrifices to God, each of his own produce, but God favored Abel's sacrifice instead of Cain's. Cain struck Abel and killed him. Joyful vs. begrudging, envy/murder
Abram/Abraham
Abram/Abraham & Sarai/Sarah (Genesis 12-25) -Initial Family Troubles with Lot (Sheep + Sodom) -Interlude: Genesis 15: The Smoking Firepot & Torch -More Family Troubles: Sisters, Servants & Sacrifice -Hagar's Son Ishmael "God Hears" (also a great nation) ~The Abrahamic Covenant: "The Lord had said to Abram, 'Leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you. I will make you into a great nation... and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all the peoples on earth will be blessed through you." - Genesis 12:1-3•From Abraham to Isaac•From Isaac to Jacob & Sons:•Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issa-char, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Joseph, Benjamin ( minus Reuben, plus Ephraim & Manasseh)
RE
Chief among the Egyptian gods was Re, god of the sun. According to these stories, at the beginning of time, the Nile created a great mound of silt, out of which Re was born. It was understood that Re had a close personal relationship with the king, who was considered the son of Re. Re, the sun god in his many forms; pictured as a hawk-headed man
Twelve sons of Jacob/Israel
Jacob is said to have had twelve sons by four women, his wives, Leah and Rachel, and his concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah, who were, in order of their birth, Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, and Benjamin
Ephraim & Manasseh
Jacob, Joseph's father, adopted Joseph's two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, to share in Jacob's inheritance equally with Jacob's own sons (Genesis 48:5). He is counted as the father of the Israelite Tribe of Manasseh, one of the twelve Israelite tribes. Jacob also blessed Ephraim over his older brother (Genesis 48:20).
Edom /Israel
Jordan, Edom, ancient land bordering ancient Israel, in what is now southwestern Jordan, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The Edomites probably occupied the area about the 13th century bc
Khnum
Khnum, originally the god of the source of the Nile, pictured as a bull who shaped men out of clay on his potter's wheel; later, god of pottery
Miriam & Aaron
Miriam was the daughter of Amram, the leader of the Israelites in ancient Egypt, and of Jochebed; she was the sister of Aaron and Moses
Considerations in Hermeneutics
Misquoting vs. knowing what the Bible actually says. Literary criticism / genre (type of writing): e.g. What is intended as historical, and what is not (e.g. parable)Linguistics: studying original languages or consulting multiple translations / Bible dictionaries / study toolsCultural / social and historical background of the text (includes author, audience, purpose, events, milieu)Layers of meaning: literal, metaphorical / symbolic, multiple layers of/or meanings (e.g. "typological")?General vs. scientific precision (cf. Pi = 3.14): the Bible often uses non-technical, everyday language
Akhenaten and Nefertiti
Neferneferuaten Nefertiti (/ˌnɛfərˈtiːti/) (c. 1370 - c. 1330 BC) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshipped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc.
Young Earth Creationist
No macroevolution, earth is under 10k years old
Tanakh
Tanakh recognized by Jews and Christians, but they list / group / categorize the books variously. ~Jesus recognizes the total Tanakh in Luke 24:44 as "the law of Moses, the Prophets, and Psalms." Psalms is first and longest book of the "Writings." ~Protestants recognize Tanakh and New Testament ~Catholic Church Council of Trent (re) affirms 7~ The Tanakh / Hebrew Bible / Old Testament:
Aten
The Aten was the disc of the sun and originally an aspect of Ra, the sun god in traditional ancient Egyptian religion, but Akhenaten made it the sole focus of official worship during his reign
Kush and Nubia
The King of Kush is the name given in Egyptian sources to the king whose capital lay at Kerma. Kush was a part of Nubia, which stretched from the Upper Nile to the Red Sea. The legendary Kingdom of Kush
Septuagint and Vulgate
The Vulgate is usually credited as being the first translation of the Old Testament into Latin directly from the Hebrew Tanakh rather than from the Greek Septuagint. ... These letters were collected and appended as prologues to the Vulgate text for those books where they survived
Ankh
The ankh or key of life is an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol that was most commonly used in writing and in Egyptian art to represent the word for "life" and, by extension, as a symbol of life itself. The ankh has a cross shape but with an oval loop in place of an upper bar
Horus
The child of Osiris and Isis was Horus. The king was simultaneously believed to be the personification of the sky god, Horus, and was identified with deities associated with places like Thebes or Memphis when his power resided in those cities. Horus, son of Osiris, a sky god closely linked with the king
Ka and Ba
The ka, which all persons possessed, was created at the same time as the physical body, itself essential for the person's existence since it provided the ka with an individual identity in which its personality, or ba, might also manifest itself. Ka was a life force. The Ba was your personality, whatever made each person unique that was not physical
Mastaba
The king's body rested below the first level of the pyramid, in a chamber some 90 feet beneath the original mastaba—a trapezoidal tomb structure that derives its name from the Arabic word for "bench"
Biblical languages
The texts were mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably in Daniel and Ezra) in Biblical Aramaic. Biblical Hebrew, sometimes called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language. The very first translation of the Hebrew Bible was into Greek. Translated into 2,233 languages / dialects
Adam & Eve
They were immortal because they ate of the tree of life one, they no longer had that source they started to decay and feel pain. Eve = mother of all humanity
Thoth
Thoth, a moon deity and god of writing, counting, and wisdom; pictured as an ibis, or ibis-headed man, often with a crescent moon on his head
Netjer nefer
Though not a full-fledged god, the king was netjer nefer, literally, a "junior god." That made him the representative of the people to the gods, whom he contacted through statues of divine beings placed in all temples
Babel
Tower of Babel, in biblical literature, structure built in the land of Shinar (Babylonia) some time after the Deluge. The story of its construction, given in Genesis 11:1-9, appears to be an attempt to explain the existence of diverse human languages. Third attempted coup of God?
Jethro
What you are doing is not good. You and these people who come to you will only wear yourselves out. The work is too heavy for you and you cannot handle it alone." What Jethro advised Moses to do next is what theologians call The Jethro Principle and we can use this advice in our own ministries and businesses.
Sarah/Sarai
Wife of Abraham, mother of Isaac. Ishmael was joking with Isaac and the matter distressed Abraham greatly because it bothered Sarah
Zipporah
Zipporah or Tzipora is mjtrentioned in the Book of Exodus as the wife of Moses, and the daughter of Reuel/Jethro, the priest and prince of Midian
Possible reasons why the Bible has been so enduring
[In] the Old and New Testaments...I have found words for my inmost thoughts, songs for my joy, utterances for my hidden griefs, and pleadings for my shame and feebleness." - Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
Sarcophagus
a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.
Pharaoh
a ruler in ancient Egypt
Theocracy
a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god. A state ruled by a god or by the god's representative.
Dinah
also spelled Dina, in the Old Testament (Genesis 30:21; 34; 46:15), daughter of Jacob by Leah; Dinah was abducted and raped near the city of Shechem, by Shechem, son of Hamor the Hivite
Sekhmet
also spelled Sakhmet, Sekhet, Sakhet, or Scheme, among other spellings), is a warrior goddess as well as goddess of healing. She is depicted as a lioness. She was seen as the protector of the pharaohs and led them in warfare
Tutankhamen
an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th Dynasty during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history. The tomb of this king showed his great wealth.
Theistic Evolution Laban
are views that regard religious teachings about God as compatible with modern scientific understanding about biological evolution. Theistic evolution is not in itself a scientific theory, but a range of views about how the science of general evolution relates to religious beliefs in contrast to special creation views
The Great Sphinx
commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human. Facing directly from West to East, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt.
Nefertum
god of the lotus blossom who emerged from the primeaval waters at the beginning of time, and a god of perfume and aromatherapy
Noah
he is represented as the patriarch who, because of his blameless piety, was chosen by God to perpetuate the human race after his wicked contemporaries had perished in the Flood
Ptah
is an ancient Egyptian deity, the god of craftsmen and architects. In the triad of Memphis, he is the husband of Sekhmet and the father of Nefertem. He was also regarded as the father of the sage Imhotep
The Shema (see notes in class)
love the lord your God with all your heart soul mind and strength
Ex Nihilo
out of nothing. "the fashioning of life ex nihilo by God"
Polytheistic
relating to or characterized by belief in or worship of more than one god
Orsirus
ruler of the underworld and god of the dead, was at first a local deity in the eastern Delta. According to myth, he was murdered by his wicked brother Seth, god of storms and violence, who chopped his brother into pieces and threw them into the Nile. But Osiris's wife and sister,
Intelligent Design
somebody created the world but we don't know who. Some all-powerful being
Teachings of Khety
the 'Satire of Trades' This composition contrasts the hardships of manual professions with the living standard of the writing man. It takes the literary form of a teaching from a father to his son, but effectively presents a treatise on class and labour in Ancient Egypt.
Isis
the goddess of fertility, collected what parts she could find, put the god back together, and restored him to life. Osiris was therefore identified with the Nile itself, with its annual flood and renewal
Moses
the most important Jewish prophet. He's traditionally credited with writing the Torah and with leading the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea. In the book of Exodus, he's born during a time when the Pharaoh of Egypt has ordered every male Hebrew to be drowned
The Serpent
the serpent is portrayed as a deceptive creature or trickster, who promotes as good what God had forbidden and shows particular cunning in its deception
"Dynamic Equivalence"
the term as he originally coined, is the "quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors."
Alexander the Great
was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest military minds who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen. Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. His conquests included Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and Bactria, and he extended the boundaries of his own empire as far as Taxila, India (now Pakistan)
Pyramids and their purposes
were built for religious purposes. The Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to believe in an afterlife. They believed that a second self called the ka lived within every human being. When the physical body expired, the ka enjoyed eternal life.
Exegesis vs. Eisegesis
~Exegesis: "To lead (or draw) out" the meaning in a text (e.g. trying to discern author intent) ~Eisegesis: forcing one's own meaning on the text.
Criteria for including books in the Bible (canon slide)
~Life change: "There's a big difference between the books that men make, and the Book that makes men." - Jack Wyrtzen
Description vs. Prescription
Prescriptive grammar describes when people focus on talking about how a language should or ought to be used. ... Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, focuses on describing the language as it is used, not saying how it should be used
Mummy
(especially in ancient Egypt) a body of a human being or animal that has been ceremonially preserved by removal of the internal organs, treatment with natron and resin, and wrapping in bandages.
Foreign kingdoms that ruled Egypt
1. Kushites 2. Assyrians 3. Persians 4. Alexander the Great/Macedonia 5. Ptolemaic Dynasty 6. Rome In the eighth century BCE, the Egyptians turned to Kush for the leadership they needed to help hold off the mounting threat of an Assyrian invasion, and the Egyptianized African rulers of Kush became the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of pharaohs. They were expelled from Egypt by the Assyrians after a rule of close to 100 years. The Assyrians left rule of Egypt to a family of local princes at Saïs, in the western portion of the Nile Delta, inaugurating the Twenty-sixth, or Saite, Dynasty (664-525 BCE). In 525 BCE, the Persians invaded from the north, satisfying their own imperial ambitions, capturing the Egyptian treasury, and reducing the country to a mere province in the Persian Empire. For the next 200 years, Egypt enjoyed brief periods of independence, until the Persians invaded again in 343 BCE. They had ruled for not much more than a decade when the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great drove them out and asserted his own authority. When Alexander died, the country fell to the rule of one of his generals, Ptolemy, and beginning in 304 BCE, the final Ptolemaic Dynasty was under way. A kingdom in the Greek constellation, Egypt would finally fall to an invading Roman army in 30 BCE.
Septuagint and Vulgate
1. The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint, is the earliest extant Koine Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible, various biblical apocrypha, and deuterocanonical books 2. The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It was to become the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible during the 16th century and is still used in the Latin Church alongside the Hebrew and Greek sources
Monolithic
1. formed of a single large block of stone 2. large, powerful, and intractably indivisible and uniform
The Ten
1.) Thou shalt have no other gods before Me. 2.) Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image. 3.) Thou salt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. 4.) Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. 5.) Honor thy father and thy mother. 6.) Thou shalt not kill. 7.) Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8.) Thou shalt not steal. 9.) Thou shalt not witness against thy neighbor. 10.) Thou slat not covet.
First book on Gutenberg's press
1455. Gutenberg Bible, also called 42-line Bible or Mazarin Bible
Traditional number of authors?
40 or more
Canon
A biblical canon or canon of scripture is a set of texts (or "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as authoritative scripture. The English word canon comes from the Greek κανών, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick".
Obelisk
An obelisk is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape or pyramidion at the top. Originally, they were called tekhenu by their builders, the Ancient Egyptians.
The Nile
As a result of the Nile's annual floods, Egypt called itself Kemet, meaning "Black Land." In Upper Egypt, from Aswan to the Delta, the black, fertile deposits of the river covered an extremely narrow strip of land. In this land of plenty, great farms flourished, and wildlife abounded in the marshes. In fact, the Egyptians linked the marsh to the creation of the world.
Black and Red Land
As a result of the Nile's annual floods, Egypt called itself Kemet, meaning "Black Land." In Upper Egypt, from Aswan to the Delta, the black, fertile deposits of the river covered an extremely narrow strip of land. Surrounding the river's alluvial plain was the "Red Land," the desert environment that could not support life, but where rich deposits of minerals and stone could be mined and quarried.
First book on Gutenberg's press
Bible ~1455. Gutenberg Bible, also called 42-line Bible or Mazarin Bible,
Trinity
Blessed trinity. Father, Son, Holy Spirit
Isaac & Rebekah
Parents of Esau and Jacob
Seth
Seth, enemy of Horus and Osiris, god of storms; pictured as an unidentifiable creature (some believe a wild donkey), or a man with this animal's head
Sobek
Sobek, the crocodile god, associated both with the fertility of the Nile, and, because of the ferocity of the crocodile, with the army's power and strength
Red Sea / Sea of Reeds
Song at the "Red Sea" / "Sea of Reeds" "Red Sea" or "sea of reeds" of Exodus was actually the Lake of Tanis. The lake "was a shallow brackish lagoon, and that was the ideal place for these papyrus reeds to grow,"
